Adolescent Psychology Final (cumulative)

individuation

begins during infancy and continues into late adolescence, involves a gradual, progressive sharpening of one's sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents -> does not involve stress & turmoil

prosocial behavior

behaviors intended to help others

follower

being a ______________ predicts being healthy

fMRI research

brain is not most at rest when you are sitting quietly alone, but is when you are sitting quietly alone w someone you trust

The Stereotype-Threat Effect

claude steele's research - if you think being a member of a group means you're less intelligent, less skilled & you're aware of your group membership.. it makes you self conscious and makes you perform less well/seem less intelligent - Steele & Aronson (1995): asked college students before taking the test to indicate their race or did not ask them.. those asked before: african americans performed much worse than the whites.. when not asked, african americans & whites performed similarly - Aronson et al (1999): college srudents, either told whites they were taking math test to gauge their math skills or told that they were trying to figure out why asian students were much better at math than whites.. performed much better when told just taking a test rather than being told they were being compared to asians

fear of failure

creates feelings of anxiety during tests or evaluations -> interferes w successful performance

biculturalism

join the larger culture, but also preserve individual culture.. be part of the white american melting pot experience but not going to let their different culture submerge

simple sex education

just providing info -> does not make kids have more sex but also does not make kids use birth control more

success in school

more important to be hardworking than brilliant

Blaming the Victim

refers to the idea that you find flaws in a person that is suffering from one problem that really is not their responsibility -> classic example is rape

withdrawn rejected

shrink away from social contact, not liked, less socially competent, don't how to handle the give & take of social interaction. tend to become at risk for depression and low self-esteem

parenting style

sociocultural context affects ____________ _________

Correlates of Masculinity in Adolescence

the more masculine you define yourself as being, the better off you are in terms of self esteem & popularity

Rites of passage

the more severe ritual you got through, the more you feel like you like it.. cognitive dissonance. (hazing)

parental monitoring

the more you know as a parent about where your kid is, the less delinquent they are .. turns out to be a causation/correlation causation: the kids whose parents are on top of monitoring are the ones who are cooperative w their parents

non shared environmental influences

the non genetic influences in individual's lives that make them different from people they live with

work values

the particular sorts of rewards an individual looks for in a job -> extrinsic, intrinsic, social, altruistic, security, influence, leisure - but most career choice involve the interaction of individual preferences, social influences, and important forces in the broader social environment

baby boom

the period following WWII during which the number of infants born was extremely large

social promotion

the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance

agre grading

the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age

sibling deidentification

the process through which siblings deliberately try to different from each other

sensation seeking

the pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting

social development approach

theory on how to prevent delinquency The model asserts that the most important units of socialization, family, schools, peers, and community, influence behavior sequentially. Positive socialization is achieved when youths have the opportunity within each unit to be involved in conforming activities, when they develop skills necessary to be successfully involved, and when those with whom they interact consistently reward desired behaviors. These conditions should increase attachment to others, commitment to conforming behavior, and belief in the conventional order. These social bonds to conventional society inhibit association with delinquent peers and, in turn, prevent delinquent behavior.

Undermining Autonomy

these kids become hostile over time -> when it happens at 13 or 14, they are much more angry w their parents a year later... also way more likely to be seen as hostile by their friends 10 years later lashing out effect -> used to having their autonomy undermined in relationships, sick of it, so the only way you can get autonomy is to attack the other person in an argument... mentality: if I can't win disagreements w people I'll just push them away

Beliefs differences

to the extent that you come to belief you're not as competent as the people or even if you are, the deck is stacked against you and not going to do well

true experimentation

tried once to see what its like

Treatment Options for alcohol and marijuana addiction

try and get them out of the situation, then intensive training, strong social support system (AA), the lure = have to try and quit 6 times to succeed

Why form incoherent models: insecure-dismissing/avoidant

try to pretend that parental attention isn't that important in order to make yourself feel better so don't want to talk about memories in the interview bc its too painful -> get very positive adjectives in the interview bc you are trying to avoid the conversation about any problems w your parents

citizen diversion

don't call the police but make the person pay for damages

reminiscence bump

experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life -> as if brain's recording device is programmed to be hypersensitive during this stage - exists because ordinary events trigger stronger emotions

G Stanley Hall

focuses on the importance of sleep for adolescents - biological: shift in circadian rhythm that prefers staying up late & sleeping late - social: technology = nighttime exposure to brighter lights

initiation ceremony

formal induction of a young person into adulthood - not as common in modern times.. now we simply have a legal age of adulthood

Maturational Deviance Hypothesis

girls go through puberty earlier than boys so girls who go through puberty early for girls makes them different than others -> adolescents don't like to be different so this deviance throws them off - goes the other way for late-maturing guys

Historical Trends in Illicit Drug Use

has declined from the 1970s to today

boys who begin dating early

have the same negative patterns as girls

major depression

historic mortality rate b/w 3 & 10%

mastery motivation

i want to learn this material bc i want to master it -> going to want to take the harder classes bc you're going to learn more, if you fail or do badly you say i've still got a lot more to learn, hard to keep this motivation in school

GnRH hormones

in puberty, hormones that activate certain areas of the brain

Bulimia

- 3% of the population - purging (vomiting) to monitor your food intake (doesn't work as a dieting approach bc body absorbs calories very quickly before you can purge) - can occur with or without binge eating

Education

- DARE -> no effect whatsoever - simply providing info about drugs doesn't really do much of anything

Insecure - dismissing/avoidant Attachment Classification

- Semantic Description (adjectives) -> extremely positive - Episodic Description (examples) -> I dont remember much OR give hallmark card examples OR give examples that are highly contradictory

Predictions from popularity

- become less aggressive over time, less likely to be depressed over time, more engaged w other people over time - much more likely to engage in low-levels of delinquency.. being socialized by their peers -> so being socialized in both good & bad ways, with the norms of their peer group

Correlates of Status-based Popularity

- being physically attractive - participating in high status events - tend to be a bit more aggressive, dominant, not the nicest

Harmful changes in macro-economic conditions

- big change over the last 30 years is that low skilled jobs are disappearing, people are competing across borders -> now happening even w medium skilled jobs - EX: call center jobs are being outsourced to india

big v small schools

- big schools offer you more variety, more varied opportunities (classes & clubs) - small schools have undermanned settings -> have lots of activities that don't have enough people.. so they really want you to be involved.. offer less but pull kids in

Family Therapy

- change the family system that is helping create the conditions that lead the kid to be depressed - high achievement orientated families -> parents anxiety about the kid's success also contribute to the kid's stressors .. address this

Academic Motivation

- clearest decline - kids from 4th grade to 10th grade are steadily getting less motivated by school - its all simulated tasks, nothing your doing is really affecting anyone -> simply practicing for the future

Functions of Intimacy

- contribute to ability to form relationships as adults - less likely to drop out - develop the skills you need to have adult friendships.. also get info from your peers -> how else would you learn the answer to basic social questions? - peer relationships can be a second chance if your family relationships don't work -> can also go the opposite direction.. can backfire really badly

Functions of Dating for Adolescent Development

- dating lets girls express their desire for intimacy - part of theory: dating lets boys start to develop the capacity for more intimacy - dating starts out w pseudo-intimate behavior at first -> go through the motions... also starts out in mixed-sex groups - go on at some point to having serious romantic relationships - guys and girls don't look for same thing -> girls are looking for interpersonal qualities in guys, guys are looking for physical attractiveness

Suicide Risk factors

- depression & substance use -> 2 biggest risk factors - history of in your family - contagion effect - family disruption & conflict - stress around achievement or sexuality - having 2 or more of these stressors increases risk - prior history of attempts increases risk for completion - females attempt more, males complete more

family relationships & child-rearing

- european: parents & teens emphasize independence, self-directedness - latino, chinese, african american: emphasize family solidarity, respect, obedience & learning from elders - differences in child rearing values have also been found to vary according to socio economic variables -> EX: social class, income, education - parents from lower social classes: tend to live in riskier neighborhoods, and thus value obedience more and socialize their children for compliance as an attempt to protect their children

Expectations about autonomy

- families in more collectivist cultures have later time tables for granting of privileges than those of european descent in both US & Australia - differences are attributed mainly to sociocultural context

Social Belonging Interventions & Results/Greg Walton Research

- feeling like you belong in school, especially for kids in lower income groups or racial minorities, makes a huge difference in how well you're going to do - had minority freshman read stories from minority seniors at their same institution for 1 hour about how they felt as if they fit in... followed up with them at graduation & their graduation rates were much higher

Stress & Exposure to Violence

- feeling unsafe undermines your performance in school - kids who have been exposed to serious violence, - study: exposure to gunshots decreases test performance

causes of bulimia

- focus on wanting to be thin - anorexia -> internalizing problems while bulimia -> externalizing problems - can be a reaction to stress, trauma & abuse - purging cycle releases endorphins, can either make you temporarily numb or euphoric ... then immediately you start to feel really anxious & guilty

Reasons for nonuse of contraception

- for a long time they view was lack of access -> but not true - also not an issue of education -> kids know that you should be using birth control if you're having sex - what it is is lack of preparation -> "I didn't use contraception because I didn't think I was going to have sex" ,... more of a female issue

the Leaky Pipeline

- for every 100 9th grades: - 80 graduate on time from high school 4 years later - 45 will them go on directly to college - 31 will still be in college the next year - 22 finish w an associates degree w/in 3 yrs or a bachelors degree w/in 6 yrs - bc of our education system & the way we designed it almost 80% of people are falling off

Gender Intensification

- gender becomes much more important as you reach adolescence - pressures to follow gender norms increase dramatically

Youth Development/ Service Learning Programs

- get kids volunteering in meaningful ways in their community and then talking about it - volunteering changes the way kids think about themselves - "the best contraceptive is a future you believe in" - current data -> has stopped working b.c took away the ability for kids to actually have meaningful contact w the world outside of school

changing composition of the U.S

- greater minority population

anorexia Nervosa treatments

- have not found medications to be very effective - talk therapies & family therapies w adolescents have been found to be the most effective -> primarily focus on getting them to eat with their families - other piece of family therapy is helping kids find or develop autonomy - cognitive behavioral therapies are also effective, partly dealing w the body image distortions & distortions around eating - interpersonal therapies (more w adults) -> help people start to feel like they have some autonomy

Shared characteristics of minorities

- heightened self-consciousness - feeling isolated or alone - sense of being an intruder - being nervous - tension between wanting to fit in & wanting to keep some distance b/w yourself and the larger group (and the larger group often feeling the same way)

Pros & cons of tracking

- helpful for math classes (can't be teaching calc to kids who haven't mastered pre calc) - to what extent is high school really a sorting method? do well, prepared for jobs.. don't do well, sent to a lower track -> and much of what you're learning in high school is not relevant - lower tracked courses get the worst teachers -> why would give kids the most in need the worst teachers and the least work? .. b/c tracking isn't actually designed to pull kids up from the lower track - when you detrack, students on average do better but kids in upper track do slightly less well

Treatments of bulimia

- high doses of antidepressants can be useful -> think that it interrupts endorphin cycle in some way - cognitive behavioral treatment -> can think of bulimia almost as sort of an OCD behavior, help people recognize the signs & settings associated w that and giving them alternative behavior ... setting up regular eating is also a part of it

Parenting influences on achievement

- higher your parents standards for your education, the better you do - authoritative parenting is assoc w/ greater academic motivation

Historical adolescent roles in the larger world

- historically, adolescents did more work EX: alexander hamilton, joan of arc, firefighters in small towns used to be between the ages of 8 & 18 bc parents were out working on the farms - adolescents used to have the possibility of doing much more work

Opioids and Heroin

- intense addictive effect use rates have spiked dramatically -> not mainly an adolescent problem addiction = time problem

Cocaine

- intense addictive effect that comes on quite easily - not really any more dangerous than opioids or heroin

Maintenance of kinship and friendship networks

-ethnicity actually comes to exist ver time by people associating w each other - common places of residence & will develop a culture based on where they live - common occupational positions - dependence on common institutions, ex: churches - not about physical characteristics

HIV/AIDS

1 in 500 college students and 1 in 200 male college students test positive

21

% of youths in US are in poverty as of 2015

Types of Rejected adolescents

(1) aggressive rejected (2) withdrawn rejected (3) aggressive withdrawn rejected

predictors for dropping out of high school

(1) being in the bottom quintile of SES -> bottom 20% 6 times more likely to drop off than those in the top 20% (2) if you repeated a grade (3) low achievement test scores (4) having parents who dropped out (5) not having any friends in high school

Secure Attachment Classification

- Semantic Description (adjectives) -> largely positive, balanced - Episodic Description (examples) -> supportive, positive, but not necessarily perfect

Secure (but negative) Attachment Classification

- Semantic Description (adjectives) -> negative words, also somewhat balanced - Episodic Description (examples) -> examples match the words.. not a great relationship & describing it in a way that seems consistent

Insecure - preoccupied/ambivalent Attachment Classification

- Semantic Description (adjectives) -> rambling, non-responsive answers - Episodic Description (examples) -> lost in anger

Mainstream gender differences in educational attainment and success

- at selective schools: ratio of females to males is about 55 to 45 - for every 100 young women who enter college, only 83 men enter - for every 100 young women who get a bachelors degree, only 74 men do - theory 1: schools are more geared toward gears, work with people who are socialized to be more passive - theory 2: males have had privilege in society where they were going to get the best jobs no matter what and they didn't have to work that hard

best classroom climate for adolescents

- attend schools that are responsive and demanding - combine moderate degree of structure w high student involvement & high teacher support - want to feel that teachers respect & care about them - problems w stereotypes & teachers = teachers sometimes have biases against lower-class or minority adolescents

Protective factors for drug use

- close family relationships - religious involvement (for all drugs except for cigarettes)

Multi-dimensional Model

- complementary views of autonomy & relatedness - can have high levels of both, they go together

"Three strikes and you're out."

