ACSM Test Review Module 3
Losses in cardiorespiratory fitness can occur in as little as ___________ weeks. A.) 2 B.) 3 C.) 12 D.) 4
A.) 2
An individual performing ONLY vigorous intensity aerobic activity should engage in this activity AT least ________ times per week? A.) 3 B.) 5 C.) 4 D.) 6
A.) 3
Why are compound exercises favored over isolation exercises? A.) All of these answer are correct B.) Compound exercise often require core engagement for stability C.) Energy expenditure is higher for compound exercises D.) Compound exercises target multiple muscle groups
A.) All of these answer are correct
Which of the following is true regarding resistance training exercises selection? A.) All of these answers are correct B.) The principle of specificity should be applied to exercise selection C.) A training program should be comprised primarily of compound multi-joint exercises D.) Isolation exercises should be used to complement compound exercise in a resistance training program
A.) All of these answers are correct
Which of the following happens when exercising at altitude? A.) All of these are correct B.) Shortness of breath is more likely C.) Heart rate will be higher at a given workrate D.) Transfer of oxygen from the air to the blood is reduced
A.) All of these are correct
Which of the following describes the definition of dynamic stretching? A.) Type of stretching where continuous motion is being used to increase the joint range of motion B.) This type of stretch in involves a cycle of passive stretching followed by active contraction. C.) This is a type of stretching where a bouncing motion is being used to increase the joint range of motion. D.) Applying pressure to a small area (by rolling on it or massaging) of the muscle for 30-60 seconds
A.) Type of stretching where continuous motion is being used to increase the joint range of motion
What is the target heart rate of a 32 year old male who would like to exercise at a moderate intensity? A.) 145-180 bpm B.) 120-143 bpm C.) 75-120 D.) 115-145 bpm
B.) 120-143 bpm
Aerobic exercise should last _____________________ minutes? A.) 50-100 B.) 20-60 C.) 40-80 D.) 30-60
B.) 20-60
An individual who is engaging in a combination of moderate and vigorous aerobic exercise should exercise _______ times per week. A.) 7 B.) 3-5 C.) 3 D.) 4-6
B.) 3-5
Which of the following corresponds to moderate intensity aerobic exercise? A.) 50-75% of maximum heart rate B.) 46-63% of VO2 max C.) 30-59% of VO2 reserve D.) 30-59% of heart rate reserve
B.) 46-63% of VO2 max
Which of the following corresponds to light intensity aerobic exercise? A.) <55% of VO2 max B.) <64% of maximum heart rate C.) <50% of heart rate reserve D.) <55% of VO2 reserve
B.) <64% of maximum heart rate
Which of the following movements occurs during the concentric phase of the overhead press? A.) Vertical adduction of the shoulders and extension of the elbows B.) Vertical abduction of the shoulders and flexion of the elbows C.) Vertical abduction of the shoulders and extension of the elbows D.) Vertical adduction of the shoulders and flexion of the elbows
C.) Vertical abduction of the shoulders and extension of the elbows
What is the target HR of a 48 year old female with a resting heart rate of 72 who wants to exercise at a vigorous intensity based on the Karvonen method. A.) 132-168 B.) 100-132 C.) 161-172 D.) 132-161 bpm
D.) 132-161 bpm
The goal of plyometric training is to reduce the time from eccentric to concentric contraction, which is also called the? A.) eccentric-concentric-cycle B.) pull-push-cycle C.) none of these D.) stretch-shortening-cycle
D.) stretch-shortening-cycle
Which of the following is true regarding resistance training with older adults? A.) All of these are correct B.) Progression should be slow C.) Begin exercise training with caution D.) Balance activities should be incorporated to prevent falls
A.) All of these are correct
Which of the following are the primary movers during the overhead press exercise? A.) Deltoids, and triceps B.) Pectoralis major and triceps C.) Pectoralis minor and biceps D.) Deltoids and biceps
A.) Deltoids, and triceps
To improve muscular endurance an individual should focus on? A.) Doing a high number of repetitions in each set. B.) Rest 3-5 minutes between sets. C.) Using weights >85% of 1 RM D.) None of these are correct.
A.) Doing a high number of repetitions in each set.
