ACE set 4

Lordosis

Excessive anterior curvature of the spine that typically occurs at the low back (may also occur at the neck).

Fascia

Strong connective tissues that perform a number of functions, including developing and isolating the muscle of the body and providing structural support and protection.

Gait

The manner or style of walking

Hypertension

High blood pressure, or the elevation of resting blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg.

Linear periodization

A form of periodization used in resistance training that provides a consistent training protocol within each microcycle and changes the training variables after each microcycle.

Circuit training

A form of training that takes the participant through a series of exercise stations, sometimes with brief rest intervals in between; can emphasize muscular endurance, aerobic conditioning, muscular strength, or a combination of all three.

Insulin

A hormone released from the pancreas that allows cells to take up glucose.

Cortisol

A hormone that is often referred to as the "stress hormone," as it is involved in the response to stress. It increases blood pressure and blood glucose levels and has an immunosuppressive action.

Frontal plane

A longitudinal section that runs at a right angle to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Myofascial release

A manual massage technique used to eliminate general fascial restrictions; typically performed with a device such as a foam roller.

Lactic acid

A metabolic by-product of anaerobic glycolysis; when it accumulates it decreases blood pH, which slows down enzyme activity and ultimately causes fatigue.

Health belief model

A model to explain health-related behaviors that suggests that an individual's decision to adopt healthy behaviors is based largely upon his or her perception of susceptibility to an illness and the probable severity of the illness. The person's view of the benefits and costs of the change also are considered.

SMART goals

A properly designed goal; SMART stands for specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound.

Rapport

A relationship marked by mutual understanding and trust.

Golgi tendon organ

A sensory organ within a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force.

Valsalva maneuver

A strong exhaling effort against a closed glottis, which builds pressure in the chest cavity that interferes with the return of the blood to the heart; may deprive the brain of blood and cause lightheadedness or fainting.

Concentric

A type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle develops tension and shortens when stimulated.

Isokinetic

A type of muscular contraction where tension developed within the muscle changes through the range of motion; performed with the use of special equipment; also referred to as "variable resistance" exercise.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to progressive resistance training.

Feedback

An internal response within a learner; during information processing, it is the correctness or incorrectness of a response that is stored in memory to be used for future reference. Also, verbal or nonverbal information about current behavior that can be used to improve future performance.

Transverse plane

Anatomical term for the imaginary line that divides the body, or any of its parts, into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts. Also called the horizontal plane.

Valgus

Characterized by an abnormal outward turning of a bone, especially of the hip, knee, or foot.

Steady state

Constant submaximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen uptake is meeting the energy requirements of the activity.

Plantar flexion

Distal movement of the plantar surface of the foot; opposite of dorsiflexion.

Kyphosis

Excessive posterior curvature of the spine, typically seen in the thoracic region.

Distal

Farthest from the midline of the body, or from the point of origin of a muscle.

Phosphagen

High-energy phosphate compounds found in muscle tissue, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP), that can be broken down for immediate use by the cells.

Relapse

In behavior change, the return of an original problem after many lapses (slips, mistakes) have occurred.

Pronation

Internal rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna and the palm to face posteriorly.

In what stage of the client-trainer relationship are health-history and lifestyle questionnaires administered?

Investigation Stage

Kristin is in for her second session and you are conducting fitness assessments. While you are checking her body fat percentage you ask her about types of exercise she prefers to do. What stage of the client-trainer relationship are you in with Kristin?

Investigation Stage

Diuretic

Medication that produces an increase in urine volume and sodium excretion.

Risk management

Minimizing the risks of potential legal liability.

Ventilatory threshold

Point of transition between predominantly aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production; involves recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers and identified via gas exchange during exercise testing.

John understands that his family has a history of heart disease and that being overweight can increase his risk for such conditions. He has no intention of beginning on any kind of exercise program since he believes he has never had any weight loss success in the past. According to the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM), what stage of change is John in?

Precontemplation

In which stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM) is a client ready to adopt and live a healthy lifestyle?

Preparation

Dan is a new client whom you are meeting with for the first time today. He will most likely be evaluating you as a trainer through both your verbal and non-verbal communication. What stage of the client-trainer relationship are you in with Dan?

Rapport Stage

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath; a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing.

According to the ACE Integrated Fitness Training Model, what step in the training process best follows the testing of resting measures such as heart rate and blood pressure?

Static Posture

Elasticity

Temporary or recoverable elongation of connective tissue.

Carbohydrate

The body's preferred energy source. Dietary sources include sugars (simple) and grains, rice, potatoes, and beans (complex). Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and is transported in the blood as glucose.

Tonicity

The elastic tension of living tissues, such as muscles and arteries.

Collagen

The main constituent of connective tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Body composition

The makeup of the body in terms of the relative percentage of fat-free mass and body fat.

Contralateral

The opposite side of the body; the other limb.

Overload

The principle that a physiological system subjected to above-normal stress will respond by increasing in strength or function accordingly.

Motor learning

The process of acquiring and improving motor skills.

Dehydration

The process of losing body water; when severe can cause serious, life-threatening consequences.

Scope of practice

The range and limit of responsibilities normally associated with a specific job or profession.