- three serious crimes & then you have life in prison - part of the problem is cost -> from 18 for the rest of your life would be 4 million

Workplace Cynicism

- with the jobs that you don't have to think to do, encourages a "why should I care" mentality - why work harder than you need to? you're going to get paid the same amount anyway

Comprehensive family treatment programs

- works - multi systemic family therapy: - you have a good who has multiple things going against them, fixing one of those things doesn't really get them where you want - put the kids into therapy, put the parents into therapy. treat their depression, their parents depression.. work with their school, make sure teachers recognize if they start doing better -> program takes about 4 months, costs a couple thousand dollars, -> what they find is even when you start w hard core repeat offenders, you get only about 25 or 30% of them reoffending within the next year or so

pheromones

a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species

learning disability

a difficulty w academic tasks that can't be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction - common types = dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia

zero tolerance

a get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously or excessively to the first infraction -> has not helped, increases child's likely of getting into further trouble

reference groups

a group against which an individual compares him or herself

Origins of gay and lesbian orientation

a lot of evidence that sexual orientation is physically based.. identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to have the same sexual orientation -> genetic basis

occupational attainment

a measure of achievement based on the status or prestige of the job an individual holds

dopamine

a neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward

serotonin

a neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods

national assessment of education progress

a periodic testing of american 4th, 8th & 12th graders by the federal government, used to track achievement

family systems theory

a perspective on family functioning that emphasizes inter-connections among different family relationships - families change most dramatically when family members are changing

foster care

a placement in a temporary living arrangement when a child's parents are not able to provide care, nurturance or safety higher risk for homelessness than any other youth

midlife crisis

a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 & 45 -> the age range of most adolescents parents

adult attachment interview

a structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and "internal working model" of relationships focuses on individuals recollections of their early attachment experiences categorize individuals as secure, dismissing, or preoccupied

ethnography

a type of research in which individuals are observed in natural settings

6

about 1 in ___ girls gets pregnant before the age of 18

Nicotine

about 15% of high school seniors use on a regular basis levels of use have dropped a lot in the past 10 years biggest cause of the drop -> price of cigarettes has gone up you can get hooked, life time addiction, with certain genetic background -> within a couple of weeks of smoking a few a day reason people smoke -> relaxes people.. problem: when you stop smoking, you get a withdraw effect -> that is what creates the addiction

semantic memories

abstract conceptualizations, overviews, summaries

disorganized

abused children typically fit within this fourth attachment category child seeks proximity w his mother in distorted ways -> EX: approach her backwards

adult criminal behavior

actions that are illegal regardless of age

relational aggression

acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip - girls are more likely to display this - adolescents who use it are normally more popular than their peers

juvenile justice system

separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime & delinquency

functioning of insecure (overall) attachment in adolescence

separations and distance are a threat bc you don't know if the parent will be there for you. problem: independence is one of the key tasks of adolescence -> so if that is a threat, you are in big trouble.

autoerotic behavior

sexual behavior that is experienced alone, such as masturbation or sexual fantasy -> most adolescents 1st experience w sex

Elements of Intimacy

share resources -> share things that are yours with the other person open communication, self-disclosure -> tell your friends thing that you don't share with the larger world, willing to take the chance to be vulnerable sense of loyalty that your friend isn't going to take advantage of your self-disclosure -> this really gives you a sense of trust empathy: other person can understand and acknowledge how you feel and vice versa

educational attainment (years completed)

single most important determinant of career success least correlated w IQ, most highly correlated w income

ubiquity of the school experience

socialization process, forced breadth/generalized knowledge, passing on of cultural values, historically school kept kids out of the labor force.. why do we give grades? competition/sorting

brain v social change

some brain changes happen naturally w development but others happen due to experience

Mimicking

sort of put them in a box.. turns into an argument of "do I talk like that or not" instead of the problem at hand

early college high school initiative

sponsored by the bill & melinda gates foundation.. targeted directly at those young people most likely to struggle to complete high school.. most students served are poor, from minority groups and had very unimpressive records of academic achievement -> goal of the program: for the teens selected to make it to the end of high school w 2 years worth of college credits .. teams up w colleges to provide support for students but also to challenge them

Mood

steady decline between 5th and 9th grades, kids get more bored & unhappy

historical trends of teen pregnancy

steady pattern of decline -> teen pregnancy rates are lower now than they were in the 50s & 60s even as attitudes toward teen sexuality have become more permissive, rates have continued to go down decline is not easily explained about 80% of the drop that has happened is due to increased use of birth control average age at which teens first have sex has bumped up to 18

parent to future offspring

strange situation is a strong predictor of child's behavior as ___________ ___ ________ ___________

1990's

striking decreases - nobody knows why this is happening - possible explanations: (1) economics -> 1993 to 2000 the economy was doing great so crime rates dropped.. (2) 3 strikes laws: 3 strikes and we will incarcerate you.. we have dramatically increased the number of people in jail so we have simply taking many criminals off the street which would decrease current crime rates -> problem: the patterns don't match up, (3) beginning in the 70s, began outlawing lead in gasoline & outlawing lead in paint, so kids growing up after that were not as exposed to lead .. environmental theories, (4) roe v. wade: made abortion legal, abortion rates went up dramatically, number of unwanted children went down - stop & frisk laws do not account for the decreases

scaffolding

structuring a learning situation so it is just within the reach of the student

gifted students

students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance

My Teaching Partner

study exploring a collective approach to working w teachers - most teachers don't get any instruction on adolescents, on what they need, on need for autonomy, on how peer relationships fit in - if you teach teachers about this, their kids test scores go up at the end of the year

contagion effect

suicide in a small town that gets a lot of publicity increases the risk of another kid committing suicide

criminal justice system

system of course & related institutions developed to handle adult crime

Mainstreaming

taking kids who are in special ed and putting them in mainstream classes whenever possible -> do a lot better in these classes

Interpersonal Approaches

talk therapy treatment of depression address the nature of your relationships, see if we can change those relationships

Correlates of teen child bearing

teenage parents end up w less education, dramatically increased likelihood of poverty, far less income over the course of their life time and they costs society anywhere from 10 billion a year in services

holiday effect

teens are more likely to have intercourse for the first time in either june or december

single parent households

teens from ________ ________ _____________are more likely to be sexually active at an early age

girls who begin dating late

tend to be highly dependent on their parents, more insecure & more delayed in terms of their social development

girls who begin dating early

tend to be less mature socially, tend to be more superficial, followed over time.. they tend to do less well socially

learned helplessness

the acquired belief that an individual is not able to influence events through his or her own efforts or actions happens when you attribute failures to internal factors

age of majority

the age at which we legally define you to be an adult, typically 18

hostile attributional bias

the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile

Public vs. Private Schooling

there is evidence that some charter schools, some private schools do better than public schools and some do worse -> so to look at either group and draw conclusions would be a mistake, the results are not that dramatic

results of Indifferent parenting

these kids are much more likely to be impulsive & delinquent

restrictive societies

think middle east.. adolescent sex is off the table, not supposed to happen, forbidden.. adolescents pursue it w secrecy (don't tell parents or friends).. opposite sex aren't supposed to associate, adults don't talk about it.. discontinuous transition

permissive societies

think northern europe.. its allowed, part of life, no big deal, doesn't have any repercussions or meaning

more than 20 hrs/week

this amount of work interferes with school & participation in extracurricular events see real effects not correlational

instrumental, reactive

those with ________________ aggression are more popular than those who exhibit _____________ aggression

values

tied to socialization goals (1) individualism v. collectivism (2) family relationships & child-rearing (3) Expectations about autonomy

quaterlife crisis

adolescence is extended, many 20 somethings live w their parents & are still financially dependent on them... no idea what job they want

Adolescence as a Social Phenomenon

adolescence only exists in a society bc we have invented the idea.

core values, personal taste

adolescents and parents actually have fairly similar ___________ __________, differences arise in __________ _________

dual process theories of cognition

cognition develops simultaneously in two demands.. 1) experiental system: the predominant system & 2) analytic system: has the dual task of inhibiting the experiental system & doing its own work

sibling rivalry

competition b/w siblings, often for parental attention

behavioral activation

do things & act like you're not depressed, helps you feel less depressed ... activity replenishes serotonin levels

HIV/AIDS education

does a little better, some evidence that these programs help turn the focus from not having sex or focusing only on getting pregnant to protecting yourself from a life long illness or death

Kagan

does not believe in the results of the strange situation experiment, down plays the long-term impact of parenting bc he believes genes contribute to much of what we become

aggressive withdrawn rejected

don't connect w other people, don't have much in the way of social skills but they are also aggressive. tend to be the worst off. EX: columbine shooters.. kids who are suffering the most, most unhappy about their peer group, most likely to lash out.

the amish lesson

don't send their kids to high school, instead have them spend those years working for people in the community... much more relevant than high school.. how do we apply this to the general population?

adolescent growth spurt

dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty

white, higher, higher

drug use is a problem especially for ________ kids from __________ educated & __________ income families

Adolescence-limited offenders

people who are just going to get in trouble during adolescence

romantic relationships

quality of adolescents friendships is predictive of the quality of their subsequent ____________ ____________________

distinct groups of drop outs

quiet drop outs, disengaged drop outs, low-achiever drop outs & maladjusted drop outs

moral disengagement

rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one's own bad acts

externalizing problem behaviors

refer to outward directed behavior, rule breaking behavior, behavior that upsets other people.. delinquency, violent behavior, vandalism, substance abuse (alcohol, marijuana)

cliques

refer to small groups that hang together, defined based on spending time interacting w each other, 3-12 people, usually same sex and usually same social class provides the main social context in which adolescents interact w one another

internalizing problem behaviors

refer to symptoms that are felt internally, emotional problems such as anxiety, depression, eating disorders

homeless adolescents

refers to not having a fixed residence -> two kinds: homeless adolescents w their families & homeless adolescents living on the streets alone living on the streets refers to adolescents who don't have a home to go to -> sleep in parks, crash houses, engage in prostitution, sleep in cars or they will move from residence to residence - more than half will go at least 1 full day w/o any food in a given month

Runaway Adolescents

refers to running away and staying at least over night -> 1 in 7 adolescents does this

soft racism

refers to the biases that exit w/o the intent to bias, have stereotypes about members of other groups even though you don't really want to.. implicit ways

1) Volunteering 2) Work -> real jobs, need responsibility, hard work.. 3) Adult Attitudes -> when you're doing stuff, feel more like an adult,.. feel more confident, more capable

What helps teens escape from the bubble?

50%

______ % of adolescents participate in sports

Societal influences on drug use

as a society, we really believe in drug use & we really believe in using drugs to change how you feel -> only question is which drugs? caffeine... also believe in using drugs to treat mental problems, etc. .. we believe in drinking, most adults do.. the question is not do you use drugs but instead which drugs do you use & how do you use them?

Adolescent Bubble

as a teenager, most of your contact w other people outside your family is w your peers -> very different than a world where 16 year olds were out of school and working - matters a lot in terms of how you get socialized -> not getting socialized by adults

more, race, class

as we move towards and through adolescence, kids segregate themselves ______ by ______ and _______

why conformity?

as you start to break away from your parents, in a vulnerable position -> peer group becomes more important.... autonomy w their parents goes up and autonomy with their peers goes down when you're uncertain, you don't want other things to make you feel more uncertain -> why kids want people to be like them

emotional autonomy

aspect of independence related to changes in the individuals close relationships, especially parents

Experience Sampling Method

at random times through they day, get a text message w one question.. "what are you doing right now" -> find out random samples of your experiences and can get an accurate picture of how you are spending your time & free time

17

average age at which american teenagers have intercourse for the first time

principal goal of parenting

balance children's internal needs & capabilities against external environmental requirements

Peer Influences

- kids reinforce each other for their delinquent behavior

Sexual-Developmental Tasks of adolescence

(1) is the adolescent becoming comfortable w their maturing body? (2) can they accept sexual feelings as normal and appropriate and as part of their lives, not the whole of their lives? (3) do you feel comfortable choosing to be sexually active? (4) do you understand fully the requirements of safe sex?

