Aerospace
What name is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky best known by and why
"Father of Modern Astronautics", proposed space exploration via rockets.
How many tiny pieces of junk, such as slivers of metal and paint chips are estimated to be in space.
1 Billion
how much of air are other gasses
1% other
Amount of hours a day astronauts on ISS work
10
Date Sputnik the Soviets launched the first satellite into space.
1957
GPS creation
1973 by U.S. Department of Defense
At any given time in the world about how many thunderstorms are occurring
2,000
how much of air is oxygen
21% oxygen
What record altitude did SpaceShipOne set
328,491 feet.
Number of atmospheric layers
4
satellites needed to render 3D image
4
When did rocket history begin and what started it
400 BC when Archytas built a wooden pigeon propelled by steam.
satellites available at any one time
5
Up to what temp can lighting heat the air to
60,000°F
About how many tornadoes are reported in the US annually
700
how much of air is nitrogen
78% nitrogen
how far the sun from earth
93,000,000 miles away
A vs P vs T (Air Mass Classification)
A = Arctic P = Polar T = Tropical
Mammatus formation
A distinctive feature of cumulonimbus is the mammatus development. This feature normally occurs at the base of the cloud and looks like bulges or pouches. Mammatus formations indicate the degree of instability in the area.
aneroid barograph
A mercury barometer is not as quick, but is more stable and reliable. A mercury barometer is mainly used by scientists and meteorologists
What is a V-2 rocket and what country designed it
A surface-to-surface missile, Nazi Germany.
dimensions and speed of a tornado
A tornado ranges from 50 to 500 yards wide and moves across the ground at about 70 mph. These are just averages, as they can move twice as fast, or as slow as 5 mph.
tropical storm (cyclone) vs Hurricane
A tropical storm's winds must be between 39 and 74 mph. If the winds go above 74 mph, the cyclone is called a hurricane.
Warm front
A warm front occurs when warm air moves into an area of colder air and they collide. The warm air overrides the cold because it is lighter. The heavier, colder air sinks.
Who was the first American in space
Alan Shepherd.
What is SpaceShipOne
An aircraft with suborbital capability.
mercury barometer
An aneroid barograph can be found in weather stations all over the country because it gives a permanent record of pressure readings. A permanent record is important if pressure readings need to be reviewed due to severe weather or an aircraft accident.
US manned spaceflight project that put man on the Moon
Apollo
Which mission put the a man on the moon.
Apollo
manned spaceflight project linking American and Soviet spacecraft in space
Apollo-Soyuz
first manned aircraft
Around 1299 A.D., it was written by Marco Polo that he saw Chinese sailors attached to kites being used as military observers.
AHRS
Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (replaces gyroscopic instruments in glass cockpit aircraft)
what is Bernoullian lift
Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. The principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.
F to C
C = (F - 32) x 5/9
One of the newest contenders in manned space flight is...
China
What is the coanda effect
Coanda effect is the phenomena in which a jet flow attaches itself to a nearby surface and remains attached even when the surface curves away from the initial jet direction. In free surroundings, a jet of fluid entrains and mixes with its surroundings as it flows away from a nozzle. (kinda like when you put a spoon in a stream of water and the water is redirected as it "sticks" to the spoon
Cold front
Cold fronts occur when the air moving into the area is colder than the already present warmer air. The heavier, colder air pushes the warmer air up and out of the way. In general, cold fronts move faster than warm fronts. So, the colder air is rapidly pushing the warmer air out.
What does EVA stand for and what is it
EVA = Extravehicular Activities This involved going outside of the shuttle. The general term used for going outside of the shuttle is Extravehicular Activity. (basically a spacewalk)
First america to preform a space walk
Ed White was the first American to "walk" in space. This occurred in June 1965. White was outside the spacecraft for 22 minutes traveling at 18,000 miles per hourLess than three months after Aleksei Leonov
ELT
Emergency location transmitter, located on aircraft to transmit location after crash
The first and oldest US satellite series
Explorer
C to F
F = C(9/5) + 32
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration, which is the regulatory authority for all aviation
FSS
Flight Service Station - a FAA facility that provides pilots with weather briefings and flight planning (opening and closure)
Types of Fronts
Fronts are classified as warm, cold, stationary, and occluded
what is the Fujita Wind Damage Scale
Fujita Wind Damage Scale explains the categories of wind speed and expected damage. Number | Wind Speed | Damage F-0 | Up to 72 mph | light F-1 | 73 to 112 mph | moderate F-2 | 113 to 157 mph | considerable F-3 | 158 to 206 mph | severe F-4 | 207 to 260 mph | devastating F-5 | above 261 mph | incredible
GOES
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
Where our pictures we see on television weather reports come from
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites.