Which of the following movements occurs during the eccentric phase of the leg press exercise? A.) Flexion of the knees and hips B.) Extension of the knees and hips C.) Flexion of the knees D.) Extension of the knees
A.) Flexion of the knees and hips
Which of the following is NOT an example of a compound exercise? A.) Hamstring curl B.) Shoulder press C.) Bench press D.) Squat
A.) Hamstring curl
Which of the following is true about the plank exercise? A.) It is an isometric contraction B.) It targets the pectoralis muscles C.) The spine is flexed during the concentric phase of the exercise D.) The spine is extended during the concentric phase of the exercise
A.) It is an isometric contraction
Which of the following is NOT true regarding exercise prescription for pregnant women? A.) Pregnant women should limit exercise to 4-5 days/week B.) Pregnant women should perform resistance training with lower weights for about 12-15 repetitions C.) Pregnant women should avoid exercising in the supine position after the first trimester of pregnancy D.) Pregnant women should avoid contact activities
A.) Pregnant women should limit exercise to 4-5 days/week
Which of the following are true about a warm up? A.) Should be of moderate intensity B.) It should be 10-15 minutes C.) All of the above D.) Should include stretching activities
A.) Should be of moderate intensity
The law of diminished returns states that? A.) The magnitude of adaptations that are achievable are reduced as a person becomes highly trained and closer to their genetic potential. B.) A resistance training session that lasts more than one hour will produced diminished returns. C.) Increasing exercise training frequency from 5 to 7 days a week will result in smaller returns. D.) Physiological adaptations are reduced as more sets are completed.
A.) The magnitude of adaptations that are achievable are reduced as a person becomes highly trained and closer to their genetic potential.
Which of the following is true about an individual who does a split resistance training routine that targets only half of total muscle groups on each day of training? A.) They should increase resistance training frequency to 4-6 days per week. B.) The person will experience significantly greater gains in strength than someone who exercises all muscle groups in each training session. C.) They should increase the number of repetitions in each training session. D.) They should increase rest AT LEAST 54 hours between training the same muscle groups.
A.) They should increase resistance training frequency to 4-6 days per week.
A primary goal of aerobic exercise training should be the improvement of ___________? A.) VO2 max/ oxygen utilization B.) Strength C.) Heart rate D.) Lung capacity
A.) VO2 max/ oxygen utilization
Which of the following movements occurs during the concentric phase of the lateral shoulder raise exercise? A.) Vertical abduction of the shoulder B.) Horizontal adduction of the shoulder C.) Flexion of the shoulder D.) Horizontal abduction of the shoulder
A.) Vertical abduction of the shoulder
What is progression? A.) The neurological adaptations that occur in response to resistance training. B.) A gradual increase in intensity to stimulate physiological adaptation C.) Improvements in muscle strength made over time. D.) Increase in the size of a muscle.
B.) A gradual increase in intensity to stimulate physiological adaptation
A client whose training focus is to increase strength should? A.) Use a lower training weight, do more repetitions and rest more than someone who is interested in generally improving muscular fitness. B.) Use a higher training weight, do fewer repetitions per set and rest more than someone who is interested in generally improving muscular fitness. C.) Use a higher training weight, do more repetitions per set and rest more than someone who is interested in generally improving muscular fitness. D.) None of these answer are correct.
B.) Use a higher training weight, do fewer repetitions per set and rest more than someone who is interested in generally improving muscular fitness.
Which of the following correctly describes ACSM's general aerobic exercise guidelines for healthy populations? A.) Adults should get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, 75 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise or a combination of the two. This should be accumulated in bouts of at least 20 minutes with activity occurring on most days of the week. B.) Adults should get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, 75 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise or a combination of the two. This should be accumulated in bouts of at least 10 minutes with activity occurring on most days of the week. C.) Adults should get at least 200 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, 75 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise or a combination of the two. This should be accumulated in bouts of at least 10 minutes with activity occurring on most days of the week. D.) Adults should get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, 100 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise or a combination of the two. This should be accumulated in bouts of at least 10 minutes with activity occurring on most days of the week.
B.) Adults should get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, 75 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise or a combination of the two. This should be accumulated in bouts of at least 10 minutes with activity occurring on most days of the week.
