Abnormal Psychology Test 3 pt3

In most states, the legal cutoff for DUI is a blood alcohol level of

.08

The MMPI-2 has _________ subscales that assess for drug use

3

Statistically, _________% of Americans age 12 and older currently use alcohol

39.5

Researchers indicate the heritability rates for alcoholism at ________%

52 to 57

Statistics indicate that ________% of college campus rapes occur when victims are too intoxicated to consent to or refuse sex

72

Jed was in a residential treatment program for substance-related disorders that was one of the few programs that also addresses stigma among this population. What would likely be the program's focus for reducing stigma?

Accepting difficult feelings, connecting with others, emphasizing process over content in negative thinking, and exploring goals and values in life

Modeling substance use may be especially pertinent to which of the following groups?

Adolescents

Members of which of the following groups are most likely to experience severe consequences from drug use?

African Americans

Korsakoff's syndrome is a disorder marked by confusion and memory loss and is tied to excessive use of which of the following?

Alcohol

Genetics may affect a person's sensitivity to alcohol. Genetics influence __________, and this can predict alcoholism in offspring of people with alcoholism

a low level of response to alcohol

Jack's substance use had become so severe that many areas of his life were greatly impaired. His extensive and varied drug use has caused academic failure, financial ruin, and legal troubles. A person such as Jack may have

a substance related disorder

Increased sexual desire with poor performance, memory impairments, and the erroneous belief that problem solving ability is adequate are common effects of

alcohol

The highest 12 month and lifetime prevalence rates of the major substance related disorders are associated with

alcohol use

Substance related disorders are comorbid with other mental disorders especially

anxiety disorders

Many college students ingest large amounts of alcohol in a short period resulting in death or numerous problems. This is

binge drinking

Some people may be intoxicated for short periods; others go on ________ and remain intoxicated for lengthy periods

binges

To arrange risk factors for substance related disorders into a general model of addiction, many theorists and researchers adopt a

biopsychosocial approach

People with alcoholism often have periods of heavy drinking in which they remember nothing referred to as

blackouts

Cocaine and amphetamines are powerful drugs that

cause serious additive problems for users

Dysfunctional behaviors that spouses, partners, children, and others engage in to cope with the stress of having a family member with a substance related disorder refers to

codependency

Pam's son is a college student and an alcoholic. He still lives at home, and she often cleans up messes that occur when he is binge drinking. Even though she wishes desperately he was not an alcoholic, she still feels like she somehow contributes to it. She tries to help him complete his assignments in school, even though they are really his responsibility, because she doesn't want to see him fail. What family factor discussed in your text is at work in this situation?

codependency

Erroneous beliefs one has about oneself and the surrounding world that can lead to maladjustment are

cognitive distortions

The lethal dose, or LD, of a substance is an attempt to

correlate blood levels with death

The increase in sexual desire from alcohol use is accompanied by

decreased sexual performance

Severe confusion and autonomic overactivity in the form of the sweating, heart palpitations, and trembling that occurs during alcohol withdrawal is

delirium tremens

When a long time, heavy drinker quits drinking suddenly and completely, that person is likely to experience

delirium tremens

Drugs such as alcohol that inhibit aspects of the central nervous system are

depressants

When drugs are modified for specific purposes, they are designated as

designer or club drugs

When alcohol inhibits a key inhibitory brain system, the process is known as

disinhibition

Background factors that indirectly affect a person and can generally contribute to a mental disorder are

distal factors

A person who comes home after a long week at work, drinks two or three margaritas, and falls asleep _______ a mental disorder

does not have

Stimuli associated with drug use, such as friends, favorite hangouts, and other things that stimulate further drug use, are called

drug cues

Increased glutamate from stress may produces a state of sadness from dopamine depletion to trigger cravings for increased dopamine using drugs, thereby enhancing

drug relapse

Substance use can be described along a continuum in these areas

emotions, cognition, and behaviors

As a person drinks more alcohol past the disinhibition stage, he/she becomes more intoxicated as areas of the brain become depressed or inhibited. These areas include the reticular activating system, the limbic system, and the cortex.