African Americans

- 14% of all adolescents, pretty steady at this point - their the one group that came to this country w/o any expectation of assimilation.. were brought over against their will for slavery, treated as second class citizens, - affects how you're orientated to the culture Changes in past 50 years: graduating from high school are almost as likely as white adolescents to enroll directly in college -> but the gap of who actually completes college is still large, has actually gone up over time.. gender & race interaction -> effects are even more dramatic for african american males.... \

Obesity

- 15% of teens -> 20% over normal weight - tends to skew toward lower income adolescents Long-term health risks - diabetes - heart disease - stroke - cancer

anorexia Nervosa

- 15% under the middle of ones ideal weight, where there is no physical cause effects about 1% of adolescence - body image distortion - so afraid of gaining weight that you starve yourself - 5-15% mortality rate -> partly via loss of weight, partly via suicide

school reform

- 1950s: politicians thought we were falling behind the soviet union, push for math and science classes - 1970s: social scientists felt adolescents were growing up unfamiliar w the world of work, pushed for work-study opportunities - 1990s: society had many social problems w youth (violence, AIDs, drugs, etc), asked schools to implement a number of preventative programs

Hispanic Americans

- 22% of all adolescents, rising rapidly.. younger cohort = more births - primarily here via immigration, especially through the 90s & early 2000s - one one hand: have poverty rates that are equal to those of african american adolescents & have education results that are similar to african american adolescents - but at the same time, the effects of racism seem less serious -> seem like its going to be like when irish or italian immigrants came and gradually assimilated

Asian American/Pacific Islanders

- 6% of all teens - WWII -> had relocation internment camps - but now we have the issue of reverse discrimination -> lawsuit against harvard rn saying that they have a quota for number of students they will let in.. bc number they admit has stayed the same but number in applicant pool has increased significantly - stereotypes: hardworking, but less creative .. people abuse this an argument to say that maybe these things aren't genetic -> but in reality, half of asian americans are on welfare at some point.. likely depends on where you come from

placebo effects

- a little over 2/3 of adolescent positively respond to medication - 40% of adolescents respond well to placebos -> partly that jumpstarting effect: give the people who are depressed some motivation - bad news: means our drug isn't as powerful as we think it is

Native Americans

- about 1% of all teens - didn't come to this country to join american society -> they were here first and treated as lesser from the start - probably the worst off group of adolescents in our society -> highest levels of poverty & worst education outcomes but they are a small enough group that they don't get that much attention

Durability of adolescent dating relationships

- about half break up w/in a year after high school - how much intensity, how much intimacy -> predicts how long a relationship w last.. other thing that predicts end of relationship: having the two partners be unequal in how committed they are, age, education plans, SAT scores, physical attractiveness.... not good predictors: differences in religion, social class & attitudes

Eccles' Theory

- adolescent motivation goes down in middle school bc we don't give kids any autonomy.. don't get to pick what you want to study, can't use the bathroom w/o permission, etc. - by taking autonomy aways in schools, we kill motivation

Historical Changes in leisure time

- adolescents actually had somewhat less free time, they had more chores, spent more time on personal care & they spent more time on homework - college students now do less homework than they did 20 to 30 years ago

effects of running away

- adolescents who were sexually abused are at a huge risk to be sexually abused in the future - foster care & group homes -> can be good or bad - much more likely to be criminally victimized -> beaten up - really difficult to establish trusting relationships

Changing trends in juvenile courts

- after parens patriae, supreme court decisions came down w a lot of procedural safeguards -> still going to have a juvenile system but going to be stricter about it - 80s & 90s: we've been too easy on these kids, need to treat them like the criminals they are -> got rid of a lot of juvenile courts.. sent younger & younger kids to adult court - last 10 years or so: crime rates have gone back down, now we're worried about treating juveniles like juveniles again.. SC decisions: death penalty & life in prison w/o option for parole are unconstitutional for juveniles

Poverty

- almost invariably reduces parents ability to supervise their kids - increased exposure to violence & crime -> for kids in inner cities w high unemployment rates, crime can see like the only way to make money - more likely to discount the future -> if the future is less certain, it is not as variable to you really tied to juvenile crime where you get caught

Developmental Changes in Achievement Motivation

- as you move into adolescence, learn that achievement differences matter - as you move into adolescence, get to begin to self-select what you learn - biggest thing: huge drop off in terms of motivation, adolescents are not motivated by school -> at one level for the AP/honors classes & at a lower level in the regular classes

Attachment as an ACTIVE SYSTEM

- biologically rooted, initially designed/has evolved to keep infants alive - child experiences a stressor (ex: hungry, sick) and then they seek their parent out.. if the parent is able to comfort them/meet their need, the kid is happy & feels secure again, and then the attachment behavior ends. - attachment behavior is not something that you should see constantly - what happens if the parent is not emotionally available? then the child feels anxious -> they ramp things up (ex: cry louder), feel fear & distress.. if that works then you move over to the other side & system goes off. if that doesn't work, then you get stuck in the preoccupied loop & are constantly seeking their parents attention... what if the parents pretty much never meet the kids needs? eventually the child becomes sad & withdrawn -> leads to dismissing & avoidant

Causes of Rape - Females

- blaming the victim problem - what are the traits of females who are sexually victimized? -> kind of implies that there is something deficient about them - living in poverty, living apart from you parents, parents who are substance users, being physically, emotionally or mentally impaired in some way - don't think about this as what's wrong with those girls but think more about this is what makes them vulnerable

Gender differences in the meaning of sex

- boys first sexual behavior is typical masturbation, much less likely for this to be true for girls - boys start out thinking about sex outside of the social context, not part of a relationship.. sex for males is also more of a status symbol -> about recreation, excitement & arousal - for girls, sex starts out more likely to be about relationships, intimacy & girls have to think about pregnancy so sex has more meaning, not a simple recreational act

Development of capacity for intimacy over time

- childhood friendships tend to be based on shared activities - as you move into adolescence, go from shared activities to shared values to shared traits, interests.. and you get more & more communication - peers become attachment figures as you move from late adolescence to adulthood

teen pregnancy Effects on children

- children do really poorly - teenage parents are not well prepared to be parents - do worse in terms of health bc they don't get prenatal or postnatal care at the rates they should - home environments tend to be less stimulating - children of teenage parents have long term educational difficultues -> more likely to end up needing special placements in school, have lower levels of cognitive developments & have behavioral problems

Effects of Desegregation

- does as much to eliminate the achievement gap as much as anything that is out there -> black student achievement goes up, white student achievement doesn't go down... coming from an integrated school, do better besides achievement

Culture and expression of deviance

- externalizing behavior happens in more permissive cultures (U.S.) - in contrast, cultures that are more restrictive (japan, korea) adolescents have more internalizing problems - kind of the answers the question of when an adolescent is not doing well, how will that problem show up?

Crowds & cliques submerge

- gradually becomes less important as adolescence progresses -> as people get a broader sense of identity, more niches - associate more easily across more different groups of people

code switching

- happens w biculturalism, person is able to shift, able to speak the language of each culture - not just language, also behavior - EX: politicians

CAGE Test

- have you ever tried to cut down your drinking or alcohol use? - have other people ever been annoyed with b/c of your use or things you did when you were using? - have you felt guilty about your use or things you did when you were using? - have you ever had an eye opener? (used 1st thing in the morning to get going)

Confidence/self-efficacy.

- if you feel like you can do it, you are much more likely to persist - giving up v. trying harder after a failure is what makes the difference

Displacement hypothesis

- if you have free time, that's displacing time where you could be doing important things -> free time gets in the way of more significant things

Safety concerns (real vs. imagined)

- imagined: abduction concern - real: more opportunities for bullying w more free time

Lack of Empathy - Psychopathy

- in adulthood -> lack a fear response, don't feel fear as much.. Results: don't identify with the fear they create in their victims, also not as worried about being caught - how does this develop? possible that some people just have brains that are defective... better explanation: if you're in a high stress environment for a long period of time and there is cortisol flowing through your brain constantly, eventually it doesn't have the same effect -> people who have been through so much have the ability to turn it off - does this happen in adolescence? yes, it can.. at their worst: they are callous, have no empathy, can be very violent... but, at other times, you can see softness, vulnerability & you can see the experiences that has lead them to be this way

Predictors of CHANGE in adolescent attachment security

- in short term, adolescents get slightly more secure over time - things that can undermine that: poverty, being depressed, enmeshed conflict with your parents (parents where you get involved in intense arguments that go back and forth but go nowhere, conflict that gets ugly & personal), parents who fight in a hostile way with one another

causes of anorexia Nervosa

- it's an achievers problem - kids w anorexia tend to be kids who are getting good grades in school, good at delaying gratification, reasonably popular/well-liked - it is pressure for perfection - intense focus on control, eating can always be controlled, become addicted to this idea of the perfect body - wanting to be beyond criticism.. nobody is going to be able to say anything bad about by body - enmeshment with parents -> parents are often very tied up w this perfection idea - societal pressures -> being slim, especially for a female, is assoc w being more popular

Differences between US and other societies.

- japan, finland, etc. -> have way lower drop out rates than the US - our elementary school kids do about as well as elementary school kids in other countries, our universities do great as well -> it is in the middle, high school, where things get problematic - our lower income kids are the ones who do really poorly & the US has more of them than other countries - for upper middle class kids -> education is as good for them as anywhere else in the world... achievement gap in terms of race & income (income is now bigger) - US has an inequality problem in their education system.. not educating the bottom group successfully

Patterson's coercive interaction cycles

- kids and parents are each trying to shape the others behavior - generally fine, but under some conditions, with the wrong kinds of parenting it becomes a disaster - each side is trying to coerce the other -> parent is raising the stakes, but the child is also raising the stakes -> intermittent reinforcement schedule: sometimes get what I want, only get what I want if I really push very hard for it - happens most w parents who a bit depressed, or overwrought - as a parent, it is much easier to give in in these situations - when the parent gives in, kid learns that if you push harder you get what you want -> then kids take this into their peer group, where it doesn't work well.. these kids get rejected by reasonably well-adjusted peers -> then what they end up doing is associating w other deviant/rejected peers, which amplifies their deviant behavior

Debunking genetic arguments

- kids who do poorly in school do poorly on IQ tests -> not the primary issue - idea that african americans are part of a different genetic group -> wrong.. there is no single africa - in terms of our genetic background, much more mixed race society than we think -> groupings are cultural, not biological - within groups, no correlation b/w percentage of african genes and achievement.. means that its not the biology, it is culture - simply due to power

Interpersonal Negotiations Strategie

- kids who get in trouble a lot don't have the strategies necessary -> basically only have fight or flight... Result: what they lack is the ability to have any nuance - lack of a middle ground

Pseudomaturity and popularity - the 'Cool kid' effect

- kids who in middle school desperately wanted to be cool & succeeded -> measured in 3 ways: started romantic relationships earlier & more intensely, started getting into drinking sooner, hanging out w the attractive crowd - in 7th grade more popular than their peers, but by 10th and 11th grade were about avg in popularity - by the time they hit their 20s, their peers saw them as less socially competent, more likely to be getting into serious problems

Denial

- kids will deny stuff & make up explanations

Autonomy & Relatedness

- lack of relatedness predicts higher levels of delinquency - lack of autonomy predicts more likely to have hostile behavior... doesn't directly predict delinquency though

Lack of Impulse Control

- lack the sense of control of their own impulses - things happen really quickly in terms of their thought process - amygdala/limbic system takes over .. our logical abilities are not always in control

dangers of bulimia

- less life threatening than anorexia but in the longer term it is potentially equal destructive - long term -> dental destruction, develop ulcers in digestive track, throw off electrolyte balance which can cause heart attacks or brain damage - more likely to have gradual deterioration than sudden death

Changing nature of American economy

- low-skilled jobs that pay well are decreasing - jobs that used to require a high school education now require a college degree to get the job even though the job requirements haven't changed -> sorting function comes into play here

decline of delinquency at end of adolescence

- marriage predicts a dramatic decline in level of criminal behavior - b/c you are able to have an impact in the world in other ways - prefrontal cortex continues developing into 20s -> maybe dealing w consequences is what makes this development finish/jumpstart developing

Race as a Social Construction

- means that the idea of race isn't something that physically exists in the world in a very clear way, more something that society defines & determines - difference b/w races genetically is very meaningless.. even skin color doesn't work very well as a determinate