Which of the following muscles are agonist movers during the row exercise? A.) Teres major B.) All of these are agonist muscles for performing row exercises C.) Rhomboids D.) Latissimus dorsi
B.) All of these are agonist muscles for performing row exercises
Which of the following is true about resistance training technique? A.) When a bench is used, 5 points of contact should be maintained B.) All of these are correct C.) Movements should go through the full range of motion D.) Movements should be slow and controlled through the concentric and eccentric phases.
B.) All of these are correct
Which of the following is a correct definition of a superset? A.) Alternating repetitions of two different exercises B.) Alternating sets of two different exercises C.) Performing an exercise to failure, then reducing the weight and performing the exercise to failure again D.) Using a very low weight in order to perform a very high number of repetitions within a set
B.) Alternating sets of two different exercises
Which of the following occurs during the eccentric phase of the triceps extension A.) Extension of the elbow B.) Flexion of the elbow C.) Extension of the shoulder D.) Flexion of the shoulder
B.) Flexion of the elbow
Which of the following occurs during the concentric phase of the leg curl exercise? A.) Extension of the knee B.) Flexion of the knee C.) dorsiflexion at the ankle D.) plantarflexion at the ankle
B.) Flexion of the knee
Which of the following is NOT true about circuit training? A.) It is designed to stress the cardiovascular system to a higher degree than traditional resistance training B.) It is the most effective way to improve muscle strength C.) It can permit performance of a high amount of work in a short period of time D.) Rest periods are short
B.) It is the most effective way to improve muscle strength
Which of the following occurs during the concentric phase of the calf raise? A.) Inversion of the ankle B.) Plantarflexion of the ankle C.) Eversion of the ankle D.) Dorsiflexion of the ankle
B.) Plantarflexion of the ankle
Which of the following best reflects ACSM's general recommendations for improving muscular fitness. A.) Resistance training should target each major muscle group 4-5 times per week with 2-4 sets of 12-15 repetitions at 50-70% of 1 RM with approximately 2-3 minutes of rest between sets. B.) Resistance training should target each major muscle group 2-3 times per week with 2-4 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 60-80% of 1 RM with approximately 2-3 minutes of rest between sets. C.) Resistance training should target each major muscle group 2-3 times per week with 2-4 sets of 12-15 repetitions at 50-70% of 1 RM with approximately 2-3 minutes of rest between sets. D.) Resistance training should target each major muscle group 4-5 times per week with 2-4 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 60-80% of 1 RM with approximately 2-3 minutes of rest between sets.
B.) Resistance training should target each major muscle group 2-3 times per week with 2-4 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 60-80% of 1 RM with approximately 2-3 minutes of rest between sets.
Which of the following reflects ACSM's physical activity guidelines for resistance training, balance, and agility exercise, or calisthenics exercise training? A.) Resistance training should be performed at least 5 days a week and balance, agility, or calisthenics exercise should be performed at least 1 day/week B.) Resistance training, balance, and agility exercise, or calisthenics should be performed at least 2-3 days/week C.) Resistance training, balance, and agility exercise, or calisthenics should be performed at least 4 days/week D.) Resistance training, balance, and agility exercise, or calisthenics should be performed at least 5 days/week
B.) Resistance training, balance, and agility exercise, or calisthenics should be performed at least 2-3 days/week
Which of the following correctly describes the eccentric phase of the lunge exercise? A.) Take long step forward, plant the foot and extend the knee making sure that the knee stays behind the toes, until the knee reaches 90 degree angle. B.) Take long step forward, plant the foot and flex the knee making sure that the knee stays behind the toes, until the knee reaches 90 degree angle. C.) Take long step forward, plant the foot and flex the knee making sure that the knee stays in front of the toes, until the knee reaches 90 degree angle. D.) Take long step forward, plant the foot and flex the knee making sure that the knee stays behind the toes, until the knee reaches 30 degree angle.
B.) Take long step forward, plant the foot and flex the knee making sure that the knee stays behind the toes, until the knee reaches 90 degree angle.
