Definition of database related topic

Overlapping subtype

In a specialization hierarchy, describes a condition where each entity instance (row) of the supertype can appear in more than one subtype.

substraction

Removing one number from another

Radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.

Generalization

In a specialisation hierarchy, the grouping of common attributes into a supertype entity.

Specilization

In a specialisation hierarchy, the grouping of unique attributes into a subtype entity.

Document-oriented database

Stores unstructured data, such as the text of a speech or newspaper article.

systems analysis

The process that establishes the need for an information system and its extent.

television

a device to receive pictures from far away

data model

a diagram that represents entities in the database and their relationships

entity cluster

a group of associated entity types and relationships

school

a place where children go to learn

hospital

a place where sick or injured people are given care or treatment and where babies are often born

university

a place where students study at a high level to get a degree

data warehouse

a repository of historical data that are organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization

conceptual model

a representation of a system that helps us predict how the system behaves

chair

a seat for one person that has a back and usually four legs

XML Schema

describes the structure of an XML document in terms of what XML elements it will contain and their sequence

stored procedure

(1) A named collection of SQL statements. (2) Business logic stored on a server in the form of SQL code.

distributed database management system (DDBMS)

A DBMS that supports a database distributed across several different sites; a DDBMS governs the storage and processing of logically related data over interconnected computer systems in which both data and processing functions are distributed among several sites.

column family database

A NoSQL database model that organizes data into key-value pairs with keys mapped to a set of columns in the value component. A column is a key-value pair that is similar to a cell of data in a relational model. The key is the name of the column, and the value component is the data that is stored in that column. Therefore,

Completeness Constraint

A constraint that specifies whether each entity supertype occurrence must also be a member of at least one subtype. The completeness constraint can be partial or total.

NewSQL

A database model that attempts to provide ACID-compliant transactions across a highly distributed infrastructure.

fan trap

A design trap that occurs when one entity is in two 1:M relationships with other entities, thus producing an association among the other entities that is not expressed in the model.

analysis

A detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.

telephone

A device to receive and transmit sound to and from two distant locations.

Materialized View

A dynamic table that not only contains the SQL query command to generate rows but stores the actual rows. The materialized view is created the first time the query is run and the summary rows are stored in the table. The materialized view rows are automatically updated when the base tables are updated.

left outer join

A join that includes all the rows from the first table and only those rows from the second table that match the column in the first table.

distributed database

A logically related database that is stored in two or more physically independent sites.

predicate logic

A mathematical proof that asserts whether a given statement is TRUE or FALSE

cursor

A reserved area of memory in which the output of the query is stored, like an array holding columns and rows.

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

A method of querying and reporting that takes data from standard relational databases, calculates and summarizes the data, and then stores the data in a special database called a data cube.

Conceptual Modeling

A model that exists in the mind used to help us know and understand ideas.

Stored Function

A named collection of SQL statements that returns a value.

column-centric storage

A physical data storage technique in which data is stored in blocks, which hold data from a single column across many rows.

row-centric storage

A physical data storage technique in which data is stored in blocks, which hold data from all columns of a given set of rows.

Physical Modeling

A physical representation of an object. Prototypes and appearance models are physical models.

design trap

A problem that occurs when a relationship is improperly or incompletely identified and therefore is represented in a way that is not consistent with the real world. The most common design trap is known as a fan trap.

A trigger

A procedural SQL code that is automatically invoked by the relational database management system when a data manipulation event occurs.

Natural Join

A relational operation that creates a new table composed of only the rows with common values in their common attribute(s).

Key-value stores

A simple pair of a key and an associated collection of values. Key is usually a string. Database has no knowledge of the structure or meaning of the values.

Surrogate Key

A system-assigned primary key, generally numeric and auto-incremented.

updatable view

A view that can update attributes in base tables that are used in the view.

Database View

A virtual table that provides access to specific columns in one or more tables. A view doesn't store any data but presents the data in the base tables. A database administrator can grant access to a view without granting access to a table to limit what a user can see and manipulate.

PL/SQL (Procedural Language/SQL)

An Oracle extension to standard SQL that allows you to write procedural code that includes if/else statements, loops, and error handling. (pg35)

Database table

An arrangement of data made up of horizontal rows and vertical columns.

subtype discriminator

An attribute of a supertype whose values determine the target subtype or subtypes.

secondary key

An attribute or a set of attributes that has some identifying information, but often does not uniquely identify a record.

atomic attribute

An attribute that cannot be further subdivided to produce meaningful components. For example, a person's last name attribute cannot be meaningfully subdivided.

bridge entity

An entity designed to transform an M:N relationship into two 1:M relationships. The bridge entity's primary key comprises at least the primary keys of the entities that it connects. Also known as a composite / linking table.

composite entity

An entity that exists to represent the relationship between two other entities.

associative entity

An entity type that associates the instances of other entities and contains attributes that are uniquely related to the relationship between those entity instances.