Standardized Tests for Graduation

- measure how we're doing a teachers, on one hand makes a lot of sense, especially in terms of math classes bc what kids need to learn is standard... but when you get to history, it's really tough -> can learn facts/just what happened or some teachers focus more on how historians would look at history - learning just facts takes away the relevance - makes sense that you don't have much intrinsic motivation in this situation

modern view on sex in adolescence

- more continuity, younger kids are interested in sex/romantic relationships - less of a dramatic sudden thing

Correlates of Preference-based Popularity

- more likeable, have better close friendships - kids that are most likely to be most securely attached - parents promote their autonomy & relatedness more

School extracurricular activities

- more middle class than lower class kids participate - athletic participation helps guys popularity more than girls popularity - more you participate, better you feel about yourself -> better self esteem - participating in high school, predicts participating in college, which predicts participating in adulthood - associated w doing well in school & staying in school - tend to be one of the places where racial mixing & income mixing occurs

Primary Correlates of adolescent poverty

- much more likely to fail in school, more likely to drop out, less likely to go to college -> academic problems - much more likely to be unemployed. much more likely to get pregnant and have a child out of wedlock

free time

- much of social development occurs during this - when everything is organized, don't get to interact w other people in the way you will interact w adults

Unconventionality

- not bought into societal institutions - tend not be very connected to school, families, or religious institutions - along w it often comes risk taking behavior

Adoption Studies

- old studies -> kids who were adopted, their levels of delinquency were more like their biological parents than their adopted parents -> turns out it was not a clean study - twin studies -> adult criminality looks reasonably genetically transmitted, for adolescents less so

mediators of genetic effects

- one is impulsivity or thrill seeking - not that your genes determine your life, say you have certain traits & then your environment will determine how those genes affect your life

Fear Factor

- parents are afraid you're not going to do well, not going to make it as adults - monitoring you much more as adolescents than was done in the past

Causes of Rape - Males

- partly the idea of masculinity -> need to prove/establish yourself - correlates for those who are arrested and convicted: history of impulse control, drug use, etc.

peer influences on achievement

- peer effects turn negative in adolescence -> around 8th grade where if you do really well on a test, start to get side long glances from peers - becomes less cool to be doing well in school - popular kids tend to be reasonably successful academically but are not at the very top academically

Nancy Chodorow on early socialization and gender identity

- person you are closest to first as a young infant is your mother - females grow up close to mom and want to be like her - males grow up thinking about how they have to be different from their mother

Ritalin/adderall

- prescribed for ADHD, form of speed, helps w concentration & focus - problems: (1) overestimate how positive of an effect it has for you, (2) there is a withdrawal effect, (3) b/c of the high it gives you, you really want to keep doing it

McElhaney chapter

- principal goal of parenting: balance children's internal needs & capabilities against external environmental requirements - achievement of autonomy = key developmental task of adolescence - emphasis on warm, supportive parents & parent-teen relationships that operate democratically -> so teens can express themselves & be included in decision making - sociocultural context affects parenting style - values: 1) individualism v. collectivism 2) family relationships & child-rearing 3) Expectations about autonomy - Timetables - how autonomy is negotiated w/in the family setting -> hinges on 2 aspects of the parent-child relationship: (1) parenting style & (2) parent-adolescent conflict - parenting style -> focuses on warmth & control.. high in both warmth & control (authoritative parenting) has been proven to be the best method - parent-teen conflict varies across both cultural & contextual lines -conflict resolution relies more on specific cultural & socioeconomic settings

gender segregation

- prior to adolescence, kids are very gender segregated - integrate during adolescence

Simmons & Blyth view

- problem is not the schools, it is adolescents - maybe adolescents are just in a bad stage of life

Gene X Environment Interactions

- problem: studies assume that genes & environment don't interact.. what we're learning is that there is an interaction - integration of genes * environment predicting conduct disorder: long v. short allele of 5-httplr - short combined w a history of maltreatment gives the child an extremely elevated risk for conduct disorder - long combined w a history of maltreatment only causes a slightly elevated risk of conduct disorder Results: some individuals are more sensitive to their social environment than others

Relation of Drug Use to Other Problem Behaviors

- problematic behavior starting as early as age 5, 6, or, 7 predicts risks for being a drug user - from drug use to problem behaviors -> depends what drug it is & when you start ... ex: starting at age 12-13, predicts getting into trouble, more delinquency & crime... starting drug use from 14 on does not predict that behavior

Recovered memories

- refers to a phenomenon where somebody as an adult remembers that they were sexually abused as a child, that they hadn't previously remembered - falsity -> would come to therapy as a depressed adult, therapist suggests to them that they were sexually abused - flip side -> there are people who remember traumatic things that they had previously forgotten ..... these people almost never remember it as a result of therapy trying to get them to remember

Cultural Capital

- refers to how much your parents expose you to art, literature, etc. - predicts motivation motivation/achievement than income or parent's success in school

Consequences of sexual abuse

- runaway behavior - anxiety & depression - engaging in risky behavior - engaging in risky sex

Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas

- said separate but equal facilities were not actually equal - huge resistance to that in the 1960s

effects of child abuse

- school problems - hostile attribution bias - running away from home - peer relationship problems - 30% go on to repeat the cycle

Self-segregation (tatum article)

- sense of safety, ability to relax, humans like being w other humans who have similar experiences as them - applies to adults & adolescents, but harder to navigate as adolescents

Societal Markers of Masculinity

- sexual relationships - aggressive behavior - not showing emotion

Sexual Harassment

- sexual teasing, joking and flirting up to a point are normative, desired & probably even healthy -> the question is when does it become harassment? - problem is if you just hear of a behavior out of context it is very hard to tell - if you are being teased by somebody and you would rather they completely ignore you and you've told them that but they keep teasing you -> definitely harassment - serves to reinforce gender roles

causes for running away

- sexually abused - experience extreme parental neglect

Raising the price

- single most effective mean of prevention - would suggest that keeping drugs from coming into the country, limiting the supply & then raising the price would reduce consumption

Big classes vs. small classes

- smaller classes: need more teachers, and teachers are the biggest cost to high school - w adolescents, class size does not matter that much w/in the 20 to 40 range (exception is kids w special needs)

homophobia

- strongest in adolescence, ties back in to the masculinity idea -> establish masculinity by being heterosexual or by not liking males who are gay - correlated directly w more feelings of arousal to same sex

Gottfredson & Hirschi's Social control theor

- talks about attachment - says kids get into trouble b/c they have poor attachments w their parents so they don't get attached to the societal institutions that their parents are attached to

Why teens engage in risky sex

- teens see themselves at risk if you ask them about risk -> but don't really know the realities of risk - w STDS: doesn't become real bc they don't see other people w these diseases - arousal turns off impulse control -> study where he had males get aroused then ask questions... twice as likely

Parens Patriae Doctrine

- the state is your parent - if you break the law as a juvenile, the state should take over but in a parental way -> the judge would try and help get you back on the right track - lasted up until the 60s until they discovered that the judge weren't

Comparative Efficacy Studies

- the talk therapies work about as well as the medication therapies - medication works slightly more quickly & slightly better for severe depression - talk therapies tend to last longer, better at preventing relapse, don't have the suicide risk - no reason not to consider both

cultural/societal Antecedents of Risky Sexual Behavior

- there are differences in rates based on ethnicity but works the same to look at it in terms of poverty and education - means: girls who are getting pregnant are having sex with older guys - more income inequality, more likelihood you're going to have teen pregnancy rates that are higher

Race/ethnicity as taboo

- we don't talk about them, especially not in mixed race groups - tend to be angry or uncomfortable

Cohort Effects

- when the percent of adolescents is much larger relative to the other age groups in the population, you get more deviance -> based on 60s - now: adolescent generation is very large, but not seeing the same effects on deviance -> simply going to be a large influence on popular culture

Abusive, harsh parenting

- when you hit a kid, it does not make them like you... but it feels good to feel in control, especially if you have a defiant kid - the kid becomes scared of you & docile -> which in the short term, seems like it has worked.. but this is false b/c it undermines the relationship, makes the child mad - parents engage in punishment out of anger, sometimes b/c they were punished like that when they were children -> simply a natural human - punishment doesn't work as well as rewards

European-Americans

- when you're in the majority, don't tend to think of your ethnicity as a central part of your identity Traditions/Culture: - judeo-christian tradition - thanksgiving - halloween -> night before all saints day - valentines day -> goes back to cupid & greek myths - much more interested in property rights and individual rights than community

Risk factors for depression

1) Age: onset of adolescence, lack of roles, marginality -> might increase depression (also maybe stressors or hormonal factors) 2) Gender -> starting in later adolescence, the rates for girls become significantly higher 3) Biology -> there is clearly a brain vulnerability that some people have that makes them more likely to be depressed 4) Heritability -> if parent has had trouble w depression, you are more likely to as well .... allele 5-HTTLPR = serotonin transporter -> this short allele plus severe stress puts you at way greater rate for depression 5) Peer contexts -> social rejection

Issues faced by LGBT Teens

1) Development of sexual orientation 2) Mental health issues 3) Physical health issues

signs of when peer relationships begin to take on attachment functions

1) proximity seeking 2) distress upon inexplicable separation 3) pleasure or joy upon reunion 4) grief at loss 5) secure-base behavio

co-rumination

excessive talking with another about problems shown more b/w girls

Undermining Autonomy in an argument

1) Overpersonalizing 2) Pressuring 3) Recanting

Dodge's Theory for Aggression

1) Perceptual biases in ambiguous situations -> aggressive kids are aggressive bc they perceive situations inaccurately - in clearly aggressive situations -> will identify it just as we would - in clearly kind, caring situations -> will identify just as we would - in ambiguous situations -> they will see the action as hostile even if most people wouldn't 2) links to behavior -> this perception is linked to aggressive behavior

risk factors for drug abuse

1) Personality characteristics: impulse control, anxiety, sensation seeking, hopelessness -> depression sometimes goes w this as well 2) Interpersonal characteristics: tend to be distant & hostile, don't get along w other people, less socially competent 3) Family Factors: poor relationship w parents, parental permissiveness, lack of involvement with parents, high family conflict, having a parent who abuses alcohol or drugs

Displaying Relatedness

1) Validating 2) Listening

trends in development of cognitive autonomy

1) adolescents become increasingly abstract in the way they think about moral, religious, and political issues 2) during adolescence, beliefs become increasingly rooted in general principles 3) beliefs become increasingly founded in the young persons own values , not merely in a system of values passed down by parents or other authority figures

crowd membership affects behavior b/c

1) adolescents imitate behavior of high-status peers 2) crowds establish social norms 3) when crowd members behave in ways that are consistent w the norms, they are reinforced for doing so

phases of romance

1) ages 11 to 13: first discover an interest in socializing w potential romantic & sexual partners 2) ages 14 to 16: slowly move toward more meaningful dyadic relationships 3) ages 17-18: concerns about commitment move to the forefront

development of cognitive autonomy

1) become increasingly abstract in the way they think about moral, political & religious issues 2) beliefs become rooted in general principles 3) beliefs become increasingly founded in the young person's own values, not merely in a system of values passed on by parents or authority figures

characteristics of good secondary schools

1) emphasize intellectual activities 2) have teachers who are committed to their students & are given freedom in the classroom 3) are well integrated into the communities they serve 4) composed of good classrooms 5) staffed by teachers who are well-qualified & have received specific training in teaching adolescents

Buffers Against Divorce in Adolescent Marriages

1) having enough money 2) been in a long term relationship before you got married 3) delay getting pregnant for at least a year 4) have more education

most likely targets of rejection

1) insecurely attached kids are more likely to be targets -> negative expectations 2) angry kids 3) kids who lack social skills, read social cues very poorly -> cyclical process: lack social skills, get rejected by their peers, and then never get the chance to develop their social skills 4) patterns of problematic interactions at home, then you behave in similar ways at school, which is not good for interactions w peers

why infant attachment is important

1) internal working model 2) interpersonal development is cumulative

neuroimaging research shows 2 kinds of change

1) overproduction of gray matter at puberty, followed by a pruning of the connections that aren't used 2) white matter: enhanced myelination -> increased insulation of established neural connections

