Advanced Human Physiology CH 14: Cardiovascular

cardiac

- atria - ventricles - pericardium - myocardium - coronary arteries - coronary veins are all parts of ______ muscle of the heart.

thickness

- dehydration - blood doping - blood glucose (Diabetes) all increase the ______ of the blood.

decrease

- medications - alcohol - fluid intake all ______ the thickness of the blood.

factors

- viscosity of the fluid (blood) - length of vessels - diameter of the vessels are the 3 ______ that affect resistance

calcium

Auto-rhythmic cells are the only ones that depolarize w/ ______.

resistance

Blood flow is inversely related to ______.

low

Blood flows from high pressure to ______ pressure.

back

Blood flows out by the heart arteries, then veins bring blood ______ to the heart.

chamber

Blood flows through the heart from one ______ to the next.

arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called ______.

veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called ______.

inverse

Blood volume and pressure have an ______ relationship.

bundle

Branches off the Bundle of His that conduct impulses to the left and right ventricles are called ______ branches.

cannot

Cardiac muscle ______ reach tetanus. - depolarization of the muscle cell lasts almost as long as the muscle contraction - Ca++ enters during depolarization, extending the event

innervation

Cardiac muscle contract w/out ______ (organs w/out nerves).

systole

Contraction of the heart muscle is known as ______.

EDV

End-diastolic volume ______, is the amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole. - maximum blood volume

ESV

End-systolic volume ______, is the amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction. - minimal blood volume

pacemaker

Heart cells that regularly produce spontaneous electrical impulses are also called ______ cells. - contain no contractile fibers - generate electrical signals (action potentials)

one-way

Heart valves ensure ______-______ flow to the heart.

voltage creep

I/F channels let sodium in causing "______ ______".

viscosity

If there is an increase in blood ______, there is a decrease in flow.

prevents

Longer myocardial action potential ______ tetanus. - myocardial contractile cells

propels

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is the pressure that ______ blood to the tissues.

contractibility

Muscle fibers that are stimulated by nerves, contract, or become short and thick, which causes movement known as ______.

vary

Myocardial action potentials ______.

impulses

Neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of ______ from the SA node to the bundle of His are called the atrioventricular (AV) node.

cycle

One complete heartbeat is known as a cardiac ______.

current

Pacemaker, or auto-rhythmic cells CANNOT maintain a stable Resting Membrane Potential (RMP). I = ______ F = funny

decreases

Parasympathetic ______ the heart rate (HR).

semilunar

Pulmonary and aortic valves are also known as ______ valves. - "partial moons"

diastole

Relaxation of the heart is known as ______.

does not

Skeletal muscle reached tetanus, cardiac muscle ______ ______. - it would prevent cardiac muscle from being an effective pump - long, sustained contractions DO NOT pump blood

inter-nodal

Specialized conductive cells within the atria that transmit the impulse from the SA node throughout the myocardial cells of the atrium to the AV node are known as the ______-______ pathways.

increase

Sympathetic ______ the heart rate (HR).

Sinoartial (SA) Node

The ______ ______ is the pacemaker of the heart. - it depolarizes at the fastest rate = 70x per minute - SA node

Output (CO)

The amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (~5 L) is known as the Cardiac ______ (CO).

Stroke

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction is called ______ Volume (SV). SV = EDV - ESV

afterload

The amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle is called ______. - pressure in the arteries that has to be overcome to open the semi-lunar valves.

pericardium

The double-layered membrane surrounding the heart is called the ______.

4

The heart has ______ chambers. - R/L Atria - R/L Ventricles

less

The longer the blood vessel, the ______ resistance in the cardiovascular system.

Law

The relationship between pre-load and stroke volume is known as the Frank-Starling ______ of the Heart.

myocardium

The thick middle muscle layer of the heart is called the ______.

ventricles

The two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the lungs and body are the ______.

atrium

The two upper chambers of the heart are known as the ______.

atrioventricular

Valves located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side of the heart, prevent back-flow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting. - these are called ______ valves.

overcome

Vascular resistance is the resistance that must be ______ to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow.

pumping

When muscles press against veins, constricting them and forcing blood back to the heart is called skeletal muscle ______.

flow rate

______ ______ is the measured amount of blood that flows through an organ or vessel.

Purkinje

______ fibers, are fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract.

RMP (resting membrane potential)

______ is -70mV.

Vasoconstriction

______ is the NARROWING of the blood vessels. - will increase resistance

Vasodilation

______ is the WIDENING of the diameter of a blood vessel. - will decrease resistance

Velocity

______ of flow is how fast the blood is flowing. - it is the SPEED of the flow

respiratory

pressure changes created during breathing that "suck blood" toward the heart by squeezing local veins is called ______ pump. - like sucking on a straw