Data Science

An interdisciplinary field involving the design and use of techniques to process very large amounts of data from a variety of sources and to provide knowledge based on the data.

MongoDB

An open source, document-oriented, nonrelational DBMS.

Multiplication

An operation used for the shortening of repeated addition

Science

An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.

information

Data converted into a meaningful and useful context

time-variant data

Data whose values are a function of time. For example, time-variant data can be seen at work when a company's history of all administrative appointments is tracked.

Logical Modeling

Describes the data in as much detail as possible, without regard to how they will be physical implemented in the database. Features of a logical data model include: Includes all entities and relationships among them. All attributes for each entity are specified.

Medicines

Drugs that are used to treat or prevent diseases and other conditions.

Data

Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations.

super column

In a column family database, a column that is composed of a group of other related columns.

entity subtype

In a generalization/specialization hierarchy, refers to a subset of an entity supertype where the entity supertype contains the common characteristics and the entity subtypes contain the unique characteristics of each entity subtype.

repeating group

In a relation, a characteristic describing a group of multiple entries of the same type for a single key attribute occurrence. For example, a car can have multiple colors for its top, interior, bottom, trim, and so on.

disjoint subtype (non-overlapping subtype)

In specialization hierarchy, a unique and non-overlapping subtype entity set.

JSON

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) - a popular data interchange format, JSON is a technology standard often used to format data when being sent or received via APIs.

Politics

Method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government (who gets what, when, and how)

oltp

Online Transaction Processing- records all business transactions as they occur;acts as monitor; detects process aborts;restarts aborted processes;backs out failed transaction;allows distribution of multiple copies of application servers;performs dynamic load balancing

Pl/sql package

Oracle schema object that groups logically related PL/SQL types, variables and sub programs

partial completeness

Partial completeness means that not every supertype occurrence is a member of a subtype; that is, there may be some supertype occurrences that are not members of any subtype.

Natural Key

Real-world identifier used to uniquely identify real-world objects

Conceptual Design

Second SDLC step where analysts decide how to meet user needs, identify and evaluate design alternatives, and develop detailed specifications for what the system is to accomplish and how it is to be controlled.

Database

a collection of organized data that allows access, retrieval, and use of data

business logics

The SQL coding necessary to create relationships with the data stored in the database.

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

knowledge

The body of information and facts about a specific subject. Knowledge implies familiarity, awareness, and understanding of information as it applies to an environment. A key characteristic is that new knowledge can be derived from old knowledge.

column-oriented data model

The column-oriented data model stores data in columns, rather than in rows, so it works well in situations where the focus is on analysis of chunks of data

Assessment

The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something

data cube

The multidimensional data structure used to store and manipulate data in a multidimensional DBMS. The location of each data value in the data cube is based on its x-, y-, and z-axes. Data cubes are static, meaning they must be created before they are used, so they cannot be created by an ad hoc query.

Execution Plan

The plan that the database optimizer has chosen for a SQL statement.

physics

The study of matter and energy and the interactions between the two through forces and motion.

Chemistry

The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes

Partition Tolerance

The system properties hold even when the system is partitioned

subject

The topic of a text. What the text is about.

statement-level trigger

This type of trigger is executed once, before or after the triggering statement completes, and is the default case.

Database Optimisation

To make the database more efficient. Reducing data redundancy, whilst promoting consistency and integrity.

total completeness

Total completeness means that every supertype occurrence must be a member of at least one subtype.

Database Trigger

a block of PL/SQL code that runs automatically when a particular database event occurs

Religion

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

Entity Relationship Diagram

a technique for documenting the entities and relationships in a database environment

Information System

collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose

data dictionary

information about the structure of the database, including a description of each data element.

NoSQL databases

nonrelational databases that support very high transaction rates processing, relatively simple data structures, replicated on many servers in the cloud

mathematical model

one or more equations that represent the way a system or process works

light

radiation that we can see

Evaluation

the making of a judgment about the amount, number, or value of something; assessment.

philosophy

the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.

addition

the sum or total of numbers