3 levels of moral reasoning

1) preconvential moral reasoning: typical of children & is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments assoc w different courses of action 2) conventional moral reasoning: occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules & conventions of society 3) postconventional moral reasoning: level of moral reasoning during which society's rules & conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative -> also called principal moral reasoning

establishing ethnic identity

1) understand & appreciate their own culture 2) come up w a way to relate to the majority culture 3) learn to deal w prejudice, form a strategy success in these tasks is related to better self esteem & higher achievement scores

factors to predict behaviors in school

1) whether they believe intelligence is fixed or malleable 2) whether they are oriented more toward performance or mastery 3) whether they are confident about their abilities

types of autonomy

1. Behavioral -> who gets to decide what you do as an adolescent? who decides? 2. Verbal -> can you think for yourself and state your own ideas and disagree with your parents? can you disagree with your parents or do you get intense pushback? 3. Emotional -> do you feel independent? do you feel like you could handle things on your own

distant predictors of risky sexual behavior

1. Biological - higher levels of testosterone in males - earlier age of puberty for both males & females 2. Social/environmental - poverty & unemployment in your family - marital disruption - parent's lack of education - having a mother or sister who is a teenage parent - poor child rearing practices - being sexually abused 3. Individual - lack of religious affiliation - drug & alcohol use - aggression (both for females & males) - poor educational performance - having low expectations for your future - external locus of control

different types of educational achievement

1. School performance (grades) 2. academic achievement (standardized tests) 3. educational attainment (years completed)

proximal predictors of risky sexual behavior

1. Values, Perceived Norms, & Specific Intentions - values about sexual behavior - perception of the norms other people have - specific intentions -> i am not going to get pregnant until ____.. vs. yeah its kind of important but i'm not sure - key to all of these: these are adolescents who aren't doing so well & they could come in many forms but it is not one single factor

strange situation

1st: mom w baby alone 2nd: then stranger enters -> sits, talks to mom, then tries to engage the infant. 3rd: mom leaves baby alone w the stranger 4th: mom returns 5th: leave baby alone w neither mom or stranger 6th: stranger returns 1st and attempts to soothe baby 7th: mom returns & stranger leaves so as not to interfere w the return 8th: mom leaves again to see how baby responds to further stress

ABC' high risk triad

3 key risks: (1) feeling alone, nobody understands me, (2) burdensomeness: everybody else would be better off if I were gone, (3) capacity: refers to if you have means, also can you imagine yourself doing this

Marijuana

40% or so of people have tried it risks: 1) single biggest risk is regular users have triple the risk of becoming schizophrenic (3%) -> gene that makes the regal person 5% at risk but then if you have the gene & use regularly, the risk is 30%.... problem: we don't know how many people are self-medicating bc they were already starting to develop schizophrenia 2) gum disease -> 60% develop gum disease... regardless of dental hygiene 3) impurity problem 4) kids get mugged all the time

gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

7 types of intelligence -> verbal, mathematical, spatial, kinesthetic, self-reflective, interpersonal, musical

Current work Rates

80% of teens work In U.S. before h.s. graduation.

internal working models

Bowlby, we have models of relationships that help decide how we will treat people. we form models bc we need a way to guide our actions. the implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences

Psychosocial moratorium

Erik Erikson - argues that we need a period where adolescents don't have much responsibility, where they can think & just figure things out but there isn't really much at stake - biological argument -> human infants take longer to reach the point where they are self sufficient from their parents than any other animals

evolving school work balance

From work to school -> went from teenagers working, particularly working on farms, to school 1900's compulsory education laws .. had to stay in school for a certain amount of time 1930-40's: Low Employment rates: great depression era: only 5% of male teenage worked outside the home as a teenage, even less teenage girls Fair Labor Standards Act -> designed to protect juveniles, if you were under 16, can't work more than 15 hours a week ... hours still restricted until age 18 Then 'school or work' became 'school and work' 50's and 60's and 70's: gradual increase in workforce participation-> more teenagers move into the work force while still in school... why? we developed a much larger service economy -> instead of working in manufacturing, you worked in fast food or as a babysitter (providing services for other people).... also started to work to contribute to their family's income Last 20 years -> adolescents in the upper income groups started pulling out of the work force.. one reason: AP tests -> parents would rather have you studying and doing extracurriculars to get into college rather than working

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

George Bush signed into law in 2002, mandated that states ensure all students, regardless of economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency.. annual testing & results of these tests made public -> lots of push back from the public in regards to not having enough funding, teachers catering only to the tests, limits to what the tests can actually measure

pretrial diversion

arrested but don't want to give them a criminal record, see a probation officer &

Ruminative coping strategies

Nolen-Hoeksema's theory - theory for why girls get more depressed girls are more likely to think about why they are upset, talk about it -> nothing wrong w that strategy in general, becomes a problem when you have external stressors that you can't control

3rd, 500,000, 1/3

Suicide Stats: ______ leading cause of death in adolescents ______________ attempts each year among adolescents ______ of adolescents has thought seriously about it

Genital Herpes

Symptoms - painful blisters & sores -> 1 in 5 sexually active people over the age of 12 have it - no known cures - comes & goes -> often asymptomatic even if you are contagious

John Hill

Systems perspective on adolescent development - child is changing but so are the parents

pseudo maturity theory

Terrie Moffit delinquency, especially property crime, is a way of acting in terms of economics as an adult even though you can't act like them in other ways

black, white

________ adolescent males who finish college end up at about the same income level as _________ males who never go to college

south

________ is the poorest part of the country

genes

___________ dont determine who uses drugs for the most part, but do have a significant impact on who gets addicted

kisspeptin

a brain chemical that triggers the onset of puberty

1 billion

__ ____________ youths in poverty worldwide (every other child)

3, 25

___ % of teens meet the most stringent criteria for major depression ____ % of teens have significant depressive feelings

25, 10

_____ % of all females, ______ % of all males have been victimized sexually before they turned 18

2/3

_____ of teenagers say they are using contraception every time they have sex

10 to 1

_____ to _____ ratio of females to males who suffer from anorexia

Why Adolescents Reject their Peers

adolescents are really uncertain, their roles are changing, everything is changing... under conditions of uncertainty, like these, people want to hang out w people that are like them. so if you are around people who aren't like you, a peer who is different in some way, you are much more uncomfortable, they become a target for rejection

Age Segregation

adolescents are segregated by age -> mostly based on schooling adolescents mainly interact w their peers parents are more afraid of having their kids interact w kids of different ages

Adolescent rates of criminal behavior

adolescents have much higher rates, drops off dramatically after adolescence

functioning of insecure-preoccupied/ambivalent attachment in adolescence

adolescents who are so stirred up about attachment that they have learned to constantly be seeking out attachment figures but thinking that it probably won't work out very well. intense back and forth w parents -> screaming fighting constantly, kid who make dramatic gestures to get their parents attention, emotions are constantly stirred up. these adolescents do the same thing w their peers -> hyper-involved, preoccuppied, can't let it go.. anger is one way it comes out

semi restrictive societies

adolescet sex is against the rules but more of a don't ask don't tell situation, tell your friends but don't tell your parents.. think U.S

Child Abuse

affects a minimum of 300000 adolescents each year (reported #)

instrumental aggression

aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned

reactive aggression

aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulse

Validating

agreeing w good points the other person makes, letting them know that you value their position - ex: parent says "I don't want you to be miserable" - one of the best predictors of attachment security -> can you maintain your relationship while arguing

18

almost every adult smoker was hooked prior to the age of _____

behavior

also fairly common.. kinsey report: 1 in 5 males before age 18..

behavioral decision theory

an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision making processes - draws heavily on economics... all behaviors can be analyzed by these 5 steps-> 1) identifying alternative choices 2) identifying the consequences that might follow from each choice 3) evaluating the costs & benefits of each possible consequence 4) assessing the likelihood of each possible consequence 5) combining all this info according to some decision rule

limbic system

an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social info & rewards and punishments

junior high school

an educational institution during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from early adolescents

middle school

an educational institution housing 7th & 8th grade students along w adolescents who are 1 or 2 years younger

comprehensive high school

an educational institution that evolved during the fist half of the twentieth century, offering a varied curriculum & designed to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents - distinctively american

familism

an orientation toward life in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual

aggressive rejected

angry about it and also rejected bc they are rejected, think unsuccessful bullies.. aggressive physically & also can have relational aggression -> say things that are untrue to undermine other people's relationships. these are kids that tend to be delinquent, have conduct problems, get into trouble, etc. hang out with other aggressive rejected adolescents but these groups aren't very effective

autonomous adolescents

are close to their parents, enjoy doing things w them, have few conflicts w them, turn to them for advice & say they would like to be like them

sexual minority youth

are more likely to be harassed growing up -> contributes to the higher rates of truancy, depression & suicide

Listening

are you responding to what they say or are you ignoring them and simply making your own points?

the coasts (wealthier areas)

area of the U.S. more tolerant to drug use

status offenses

behaviors that are illegal only because one is an adolescent -> EX: underage drinking.. is completely legal over age of 21, but illegal under that age.. truancy, running away from home, cigarette smoking, being out of your parents control

date rape

being forced by a date to have sex against one's will - typically happens to women, more likely when there is a large age difference b/w a girl & her partner many people don't report it bc don't think they will believed happens on a continuum where some women aren't even sure it counts as rape but it other cases its crystal clear its rape

earlier

being in a single-mother household is correlated w having sex at an ___________ age.. why? more likely to see mother dating & modeling romantic relationships, seeking a male influence & evidence that there is a weird sort of genetic background

neglect v. rejected

being rejected is different than being neglected -> some kids go through high school and fly below the radar or are off doing their own thing but nobody is rejecting them. not nearly as bad off as kids who are rejected. they are at risk for being lonely but that's not the same as being rejected.

Autonomy & Peer Relationships

can negotiate successfully w the peers, can handle peer pressure bc they are used to not giving in -> won't be persuaded to do things "just because" can handle disagreements w peers without getting mad and undermining the autonomy of the other person or pressuring them

media use & physical activity

causal evidence.. more time you spend online, less physical activity you engage in.. as media use has gone up among high school students, kids spend less time outside

Gateway drug theory

certain drugs (alcohol & marijuana) are gateways to harder drugs not a well validated theory... what we know: a) no physiological link b/w marijuana and other drugs -> smoking doesn't make you crave something harder b) peer network -> smoking weed puts you in contact w people selling weed, who probably are also selling other things or know people who are c) deviant behavior -> if you engage in one kind of deviant behavior, you are somewhat more likely to engage in other types of deviant behavior

mentoring program

connecting kids with older adults might have some benefits in deterring drug use

process of emotional autonomy

de-idealization: begin to see their parents as people, no longer place them on a pedestal development of autonomy does require maintaining a connection w ones parents -> can separate w/o sacrificing emotional closeness

self-handicapping

deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere w doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing - boys = mention lack of effort.. girls = mention emotional problems

delinquent

delinquent kids often have parents who were ____________ as teenagers -> could be genetic or simply a parenting cycle

why kids w authoritative parents develop autonomy

develop autonomy bc they are used to working within limits and figuring out where stye can move within limits. can negotiate w peers bc they have practice negotiating w their parents.

precedes

deviance ___________ early involvement w sex

gender nonconformity

different from all of these, acting in a way that doesn't conform w the gender stereotypes

generational dissonance

divergence of views b/w adolescents and their parents that is common in families of immigrant parents & american born adolescents

warm, supportive, democratically

emphasis on _______, _______________ parents & parent-teen relationships that operate ___________________

burden of "acting white"

ethnic minority students underperform in school b/c they are stigmatized for "acting white" if they try and do well.. leads them to develop an oppositional identity that is hostile to doing well in school

cross cultural studies: parental control & parenting style

european: encourage independence & autonomy more than asian parents - chinese & Chinese-american parents: described as more authoritarian and less-frequently autonomy granting - african american parents: relatively more strict than euro american parenting, but less than latino parents - restriction of autonomy varies according to level of environmental risk.. more risk = more restriction

social responsibility effects of work

even when kids are working in boring jobs, they are doing something for someone else, get the chance to be helpful to someone which they almost never get to do

occupational development

examination of one's traits, abilities & interests -> experimentation w different work roles -> integration of influences from one's past w/ one's hopes for the future

Accuracy of world view presented on TV

exposed to thousands of murders each year -> gives people a very distorted view of the world - asks people to estimate the risk of being victimized by a certain crime (EX: murder, abduction, etc) -> their estimates are 10x higher than the actual risk - murder rates are actually lower than they have been since JFK was president.. but people don't have this perception - myths of danger -> ex: razor blades in apples - availability heuristic.. we worry about really low-base rate risks

Media Use & aggression

exposure to agression under the right conditions makes kids more aggressive.. for example: watching aggressive actors on TV... shown w experiments so causation

Media Use & sexuality

exposure to it on media is correlated w kids being more sexually active, but we don't know if its causal or not

Media & drug use

exposure to videos, movies, tv shows etc. of people using drugs is associated w kids who use drugs more, but could also be self-selection