excitatory

Drinking alcohol past the disinhibition stage will result in

excitatory brain areas to become inhibited

Observations that include monitoring a person's behavior and reporting dates absent from work, time away from home, family arguments over drug use, and binges are often part of

family therapy

Periods of heavy drinking in which a person with alcoholism can remember events only when someone reminds them of what happened or they drink heavily again are referred to as

grayouts

Andy has taken a drug that has produced powerful distortions in his perceptions. He has reported tasting certain colors and smelling certain sounds. Andy has likely taken a(n)

hallucinogen

Jason is a heroin user who cannot always afford new needles, so he used to share needles with his friends who also use heroin. At the county health office, though, a new program allows him to exchange his used needles for clean ones at no cost, so he does not need to share needles anymore. Jason's behavior has been influenced by a(n) _________ program

harm reduction

Consider the case of Elon in Chapter 9 of your text. As Elon continued to drink and use illicit drugs, his ability to perform sexually was

impaired

Risk taking, lack of planning, chaotic lifestyle, desire for immediate gratification, and explosiveness are defining characteristics of

impulsivity

The two main personality factors that seem to relate to substance abuse disorders are

impulsivity and psychopathy

Cocaine, when compared to amphetamines,

increases serotonin as well as dopamine and norepinephrine

Prescription medications tend to be the drugs of choice with increased age, with _________ tending to be the illegal drugs of choice for teenagers

inhalants and marijuana

Martin has excessively used alcohol for many years. His brain size is likely to be

larger than normal

Research on heroin addiction in Vietnam based soldiers in the 1960s and 1970s generally revealed the importance of _______ as a risk factor for substance related disorders

learning

Elise is responding to a survey asking about her parents' attitudes towards substance use. She says that her parents strongly disapprove of it. Elise is probably

less likely to use a substance in the coming month because of her parents' disapproval of substance use

A person who has used an excessive amount of alcohol may experience changes in behavior such as becoming aggressive, making inappropriate sexual advances, and showing poor judgment and rapid shifts in mood, all of which make it more difficult to function effectively. These behavioral changes are said to be

maladaptive

Obvious incapacitation caused by alcohol consumption leads to

many traffic and other accidents

The primary brain area associated with substance abuse disorders is the

mesolimbic pathway

Which brain feature is most closely involved in the priming, drug cues, craving, and stress that all contribute to substance related disorders

mesolimbic system

The stimulant that is best known for the force and violence that users inflict on others is

methamphetamine

People do not generally pick up a crack pipe or inject heroin themselves, but usually learn the behavior by

modeling

An interview for substance abuse that goes beyond just getting information regarding the problem, and provides empathy, support, and sets specific treatment goals would be a

motivational interview

An assessment and treatment strategy that allows obtaining information about a person's substance related problems and providing feedback to help increase his readiness for change is referred to as

motivational interviewing

Jackson is working with a new client who has a substance use disorder. "I don't know if I can change," the client frets. Jackson replies, "I think you could. After all, if you don't, you are headed for destruction." "I know, and I don't want to go there," the client acknowledges. Jackson affirms, "That is a great choice. Let's talk about how you can find a different path." Jackson is using which assessment tool?

motivational interviewing

Opiates are drugs commonly used to relieve pain or cough, such as morphine and codeine, and are sometimes called

narcotics

Drug use can serve as a powerful ________, in that stress, pressure, depression, and withdrawal symptoms recede

negative reinforcer

Because drug use is often a hidden problem, and many people do not accurately report their alcohol or other drug use, therapists may conduct

observations

Drug use can be quite rewarding, and therefore is maintained by

operant conditioning

Used medicinally for pain, __________ are a category of drugs that are extremely addictive

opiates

One common misperception among people with substance related disorders is increased _______ about effects of various substances and minimization of negative effects

positive expectancies

In the last 12 months, the illegal drugs most commonly tried for the first time include

prescription medications and marijuana

When a single drug does, such as a drink of alcohol or a snorted line of cocaine, leads to an uncontrollable binge, this situation is referred to as