Which of the following are the primary agonist muscles during the bench press exercise? A.) The pectoralis major, posterior deltoid, and biceps muscles B.) The pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps muscles C.) The pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and biceps muscles D.) The pectoralis major, posterior deltoid, and triceps muscles
B.) The pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps muscles
For adolescents, special attention should be paid to which of the following areas? A.) Avoiding maximal exertion activities B.) Thermoregulation C.) Exercise selection D.) Performing lower resistance higher repetition activities
B.) Thermoregulation
Which of the following corresponds to moderate intensity aerobic exercise? A.) 40-60% of VO2 max B.) 30-55% of VO2 reserve C.) 64-76% of maximum heart rate D.) 30-55% of heart rate reserve
C.) 64-76% of maximum heart rate
Stretching should be done? A.) Before the warm up B.) After the warm up or before the cool down C.) After the warm up or after the cool down D.) Before the cool down
C.) After the warm up or after the cool down
Each of the following should be considered when creating an exercise prescription EXCEPT? A.) Any limitations or contraindications to exercise B.) Client's goals C.) All of these are correct D.) Client's current fitness level and past exercise
C.) All of these are correct
In addition to muscular power, plyometric training can improve which of the following? A.) Tissue tensile strength B.) Neuromusucular control C.) All of these are correct D.) Metabolic efficiency
C.) All of these are correct
Which of the following is true with regard to aerobic exercise prescription type? A.) The personal trainer should consider the client's goals (specificity) and their exercise tolerance when prescribing cardiovascular exercise B.) Individuals who are very overweight and individuals who are dealing with any lower extremity injuries should focus on low impact aerobic activities such as swimming and cycling. C.) All of these are correct D.) A wide variety of aerobic exercises can be undertaken.
C.) All of these are correct
Which of the following is NOT a reason to use periodization? A.) To overcome plateaus by varying the resistance training stimulus B.) To allow resistance training to be performed more frequently C.) All of tthese answers are reasons to use periodization D.) To prevent fatigue
C.) All of tthese answers are reasons to use periodization
Aerobic exercise training stresses the _________________ and ___________________ systems to improve the utilization of oxygen in the body. A.) cardiovascular and muscular B.) muscular and respiratory C.) Cardiovascular and respiratory D.) muscular and skeletal
C.) Cardiovascular and respiratory
Which of the following is correct about stretching? A.) Stretches should be held for 60 seconds B.) Stretching should be performed when the muscles are warm C.) Each of these answer is correct D.) Stretching should be performed at least 2-3 times per week
C.) Each of these answer is correct
Which of the following is true about a proper cool down? A.) Should last 5-10 minutes B.) Helps for removal of metabolic waste C.) Each of these answers is correct D.) Should allow for gradual recovery of heart rate
C.) Each of these answers is correct
Which of the following describes the movement during the eccentric phase of the leg raise exercise? A.) Extension of the hip and cervical spine B.) Extension of the hip and lumbar spine C.) Flexion of the hip and lumbar spine D.) Flexion of the hip and cervical spine
C.) Flexion of the hip and lumbar spine
What does FITT stand for? A.) Frequency, intensity, target, time B.) Fun, innovative, time, target C.) Frequency, intensity, time, type D.) Fun, intensity, time, type
C.) Frequency, intensity, time, type
Which of the following reflects ACSM's physical activity guidelines for aerobic exercise. A.) Healthy individuals should engage in aerobic exercise of moderate intensity every day of the week, of vigorous intensity at least 3 days a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous intensity 3-5 days/week. B.) Healthy individuals should engage in aerobic exercise of moderate intensity every day of the week, of vigorous intensity at least 5 days a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous intensity 5-7 days/week. C.) Healthy individuals should engage in aerobic exercise of moderate intensity at least 5 days a week, of vigorous intensity at least 3 days a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous intensity 3-5 days/week. D.) Healthy individuals should engage in aerobic exercise of moderate intensity at least 5 days a week, of vigorous intensity at least 4 days a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous intensity 5 days/week.
C.) Healthy individuals should engage in aerobic exercise of moderate intensity at least 5 days a week, of vigorous intensity at least 3 days a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous intensity 3-5 days/week.