Stating Reasons & Displaying Confidence

extent to which adolescent or parent display their own autonomy and promote the other person's do this by focusing the disagreement on the reasons why you disagree -> allows you to see the other person's rationale help you realize that the argument is not a zero-sum -> help to reach a compromise or simply agree to disagree if you're focused on reasons, you can change your mind w/o your autonomy being compromised/threatened -> b/c you are actually changing your mind, no one is telling you that you have to do this must give your reasons confidently in order to be heard

risk factors

factors that increase the likelihood of some behavior or condition

net immigration from mexico

over the past 7 years, there has been none -> the growth comes from births

immigrant paradox

foreign born ethnic minority adolescents are more cognitively engaged than minority adolescents who are 2nd or 3rd generation immigrants... could be because becoming acculturated to american society may be learning to devalue academic success

Sullivan on intimacy

form your sense of who you are by forming relationships w others emphasized the aspects of social growth, psychological development can best be understood by looking at our relationships w others - different interpersonal needs for different times of life, effects are cumulative - believes that capacity for intimacy first develops prior to adolescence & in the context of same-sex relationships

scared straight

get a short term effect but in the long run, they are more likely to offend than those who haven't gone through the program -> same applies to boot camps

depressed

getting into a romantic relationship in high school, predicts becoming more ____________

less

girls are ________ susceptible to peer pressure than boys

socioeconomic status

gives kids a head start -> genetics, more favorable environmental conditions, higher levels of parental involvement - early intervention is targeted at low SES kids -> those w early intervention perform significantly better in school than those of the same SES who don't receive early intervention

correlates for entering a romantic relationship before it is normative

mainly negative girls: less mature, less imaginative, less happy w themselves, more depressed, more likely to engage in delinquency

Media frenzy - Fad Drugs

go through fads where in the adult world we freak out about certain drugs that kids are using, and on the kid side -> use the drug a lot, spike in use, then drop quickly -> fad drug EX: ecstacy, aderall

cohort

group of individuals born during the same historic era -> go through together

peer groups

groups of individuals of approximately the same age

push for conformity

grows dramatically from childhood to adolescence - think it peaks in mid-adolescence, at 15-16.. then gradually decreases after that normally measured by willingness to engage in deviant behavior - problem b/c adolescents are simply more likely to engage in deviant behavior

virginity pledges

have been shown to work only on young adolescents & have no effect on high school students - those who make one are actually less to use contraception.. meaning that abstinence may actually promote unsafe sex

victims of sexual abuse

have lower rates of self-esteem, more academic difficulties, higher rates of anxiety, fear, eating disorders & depression - girls who have been sexually abused by their biological fathers are at the greatest risk for problems

rejection sensitivity

heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others

how autonomy is negotiated w/in the family setting

hinges on 2 aspects of the parent-child relationship: (1) parenting style & (2) parent-adolescent conflict - parenting style -> focuses on warmth & control.. high in both warmth & control (authoritative parenting) has been proven to be the best method - parent-teen conflict varies across both cultural & contextual lines -conflict resolution relies more on specific cultural & socioeconomic settings

self-efficacy

how confident am I that I can carry out the behaviors I need to to get what I want in society? how confident am I that I have the skills I need to do well? delinquents lack this.. they don't believe that they can do well in society-> kind of stems from their lack of impulse control

1950's - 1980's

huge spike in crime rates when we started treating juveniles as adults

performance motivation

i want to learn this material bc i want to show how much i know -> going to try and take easy classes, going to get discouraged if you fail, motivation is mostly extrinsic

Pygmalion In The Classroom

idea of a self-fulfilling prophecy... researchers came into a young children' classroom and told teachers that some kids were about to bloom.. by the end of the year, researchers came back and the kids that had said were going to bloom did... but, they were actually just randomly selected

storm & stress

idea that all hell will break loose, fights -> only actually happens to about 1 in 4 families.. tend to be families where there was a pretty high amount of conflict prior to adolescence

autonomy, relatedness & attachment go together

if you are securely attached you can disagree w your parents, you can be separate from them.. with a secure relationship you have the autonomy & relatedness -> goes both ways.. autonomy & relatedness helps you stay secure

female friendships v male friendships

if you ask people, they say female friendships are stronger. if you ask females and males how important is intimacy in your friendships, females say it is more important than males. females say they disclose more than males. BUT, if you pull people aside & you quiz them about their friends, guys do just as well as girls do. WHY? homophobia (guys are less likely to say they value intimacy bc it is threatening to their masculinity)

media use & depression

if you follow Facebook closely, hard not to come away w the impression that everyone is having more fun than you are .. amount of exposure to Facebook seems to increase depressive symptoms

attached

if you have exposure to your parents in infancy & early childhood, you get _____________ to them.. and parents get ____________ to their children -> doesn't matter how good of parents they are we are biologically wired to get ___________ to our parents & children

better

if you look at kids who experiment w drugs (alcohol & marijuana), on average look __________ adjusted than the kids who've never used why? kids who are really anxious don't experiment so they come out a little less adjusted, slightly better adjusted kids experiment b/c that's what they're friends are doing been finding this for the past 30 years

earned income tax credit

if you're a poor working parent & make under a certain wage.. when you file your tax returns, instead of collecting money from you the government will give you money

dominant group

if you're part of the mainstream group in a culture or society, then your ethnicity can be an accent piece

Memory

improves w age over the course of adolescence, we don't really know if that memory change is because of biological changes or because of experience? the more you know, the easier it is to learn new things & remember them bc you can hang them on things you already know. - emotion plays a big role in memory -> it can lock in memories (ex: 9/11 memories) & distort memories

zone of proximal development

in Vygotsky's theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individual's reach but that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills

inner cities

in recent years, poverty has gotten extremely concentrated

underachievers

individuals whose actual school performance is lower than what would be expected on the basis of objective measures of their aptitude or intelligence

secure, autonomous related

infants _______ in the strange situation have more ______________ ________________ discussion w their parents in adolescence

noncognitive factors

influences on achievement that do not have to do w intellectual ability, such as determination, perseverance, and grit

rebound effect

initially it depresses anxiety, physiological arousal.. but then it peaks and then there is a rebound: you come back to above normal, as the alcohol has worn off enough, it goes from being a depressant to a stimulant - this is kind of where addiction starts w some people -> you drink & feel good, then it wears off and you feel edgy, have another drink to take the edge off

sternberg's triarchic theory

intellectual capability is composed of 3 interconnected types of intelligence 1) componential intelligence: ability to acquire, store & process info 2) experiential intelligence: involves our abilities to use insight & creativity 3) contextual intelligence: involves our ability to think practically

entity view of intelligence

intelligence is something you either have or don't have

civic engagement

involvement in political & community affairs, as reflected in knowledge about politics & current affairs, participation in conventional & alternative political activities & engaging in community service

cognitive autonomy

involves having independent values, opinions & beliefs - psychoanalytic theory & detachment -> physical changes of puberty cause conflict inside the family, drives children to separate from their parents emotionally

alcohol

is a depressant (depresses inhibitory & anxiety centers of the brain) - causes the rebound effect & cravings - effects: blackouts (you don't remember what was happening when you were drinking) & passing out

Loneliness

is about how much of a connection you have w people and how much connection you need with people, occurs when these two don't match up also partly about expectations is not just a bad feeling -> it is strongly assoc. w both depression & health problems -> its a little stressful in a way that causes your body to release small amounts of cortisol. this conditions the immune system to say gear up for danger -> does this by increasing inflammation in the body. problem? that gear up effect is chronic... which is bad for your health in many ways

achievement of autonomy

key developmental task of adolescence

Undermining relatedness/ expressing hostility

kids are much more likely to be delinquent, slightly less likely to be depressed

strong relationship

kids w parents who have low monitoring & control can do ok but only if they have a ____________ __________________

Life-course persistent offenders

kids who are getting trouble before adolescence, getting in trouble during adolescence, & are going to keep getting into trouble after adolescence - helps to distinguish them: tend to have multiple forms of delinquency, tend to have very high rates of offending, account for a good proportion of the crime out there & have often had really problematic childhood experiences, whose parents are violent, have drug problems or may be criminals themselves

most, autonomy

kids who are the _______ influenced (in terms of negative behaviors) have parents who are strictest & give the kids the least _______________

Correlates of child abuse

lack of parental education living with a step family marital strife & marital violence increases in adolescence, peak in terrible twos & peak in adolescence when they start to want to establish their autonomy happens more in african american families than european families, probably an income thing larger family size predicts more

transition to secondary schools

leads to a drop in achievement more frequent = lower achievement & higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems more academic problems before = have more problems w the transition.. parental support helps w a transition

results of authoritarian parenting

leads to kids that struggle.. tend to be passive, more susceptible to peer influence, less socially skilled, more dependent, less intellectually curious

Autonomy/Self-Reliance Effects of work

learn how to manage a schedule, how to be on time, how to conform to adult norms, how to be reliable

low SES

less likely to work, probably bc you have less opportunities to find work -> adults take the jobs or less availability for service jobs

postconventional moral reasoning

level of moral reasoning during which society's rules & conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative -> also called principal moral reasoning

directly

likelihood of getting divorced is ____________ related to the age you get married

Overpersonalizing

make it not about your position & reasons but about the person -> "your just too young to understand": because of your age your opinion doesn't count, you should go along w me bc I'm the better positioned person... another way -> bring in outside experts : "everybody except you understands.. half my friends don't even have a curfew"

Pressuring

means behaving in a way that makes the other person uncomfortable holding their position without offering any reasons -> sarcasm is a form of pressure, also eyerolls

academic achievement (standardized tests)

measures how much you have actually learned

can people forget certain memories

memory works by processing and working to enforce things that we want to remember.. think about significant events in your life every so often which reinforces your memory. but if you have things that you really don't like thinking about so when they come up you push them away right away bc you don't want to think about them which means that they don't get reinforced so you can forget them

executive function

more advanced thinking abilities, enabled chiefly by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, especially in adolescence

Development of Behavioral Autonomy

more sophisticated reasoning processes = able to hold multiple view points, allowing them to compare different people's perspectives -> crucial for weighing the opinions & advice of others improvements in self-regulation

incremental view of intelligence

most accurate, says intelligence isn't a fixed thing, you can get smarter by working hard.... says its okay to fail bc it just means you have more to learn/more work to do

results of authoritative parenting

most competent w their peers, most confident, most successful in school, most creative bc they've been encouraged to think for themselves but within limits

middle class adolescents

most likely to work

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Depression

most of the day, nearly every day depressed mood & loss of pleasure or feeling for a two week period need at least 5 of the following: - 5% weight loss or weight gain - insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day - agitation & restlessness or being really slowed down - fatigue & loss of energy - feeling worthless - difficulty concentrating - recurrent thoughts of dying - mental part turns into the physical part

Biases in research

most of the research we do is targeted at european americans and we look at minorities as an exception

abusers

most would describe themselves as recreational users interferes with social relationships

delaying

mother-daughter communication is assoc w ______________ having sex

extrinsic motivation

motivated bc there is something outside that says you are going to be rewarded for learning or punished for not

intrinsic motivation

motivated bc you care about learning

single-parent households

much more likely to be in poverty, about 50% if mother is head of household.. about 25% if father is head of household

implicit association test

names.. test isn't saying that you're prejudice, it is simply saying that you're exposed to a culture that puts these implicit associations in your mind.. simply due to exposure these associations predict behavior

parent-teen partnership

need strong communication & willingness among both parties for the teen to seek autonomy

age of first intercourse

no normal age but the average is about age 17

shared environmental influences

non genetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other -> more strong in adolescence

platonic relationships

nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners

adolescent moodiness

not based completely on hormone levels

precocious affluence

not covering any of your expenses so have extra spending money -> get this misguided attitude about work

abstinence based programs

not effective in deterring teenage sex

separation

not going to be allowed to fit in so not going to try to fit in, not going to let our culture just blend into the american mainstream, either bc they don't want to or bc they won't be allowed to. - happens when there is very high degrees of prejudice - they pull back but they join together

recreational use

not going to become easily dependent, not interfering w social relationships 1 in 10 ends up becoming dependent on the drug

functioning of insecure-dismissing/avoidant attachment in adolescence

not going to want tot think about anything that might stir up their feelings of missing their parent, of wanting comfort. don't expect people to be available. "strong-silent type"

high SES

not working as much, partly because they don't need the money & also partly bc they see it as getting in the way of college preparations

primary orientation

numbers are smaller, somewhere between 2 and 6%

past cultures

over half of them didn't have terms for juvenile delinquency... found that the societies who didn't have juvenile delinquencies were the ones that had adolescents working mainly alongside adults, doing things that were contributing -> the more you give your adolescents stuff to do, the more the interact with adults, the less problems with delinquency

conventional moral reasoning

occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules & conventions of society

testosterone

one of the sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes but in higher levels among males than females - higher levels of androgens = increased thinking about sex

parental responsiveness

one of the two important dimensions of parenting refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner

parental demandingness

one of the two important dimensions of parenting, refers to the degree to which the parent expects & insists on matters, responsible behavior from the child

gangs

organized peer groups of antisocial individuals - members tend to be more isolated from their families, have more emotional & behavioral problems, and have poorer self-conceptions than other adolescents

can, power

other groups _______ be racist, but racism w/o ________ doesn't have the same meaning/effect