priming

The influence of peers on one's decision to engage in substance use is an example of a(n) _______ factor

proximal

Drug seeking behavior sometimes relates to ________ dependence on a drug, meaning a person believes he or she needs that drug to function effectively

psychological

Janine would really like to quit smoking but simply cannot fight the cravings. Which aspect of substance use disorder does Janine struggle with

psychological

Reducing exposure to alcohol and other drugs, improving motivation to continue abstinence, self-monitoring daily mood and tempting situations, recognizing and coping appropriately with drug cravings, reducing anxiety and depression, modifying irrational thoughts about drug use, and developing a crisis plan are all key to

relapse prevention

A D2 receptor dysfunction with resulting inability to enjoy everyday rewards is

reward deficiency syndrome

Interviews that are specifically designed to assess recent and lifetime problems with respect to substance use are referred to as

screening interviews

A critical environmental factor with the ability to trigger onset in relapse of substance related disorders is

stress

When people have a glass of wine to relax, smoke a cigarette to unwind, or snort a line of cocaine to enhance mood, it clearly indicates how _________ can trigger substance abuse

stress

Activation of the certain brain substances related to stress, such as corticotropin releasing hormone and cortisol, that help us cope but also increase dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway result in

stress induced relapse

Repeated use of substances to the point that recurring problems are evident defines

substance use disorder

One evolutionary theory is that the mesolimbic dopamine system is not strictly a reward based system but on intricately involved in

survival motivation

Bill mixes alcohol with other drugs, which lowers the dose necessary for death. This is because mixing different drugs causes a(n) ____________ effect

synergistic

Universal efforts to prevent substance abuse often target

the public

Charmane started smoking when she started college. At first, she found that one cigarette could give her a burst of energy that would keep her going all evening on her homework. But by winter break, Charmane finds that she needs three cigarettes to get that same burst of energy to keep going. Charmane is experiencing

tolerance

The need to ingest greater and greater quantities of the drug to achieve the same effect defines

tolerance

Raising the minimum drinking age and airing anti drug commercials are examples of

universal efforts to prevent substance use

One common cognitive factor involved in alcohol use is that

users believe it will enhance their social functioning

Maladaptive changes that occur when a person stops using a drug are the defining criteria of

withdrawal

Which of the following is NOT an example of substance use

Ellie is tired and turns on white noise to help her sleep

Which cultural subgroup makes up the highest for substance abuse or dependence

Indians/ Alaska natives

Areta has just experienced a date rape. Which drug would her rapist have been most likely to use?

Ketamine

A cognitive disorder that involves confusion, memory loss, and problems with coordination because of thiamine deficiency from extended alcohol use is

Korsakoff's syndrome

Sarah has not seen her uncle in three years. She is shocked when she finally does see him at a Thanksgiving dinner she is hosting because he is so changed. He has lost a lot of teeth and looks about 20 years older. He seems anxious and depressed, even paranoid. She is further upset when she realizes he has stolen a large amount of cash from her dresser. Sarah suspects he has a substance use disorder. Use of what substance would most likely cause all of what Sarah has observed?

Methamphetamine

A 24 item measure of drinking habits, interpersonal and legal problems related to drinking, and treatment for alcoholismis the

Michigan Alcohol Screening Test

Bradford has just been diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. What does this mean?

Scar tissue has replaced liver tissue

When combining alcohol use with other drugs

The effect is multiplicative, not additive

Which statement about children of parents with substance related disorders is true?

These children are more likely to develop a substance related disorder

The highest percentage of binge drinkers in the world is found in

Canadian men and Swedish women

If you wanted to assess a client for personality disorders as well as alcohol use, you should probably use

Millon Clinical Multiaxial 3

The best known and widely used depressant drug is

alcohol

A genetic cause has been significantly implicated in the areas of

alcoholism and opiate addiction

THC is found in

cannabis sativa

Various inappropriate family factors provide some correlational insight into causes of substance related disorders. One problem with this type of evidence is that family factors are confounded by

genetic predisposition

A derivative of morphine that is typically injected is

heroin

Dopamine release acts as a powerful

reward