Which of the following terms refers to an increase in muscle size? A.) Atrophy B.) Sarcopenia C.) Hypertrophy D.) Hyperplasia
C.) Hypertrophy
Most individuals can participate in moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise, except _______________________ who should begin an exercise program with light to moderate intensity aerobic exericse. A.) Individuals who have been injured previously B.) Individuals with high cholesterol C.) Previously sedentary individuals D.) Obese individuals
C.) Previously sedentary individuals
Which of the following is NOT true regarding gender differences? A.) Relative power is similar between men and woman B.) Each of these answers is incorrect C.) Relative muscle mass is similar between men and women D.) Relative strength is similar between men and women
C.) Relative muscle mass is similar between men and women
Which of the following correctly describes periodization? A.) A period of rest that allows for adaptations to occur B.) A period of increased intensity in a resistance training program to achieve faster results C.) Strategic programmed variation in the exercise training program D.) None of these answer are correct
C.) Strategic programmed variation in the exercise training program
Power is the product of? A.) Endurance x speed B.) Size x speed C.) Strength x speed D.) Strength X endurance
C.) Strength x speed
Which of the following correctly describes the principle of specificity? A.) A specific number of exercise sessions need to be undertaken in order to produce fitness improvements B.) An exercise prescription must be specific to the available equipment C.) The body will will adapt specifically to the type of training being undertaken. D.) The training must be specific to a person's body type
C.) The body will will adapt specifically to the type of training being undertaken.
Which occurs during the concentric phase of the push up exercise? A.) The shoulders are adducted and the elbows are flexed B.) The shoulders are abducted and the elbows are flexed C.) The shoulders are adducted and the elbows are extended D.) The shoulders are anducted and the elbows are extended
C.) The shoulders are adducted and the elbows are extended
What is functional training? A.) None of these are correct B.) Training that consists of very fast movements with heavy weights C.) Training that uses exercises that emulate movements done during activities of daily life. D.) Training that attempts to improve muscle strength by using very little weight and a high amount of repetitions
C.) Training that uses exercises that emulate movements done during activities of daily life.
An individual performing ONLY moderate intensity aerobic activity should engage in this activity AT least ________ times per week? A.) 4 B.) 3 C.) 6 D.) 5
D.) 5
Variation in an exercise training program can help to? A.) Overload the muscles B.) Overcome plateaus C.) Avoid overtraining D.) All of these answers are correct.
D.) All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following corresponds to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise? A.) > 90% of heart rate reserve B.) > 90% of VO2 reserve C.) > 95% of maximum heart rate D.) All of these are correct
D.) All of these are correct
Which of the following correctly described myofascial release? A.) Type of stretching where continuous motion is being used to increase the joint range of motion B.) This is a type of stretching where a bouncing motion is being used to increase the joint range of motion C.) A cycle of passive stretching followed by active contraction. D.) Applying pressure to a small area (by rolling on it or massaging) of the muscle for 30-60 seconds
D.) Applying pressure to a small area (by rolling on it or massaging) of the muscle for 30-60 seconds
What are the five points of contact? A.) Back of head, shoulders/upper back, buttocks, knees B.) Back of head, lower back, buttocks, right and left feet C.) Back of head, shoulders/upper back, lower back, right and left feet D.) Back of head, shoulders/upper back, buttocks, right and left feet
D.) Back of head, shoulders/upper back, buttocks, right and left feet
Which of the following is example of a proper way to progress the squat exercise. A.) smith machine squat → body weight squat → barbell squat → overhead squat B.) overhead squat → smith machine squat → body weight squat → barbell squat C.) barbell squat → overhead squat →smith machine squat → body weight squat D.) Body weight squat → smith machine squat → barbell squat → overhead squat
D.) Body weight squat → smith machine squat → barbell squat → overhead squat
Which of the following is true regarding exercise order? A.) Olympic lifts and power exercises should be done last B.) Lower body should be trained after upper body C.) None of these are true D.) Compound movements should be performed first
D.) Compound movements should be performed first