Why form incoherent models: insecure-preoccupied/ambivalent

parent could be over involved, doesn't want you to hang out w other people but also isn't interested in always meeting your needs -> only sometimes accidentally meet needs when you happen to want attention at the exact time parent wants to give it... leads to the preoccupied loop. if you start thinking poorly about parents but can't say it in the household it becomes hard to think about it bc you can't talk about it

Nurture Paradox

parent naturally want to nurture their kids as much as they can AND 60 years ago, families were larger, not a lot of modern conveniences, working hours were longer so there wasn't as much time to give as much nurture now, we have families where there's a lot of extra time & energy ... gives parents more ability to nurture their children parents are also bailing kids out when they make mistakes ****parent's natural instinct is to want to do all of the things that make you feel like an adult

psychological control

parenting that attempts to control the adolescent's emotions and opinions parents who exhibit this -> leads to adolescents who may have difficulty individuating from them... could lead to depression, anxiety, depression, etc.

autonomy & relatedness in risky environments

parents are a little bit more likely to say no you have to just do this because I say so and kids are more willing to tolerate that

parent v peer influence

parents don't lose their influence, peers don't just replace parents peers do gain influence though influence is different depending on what content area you're talking about -> parents & peers have different domains peer = day to day, short-term influences on culture & style parents = stay very influential w regard to long-term decisions.. EX: educational: where you're going to go to college, vocational: what is your job going to be

indifferent parents

parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness

indulgent parents

parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness, and who are mainly concerned w the child's happiness

permissive, neglectful parenting

parents who don't bother to pay much attention to what their kids are doing.. often crisis driven, will respond to a crisis but then they'll often lose focus.. these kids are out of control bc no one is trying to reign them in

authoritarian parents

parents who use punitive, absolute & forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience & conformity

authoritative parents

parents who use warmth, firm control and rational, issue-orientated discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction

discontinuous transitions

passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into abruptly

bowlby on incoherent models

people form incoherent models bc person is not able to think about freely whats going on w their parent

selection v. influence

people tend to pick friends who are like themselves, but to parents it looks like they are being influenced by these friends. influence does happen but vastly overestimate how much it happens.

hard racism

people who are explicitly & comfortably racist -> have mostly moved past this in terms of polite conversation in society

Grit

perseverance in the face of setbacks, determination were a better predictor of career success than IQ

individualistic

personal goals, emphasis on individual autonomy, european american

police diversion on street

police are called but don't make an arrest, drop the teen off at their house

diversion at station

police bring them into the station but then call parents and say they're not going to process them but could have been charged w something

standards-based reform

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to pre-determined set of standards measured by achievement tests - gave rise to the Common core: a proposed set of standards in language arts and math that all american schools would be expected to use

postponed trial leading to dismissal

post pone the trial for a year & if they don't get into any more trouble, will simply dismiss the case

$24,300/year

poverty line for a family of 4

Tracking

putting kids in different classes based on ability or past achievement -> usually something as honors, advanced and regular

high conflict relationships w parents

predicts high conflict relationships w romantic relationships & same goes for good, easy relationships w parents

School performance (grades)

primarily predicts your future academic place -> what kind of college you will got to? grades reflect a combo of what you've learned and how diligent you are at checking off the boxes (doing the busy work)

inner city education

problem w low student achievement .. Why? - concentration of poverty in cities produces a population of students w many personal and situational problems -> hard for the school to deal with - loss of job opportunities in city = less incentive to stay in school - more at risk/afraid of being victimized

episodic memories

procedural memories, specific instances of things that you remember

service learning

process of learning through involvement in community service best predictors? being involved in a religion & having parents who actively volunteer

Media Use

pros: causes info to be much more globalized, better communication w people that are far away, exposes you to popular culture cons: problems w social skills & communication w those close by

Kuhn 2006

psychological development during adolescence are there identifiable psychological implications of an immature adolescent brain? new research points enhanced executive control as the main part of cognitive development during adolescence become more effective learners than children in adolescence a high degree of individual difference arises - why? one reason is the brain.. with all the pruning the brain becomes more specialized -> therefore, experience is highly influential (like in the 1st years of life) - increasing sense of personal identity as the teen begins to gain control over their life & become a producer of their own development

fantasy

refers to who you think about as a possible sexual partner, who you find arousing -> 50% of the population reports them

dysthymic disorder

related... requires two years where you're in a depressed or irritable mood more days than not, never go two months w/o depressed mood, must meet 2 of the 8 criteria

adult plasticity

relatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during adulthood, after the brain has matured - doesn't fundamentally alter the neural structure of the brain

students who are bullied

report low self-esteem, depression, problems in controlling negative emotions

Ignoring/Interrupting & Hostility

rude to the other person, insult them, don't show respect, you interrupt them before you have heard what they said and instead of responding you simply move to another topic

Seesaw Model

saw autonomy & relatedness as not very connected

marginality

says "i'm different and i'm just going to lay low".. know I'm not going to fit in so I'm just going to withdraw.. as long as I'm not attacked I'm okay - leads to problems of not fitting into the larger society

The Early College model

says high school is kind of a waste, lets get kids out of it and get kids to college sooner -> in 9th grade, put them on an accelerated academic program so but he end of 12th grade you have taken 2 years of college credits... many of these programs are successful motivation to learn would go up EX: bard college at simon's rock

critical perspective

says that you recognize that society is flawed & that it is not what it purports to be -> we say we are a melting pot but we really aren't... says lets realize this and face our flaws

extrinsic

schools in adolescence increasingly focus on __________ motivation -> undermines their notion that they care

behavioral genetics

scientific study of genetic influences on behavior.. scientists approach this in 3 ways: 1) twin studies -> identical v. fraternal 2) adoption studies -> are they more like their biological or adoptive parents? 3) stepfamilies -> if similarities b/w siblings vary w their biological relatedness?

social cognition

the aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, interpersonal relations & about social institutions 1) theory of mind: the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, & knowledge that may be different than one's own - mentalizing: the ability to understand someone else's mental state - leads to improvements in communication 2) thinking about social relationships -> have different thoughts on peer exclusion, authority 3) social conventions: the norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations -> come to see that they help to coordinate interactions among people 4) law, civil liberties & rights -> increase in importance of self-determination rights

Ethnocentrism

the belief that your own culture is superior to all other cultures.. the differences b/w your culture and other cultures indicate places in which the other culture is inferior

achievement attributions

the beliefs an individual holds about the causes of his or her successes and failures attribute it to a combo of factors: ability, effort, task difficulty & luck

behavioral autonomy

the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through on them

delay of gratification

the capacity to wait longer to get a larger, better, or more valuable reward instead of a smaller, less attractive, or less valuable one that is available immediately - marshmallow study

religiosity

the degree to which one engages in religious practices, like attending services -> declines during adolescence

spirituality

the degree to which one places importance on the quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life

social support

the extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from his or her social network - lack of support = low self-worth & poor social adjustment

functional connectivity

the extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time, which improves during adolescence - maturation of this is more or less complete by age 22

student engagement

the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work -> levels are low in american schools ... students who are disengaged are more likely to drop out adolescents whose friends support academic achievement are more likely to feel connected to school .. students whose parents are involved do better

self-fulfilling prophecy

the idea that individual's behavior is influenced by other's expectations for them -> EX: when parents believe their adolescents behavior is going to be terrible & their relationship will be bad, it normally is

social capital

the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family - give advantage to richer students

sexual socialization

the process through which adolescents are exposed to and educated about sexuality - very different for boys & girls.... boys: first experience is masturbation, more likely to keep matters of sex & intimacy separate.... girls: more likely to experience sex for the first time w another person, emotional connection

big fish-little pond effect

the reason that individuals who attend high school w high achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparable successful individuals w lower achieving peers

prefrontal cortex

the region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks & rewards, and controlling impulses - pruned dramatically in adolescence - two most important changes in brain function: patterns w/in cortex become more focused & individuals become more likely to use multiple parts of the brain simultaneously & coordinate activity bw prefrontal regions & other areas

attachment

the strong affectional bond that develops b/w an infant & a caregiver

response inhibition

the suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required

secondary educational system

the system of middle schools, junior high schools and high schools in industrialized societies, everybody attends but in developing world more commonly just the wealthy are enrolled its rise comes from industrialization, urbanization & immigration at the turn of the 20th century

assimilation

traditional view, fits with the old american idea of america as a melting pot.. you come to the US and join in the american culture and you add your little bit of culture as an accent piece - this has happened w various groups (EX polish, irish immigrants), but the problem is when society doesn't let you blend/mix in w everyone else

Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches

treat depression by challenging distorted thinking patterns, there are certain distortions that make you feel really bad and if we challenge those, get you to think differently about those, then you begin to feel better

dismissing

trying not to think about needs that aren't being met, trying not to think about parents not spending time w you -> so easy to go from there to not thinking about their rules

preconvential moral reasoning

typical of children & is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments assoc w different courses of action

iatrogenic effects

unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention have been found in many programs designed to reduce adolescent delinquency

disorganized kids

unresolved w respect to being abused -> where most violent delinquents come from

Erikson on intimacy

until you really have a sense of who you are in the world, you can't really form strong friendships

less, extracurriculars

upwardly mobile kids have way ________ free time than lower income kids -> bc _________________________

Alcohol usage

usage rates have gone down slightly over time binge rates -> whites are most likely, hispanic a little less, african americans much less likely

Historical View on sex in adolescence

used to think that sex really emerges in adolescence, no sexuality before adolescence

collectivist

value group goals over individual goals, asian & latino cultures

Infancy to age 18

very weak correlation b/w the infant strange situation & the adolescent model of attachment

results of Indulgent/Permissive parenting

w some kids: this works out okay, kids that are naturally compliant & want to please their parents just don't need many rules... tends to be the expection on average: these kids are less mature & responsive bc they aren't used to coping w rules and limits in the real world, less likely to be leaders, tend to be more conforming to their peers

Social competence training

way to prevent adolescent drug use giving kids more competence w their peers so they don't feel as out of it. gives kids other ways of fitting in

SSRIs

way to treat depression don't put more serotonin in the synapsis, they inhibit the parts of the brain that pull serotonin out... take from 1 - 6 weeks to have an effect: think maybe it has to do w nerve cells being created during this period PROBLEMS: sexual functioning side effects, dry mouth, weight changes -> most of these can be overcome && adolescents taking anti depressants have slightly higher suicidal thought than those not on the medication

Endless Adolescence

we've made adolescence last way longer as a society -> has created a lot of problems Delaying Markers of Adulthood -> getting married 4 years later on average & entering the full-time work force 2 to 3 years later on average larger number of teens delaying getting their drivers license increased contact w parents, encourages dependency

crowds

what group you best fit in if somebody had to classify you as an adolescent, demographic cultural group.. don't have to do anything to be in the group it is just your identity, don't have to do anything to be in the group -> EX: jock, brain, goth serve 3 broad purposes: (1) to locate adolescents w/in the social structure of the school, (2) to channel adolescents toward some peers & away from others, (3) to provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others

Correlates of Femininity in Adolescence

what is optimal is not femininity but androgyny -> a combo of feminine and masculine traits

High Autonomy and Relatedness (from age 16 onward)

when families focus on their reasons, they also tend to validate each other and be more positive towards each other positive aspects are positively correlated adolescents are less likely to experience depression, have higher self esteem, less likely to get hostile with other people, more popular kids who do this w their parents, are able to display autonomy and relatedness when they argue with their best friends -> and in the future with romantic partners.... shows that you learn how to argue in your family and then you take this to your friendships and then to romantic relationships -> cascade pattern

Undermining Autonomy Differs from simply Not Displaying Autonomy

when the child just doesn't say much or withdraws -> that is simply not displaying your autonomy guilt = great way of undermining autonomy

media

where do we learn sex roles?

status-based popularity

who are the kids that everyone looks up to

preference-based popularity

who do people actually like spending time w and like/want to be friends with

allows them to have an impact

why do teens commit vandalism?

functioning of secure attachment in adolescence

will expect that their parent will be available when they need them. will feel comfortable turning the attachment system off and going out and exploring the world -> physical world & thinking world. willing to see their parents as imperfect. think it's okay to approach people when they are lost or confused bc they have the belief that relationships are useful & will work.

younger kids

will experiment w anything they can get their hands on don't know the real effect of these things, simply looking for any way to get high

10-15

work doesn't interfere w school work when you work _______ __ ______ hours per week

cravings

works in a subtle way, idea that this will be fun, would be more fun w a drink, maybe I should just have one drink, wouldn't it be good to have wine w a nice meal

first thing that happens w dating

you have to overcome gender segregation (starts a little earlier for girls than for guys)

Recanting

you're not convinced but you just give in, haven't even given the other person the chance to convince you -> lose your own autonomy there, lose the chance for a rational argument

Adolescence as a Social Phenomenon: Why would we 'invent' adolescence?

1) education: we have jobs now that require a high school education that used to only require a high school education, but the jobs haven't changed. we make kids/teenagers/young adults stay in school longer. 2) child labor laws: kept kids out of dangerous jobs & kept kids from competing w adults for scarce jobs

Basic Cognitive Changes of Adolescence

1) memory 2) processing speed 3) brain changes & risk taking 4) Cognitive monitoring & Theory of Mind

sensorimotor period

1st stage of cognitive development, spanning the period roughly b/w birth & age 2

puberty

3 chief physical manifestations: 1) acceleration in growth 2) development of primary sex characteristics 3) development of secondary sex characteristics

Brain Changes and Risk Taking

- adolescents engage in more risky activity than adults - brain evidence: 1) adolescents dopamine receptors are less developed which means that adolescents need more dopamine to get the same size "boost" as adults... dopamine is what makes you feel excited/good -> adolescents will be bored more easily than adults 2) amygdala is also less developed.. amygdala is the part of the brain that is sensitive to punishment/pain -> less reason to worry about the consequences 3) prefrontal cortex is less developed.. part of the brain that plans, looks ahead, thinks of consequences - combine these 3: evidence will suggest that adolescents will take more risks and will not think of the consequences of taking those risks

Hormonal changes

- no brand new hormones that occur during adolescence, they are hormones that exist in the body that in some sense get "turned on" - levels of hormones don't really affect mood -> 22 yr olds have much higher levels of hormones than 15, 16 year olds... so if hormones affected mood, adolescence would peak at 22 - rapid changes in hormones does appear to affect moodiness (fluctuation in mood) -> don't know if hormones are linked to mood or if simply anything is changing quickly you will be more moody - lead to delayed phase preference

what does this extension of adolescence do to teens desire to grow up?

- teens become more self-centered & helpless - teens are more likely to continue to rely on their parents throughout college -> keep in constant contact, ask opinions on school work

Social-Developmental Tasks of Adolescence

1) Autonomy: when you are really making your own decisions, you are an adult 2) Intimacy: young kids have playmates, young adults have close friends or romantic relationships (w intimacy).. ability to form relationships that are open and supportive 3) Identity: how you see yourself in terms of your roles in the world 4) Sexuality: defining yourself as an adult, confidence in yourself -> ability to interact w people that are romantic interests in a way that leaves you feeling good and them feeling good 5) Achievement: how close are you to establishing your ability to make it in the adult world? 6) Practical Skills: all of the skills you need to make it at 21 but might not have at 13

Key social status changes that mark entry and exit from adolescence

1) Interpersonal 2)Romantic - romantic relationships emerge for the first time 3) Political (how our society treats you) - age 18 vote, age 21 drinking age... but then have to be 35 to be president? 4) Economic - when can you become an employee? and when can you become a regular employee? -> in many states, under 16 or under 18, you need a work permit & your hours are limited 5) Legal/criminal - at some point, we decide people are old enough to be held responsible -> tried as adults or children.. juvenile courts or adult courts

When The Social Redefinition Process Becomes Problematic

1) When Adolescence Lasts Too long: maybe biologically we are meant to be adults earlier (ex. age 15), but we have defined adolescence to last too long.. Ex: second semester seniors. Ex: peak energy levels occur during high school/college, so why do we require people to sit in a classroom and take notes all day? 2) The Marginal Man/ Marginal Teen - Kurt Lewin - what we do w adolescents is put them in this place where they have no meaningful connections to the rest of society.. so maybe adolescence isn't about hormones gone wild but instead of this lack of status 3) Continuous Vs. Discontinuous Transitions: how do we teach you how to take on new tasks? gradually or in an abrupt way? discontinuous -> signing contracts, banking, sex, drinking

Physical changes in puberty

1) body size changes 2) hormonal changes 3) sexual maturation

psychosocial impact of puberty

1) changing relationships w parents 2) moodiness 3) correlation b/w timing of puberty & response to it

cortisol

a hormone produced when one is exposed to stress

emerging adulthood

a new stage of life that is suggested to come between adolescence and adulthood -> exploration of identity, instability in work/relationships, focus on oneself - does not exist in all countries - can be a difficult time due to instability & the level of fluctuation, but it is generally a time of positive & improving mental health

delayed phase of preference

a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep & wake times, which usually emerges during puberty - staying up late -> interaction of biology and environment - leads to inadequate sleep in adolescents, which makes them prone to depression, poor self control, delinquency, obesity, etc

information processing perspective

a perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence & attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process

cognitive development view

a perspective on development, based on the work of Piaget, that takes a qualitative, stage-theory approach

cross-sectional study

a study that compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time

longitudinal study

a study that follows the same group of individuals over time

EEG

a technique for measuring electronic activity at different locations on the scalp - measure event-related potentials: changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events

diffuser tensor imaging (DTI)

a technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions - allows us to better understand how communication patterns change with development

deductive reasoning

a type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises or givens

status offense

a violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults

long-term memory

ability to recall something from a long time ago

Signs of formal operations

abstract thinking, ability to think in terms of hypotheticals, can think in terms of multiple dimensions (two sides to an argument), relativistic (things are not all good or all bad, its not an either or type of world) v. absolute thinking

matter of character

adolescents feel incompetent and are hesitant to even face the challenges of the real world, almost afraid to grow up

Changes in "Minority" populations in the U.S

adolescents in "minority" groups are actually about 40% -> the "white middle class view of suburban high schools" will apply to less and less people

personal fable

an adolescent's belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people's behavior

working memory

aspect of memory in which info is held for a short time while a problem is being solved

egocentrism

assume everything that happens is about you.. ex: if your friend doesn't hang out w you as much as they used to, its because they don't like you anymore or they're trying to hurt you

Body size changes

before age 8: no physical differences b/w boys or girls - girls growth spurt typically starts at age 12 (standard deviation of 2 years), boys growth spurt starts 2 years later body fat proportions change: girls begin to have more body fat around age 8 but doesn't become pronounced until age 12 -> body fat for girls is necessary for reproduction.. menstruation begins more based on weight than height (approx. 95 pounds) - muscle mass starts to favor boys around 13 - changes in the size & structure of the brain -> we know this happens in early adolescence but these changes aren't coordinated w behavior... don't have research that links where changes are or even what they are w behavior - respiratory & circulatory systems grow in capacity -> can take on more physical endurance activities

Epstein

brains of teens who behave dangerously are more like adult brains than their peers brains who behave cautiously - kids took a risk survey & then were drug tested - brains were scanned to look for amount of white matter -> which consists of a fatty substance called myelin that grows in volume during adolescence & improves our ability to think & function - prediction: more myelin = less risk taking behavior - result: the opposite! more myelin = more risky behavior - brains of tens who are behaving dangerously are maturing early - another possibility: engaging in these risky activities could simply make the brain mature faster

formal operations

can image hypotheticals, can imagine abstract things

epiphysis

closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has ended

asynchronicity in growth

different body parts grow at different rates

informal rights of passage

drivers license, voting in an election, first date, first after school job, prom night

developmental plasticity

extensive remodeling of the brain's circuitry in response to experiences during childhood & adolescence, while the brain is still maturing

processing speed

from age 10-17, get faster at thinking.. ability to think speeds up - EX: mental rotation tasks - peaks at around age 18-23, then starts to decline

early maturing males

greater responsibility, higher athletic skill, hang out w older people, more romantic relationships, more popular - tend to be more confident, viewed as more responsible, more likely to have more frequent & more intense temper tantrums, more delinquent & more drug use (most likely to happen to kids who are having more trouble before adolescence).. think it is in part due to associating w older peers

hormones

highly specialized substances that are secreted by one or more endocrine glands and then enter the bloodstream & travel throughout the body

impact of industrialization

kids no longer did exactly what their parents did, shortage of job opportunities bc machines were replacing people so by keeping kids in school longer left more jobs for adults -> another view: keep children out of the workforce to protect them from dangerous jobs.. i.e. heavy machinery (Child protectionists)

Adolescence as a Social Phenomenon: Uniqueness of current cohort's experience of adolescence

idea of adolescence is only really existent for the last 120 yrs or so. some say we invented it in order to extend schooling - high school.

Theory of Mind

idea that you not only know what other people do but you also recognize that other people have minds and that they are thinking things and that you don't exactly know what they're thinking perspective taking

late maturing females

innocent - lower levels of delinquency, higher levels of educational attainment

limitations to piaget's theory

its not black or white: people are not either in concrete operations or formal operations - people can think abstractly or hypothetically much more easily for one type of task than others

inventionists

theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention -> defined primarily by how society recognizes it

clarity

less formal ceremonies in modern society so many don't have a clear idea of when they became an adult ... EX: war at 18 but can't drink? - modern society its about what you feel than your actual age that tells you how mature you are / adult - BUT, in traditional cultures, there are very clear marker

individual differences in timing

mainly stem from genetic factors -> C6 - early puberty could be caused by stress

secondary sex characteristics

manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty - ex: breasts, facial hair, changes in the voice - development is divided into 5 stages - > Tanner Stages

early maturing females

more attention from males, subject to more negative influences/gossip - as or more popular especially in mixed gender groups, have more interest in boys, more likely to be depressed & anxious, more likely to have eating disorders, less expressive & more submissive, less confident, have more tendency towards delinquency & drug use but only if they are hanging out w older boys

late maturing males

more immature, less experienced, less autonomous - significantly lower in delinquency, viewed as less mature, less likely to be put in leadership positions, end up w more curiosity in adulthood & more social initiative

Cognitive monitoring

observe your own thinking skills & take into account the limits of your own thinking skills.. gives you the ability to do more w the cognition that you have give you a degree of perspective taking

glands

organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways

continuous transitions

passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually

tipping points

periods of maturation that are sensitive to positive & negative events in ways that influence trajectories

emergence of hypothetical thinking

permits one to plan ahead & foresee consequences

Developmental Readiness Hypothesis

physical and social changes of adolescence are stressful. the older you are, the better able you are to handle these changes. EX: early maturing girls may just be distracted in school that they do a little less well at age 12, then they get less encouragement, which makes them pull back more... cycle that builds on itself over time..

selective attention

process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another

divided attention

process of paying attention to 2 or more stimuli at the same time

social redefinition

process through which an individual's position or status is redefined by society - lead to changes in relationships w others

myelination

process through which brain circuits are insulated w myelin, which improves the efficiency of info processing

endocrine system

produces, circulates & regulates levels of hormones

white matter

provides support & protection for neurons & compose myelin

formal rites of passage

quincineara, confirmation, coming out party (southern), high school or college graduations

neurotransmitters

specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses b/w neurons -> each one has a specific modular structure that fits into a receptor for which it is precisely designed

fMRI

technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task

imaginary audience

the belief, often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching & evaluating one's behavior

plasticity

the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience increases during adolescence

synapse

the gap in space between neurons, across who neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses

adrenarche

the maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence

metacognition

the process of thinking about thinking itself - leads to increased introspectiveness & self-consciousness

synaptic pruning

the process through which unnecessary connections b/w neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of info processing - results in a decrease in the amount of gray matter in the brain

autobiographical memory

the recall of personally meaningful past events

preoperational period

the second stage of cognitive development, spanning roughly from ages 2-5

secular trend

the tendency, over the past 2 centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily dues to improvements in health & nutrition

menarche

the time of first menstruation

clarity & continuity

two measures that set apart different cultural transitions in adolescence

concrete operational

understand the physical world & understand the properties of the physical world

Adolescence as a Social Phenomenon: historical perspective

until about 100-150 yrs ago, 15 yr olds were considered young adults. they had responsibility, they were treated as equals in the workplace... go even farther back, it happened at age 13 (EX jewish bar/batmitzvah ceremony). if you look at physical maturity, 13-15 yr olds are more mature than back then bc better nutrition. But, we still say that you aren't an adult until you're 18/21.

Adolescence as a Social Phenomenon: Change in Key Timing of Transistions

we have changed the timing of key things that make you feel like an adult. EX: kids used to end school earlier & join the labor force earlier, which makes you feel like more of an adult.

The Marginal Man/ Marginal Teen

what we do w adolescents is put them in this place where they have no meaningful connections to the rest of society.. so maybe adolescence isn't about hormones gone wild but instead of this lack of status