_________________ is the training stimulus and __________________ is the adaption to the training stiumulus. A.) Dose, return B.) Load, return C.) Load, response D.) Dose, response
D.) Dose, response
Which of the following occurs during the eccentric phase of the leg extension exercise? A.) Extension at the hip B.) Flexion at the hip C.) Extension at the knee D.) Flexion at the knee
D.) Flexion at the knee
Which of the following occurs during the concentric phase of the biceps curl? A.) Extension of the shoulder B.) Extension of the elbow C.) Flexion of the shoulder D.) Flexion of the elbow
D.) Flexion of the elbow
Which of the following movements occurs during the concentric phase of the crunch movement? A.) Extension of the cervical spine B.) Flexion of the cervical spine C.) Extension of the lumbar spine D.) Flexion of the lumbar spine
D.) Flexion of the lumbar spine
During set up for the bench press, where should the hands be? A.) Gripping the bar in a supinated grip slightly narrower than shoulder width apart B.) Gripping the bar in a supinated grip slightly wider than shoulder width apart C.) Gripping the bar in a pronated grip slightly narrower than shoulder width apart D.) Gripping the bar in a pronated grip slightly wider than shoulder width apart
D.) Gripping the bar in a pronated grip slightly wider than shoulder width apart
Which of the following correctly describes the movement during the eccentric phase of the squat exercise? A.) Knees extend and hips flex B.) Knees flex and hips extend C.) Hips and knees extend D.) Hips and knees flex
D.) Hips and knees flex
Which of the following movements occurs during the eccentric phase of the chest fly? A.) Extension of the shoulder B.) Adduction of the shoulder C.) Flexion of the shoulder D.) Horizontal abduction of the shoulder
D.) Horizontal abduction of the shoulder
Which of the following movements occurs during the concentric phase of the reverse fly exercise? A.) Vertical abduction of the shoulders B.) Horizontal adduction of the shoulders C.) Vertical adduction of the shoulders D.) Horizontal abduction of the shoulders
D.) Horizontal abduction of the shoulders
When should careful attention be paid to dehydration and heat stroke? A.) While training at altitude B.) In dry environments C.) While training at sea level D.) In humid environments
D.) In humid environments
Which of the following movements occurs during the concentric phase of the deadlift exercise? A.) Knees and hips flex B.) Knees extend and hips flex C.) Knees flex and hips extend D.) Knees and hips extend
D.) Knees and hips extend
Which of the following is NOT an example of an isolation exercise A.) Biceps curl B.) Forward should raise C.) Triceps extension D.) Lat pulldown
D.) Lat pulldown
Performing equal work in agonist and antagonist muscle groups is essential for avoiding ________________________? A.) Muscular atrophy B.) Muscle strain C.) Sprains D.) Muscular imbalances
D.) Muscular imbalances
An individual who is training to increase power should focus on? A.) Training with weights >85% of 1 RM B.) Doing single joint, isolation exercises C.) Resting as little as possible between sets D.) Performing movements at a high speed
D.) Performing movements at a high speed
Which muscle groups are the primary movers during the reverse fly exercise? A.) Posterior deltoid and lats B.) Anterior deltoid and lats C.) Anterior deltoid and rhomboids D.) Posterior deltoid and rhomboids
D.) Posterior deltoid and rhomboids
Plyometric training is a type of training designed to improve ? A.) Endurance B.) Strength C.) Hypertrophy D.) Power
D.) Power
Which of the following movements occurs during the eccentric phase of the forward shoulder raise exercise? A.) Shoulder flexion B.) Horizontal adduction of the shoulder C.) Vertical adduction of the shoulder D.) Shoulder extension
D.) Shoulder extension
The overload principle states that? A.) Overloading the muscles can put a client at risk for injury and should be avoided. B.) Muscles that are overloaded will become fatigued and not able to continue to perform the work. C.) Muscles should not be overloaded for consecutive training sessions to prevent overtraining. D.) The training stimulus must stress an individual beyond what they are accustomed to in order to produce maximal physiological adaptations.
D.) The training stimulus must stress an individual beyond what they are accustomed to in order to produce maximal physiological adaptations.
Which of the following correctly describes the movement that occurs during the concentric phase of the pull up exercise? A.) Horizontal shoulder adduction and elbow extension B.) Horizontal shoulder abduction and elbow flexion C.) Vertical abduction of the shoulder and elbow flexion D.) Vertical adduction of the shoulder and elbow flexion
D.) Vertical adduction of the shoulder and elbow flexion