which aircraft first achieved directional control
Gliders
GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite Systems, the term used for navigational satellites
GPS
Global Positioning System, a navigational system used by all areas of society
Threshold Lights
Green lights that show the beginning of the runway.
What is the "brain" of the rocket
Guidance system.
What does a guidance system do
Guides the rocket to its intended destination.
Who developed the first rocket engine
Hero.
who was Daniel Bernoulli
His discovery of the relationship between pressure and fluids in motion became the cornerstone of the theory of airfoil lift. He found that a fluid, like air in motion, has a constant pressure. However, when that fluid is n accelerated, the pressure drops. Using this principle, wings are designed to make air flow go faster over the top. This, in turn, causes the pressure to drop and the wing moves upward, against gravity
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Damage Potential Scale
Hurricanes have five categories. Pressures (catagrory 1 through 5): 28.94 28.50-28.91 27.91-28.47 27.17-27.88 27.17
four types of cylinder arrangements
In-line, "v" in-line, horizontal opposed in-line, and radial
ITSO
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, the world's largest commercial satellite communications provider; now called INTELSAT
what is fog and how does it form
It is actually a cloud that is very near, or touching the ground. Fog is composed of tiny droplets of liquid water that are at or near the surface of the geographical area. Generally, fog forms when the temperature and dew point are within five degrees of each other and the winds are light (five knots or less).
Who increased the accuracy of rockets through the use of tubes
Jean Froissart.
Who was the first American to orbit the Earth
John Glenn.
inventors of the first true manned powered flight
Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier created a manned hot air balloon.
"lenticular cloud," or an "altocumulus standing lenticular" or ACSL cloud
Lenticular clouds are stationary lens-shaped clouds that form at high altitudes, normally aligned at right angles to the wind direction. When stable moist air flows over a range of mountains, a series of large-scale standing waves may form. Under certain conditions, long strings of lenticular clouds can form, creating a formation known as a wave cloud. Power pilots tend to avoid flying near lenticular clouds because of the turbulence of the rotor systems that accompany them sailplane pilots actively look for them. This is because the systems of atmospheric standing waves that cause "lennies" (as they are sometimes called) also involve large vertical air movements, and the precise location of the rising air mass is fairly easy to predict from the orientation of the clouds. This vertical air movement gives a glider lift that takes it to a higher altitude.
Low-level clouds
Low-level clouds are not given a prefix, although their names are derived from "strato" or "cumulo," depending on their characteristics. Low clouds occur below 6500 feet, and normally consist of liquid water droplets or even supercooled droplets, except during cold winter storms when ice crystals (and snow) comprise much of the clouds. The two main types of low clouds include stratus, which develop horizontally, and cumulus, which develop vertically. Stratus clouds are uniform and flat, producing a gray layer of cloud cover which may be precipitation-free or may cause periods of light precipitation or drizzle.
Name and date of the first man to escape the Earth's atmosphere.
Major Yuri Gagarin In April 1961
What was developed to facilitate the movement of astronauts conducting EVAs.
Manned Maneuvering Unit
US first manned spaceflight project
Mercury
Who flew SpaceShipOne on its first flight
Mike Melvill.
Second Russian Space Station
Mir was launched in February 1986 and was about the same size as Salyut. However, Mir didn't carry as much scientific equipment, so it had more privacy, comfort, and space for the astronauts. In 1998, Mir was frequently in the news. This was due to several malfunctions that were occurring. The United States sent the Space Shuttle to Mir several times to help with repairs. In fact, American astronauts spent over two years aboard Mir on different missions. Mir was scheduled to fall back to Earth in 1999. However, The Russians boosted Mir to stay in space longer. So, despite early problems Mir remained in space until 2001.
Who was the first man to walk on the moon
Neil Armstrong.
the first mission to assemble the ISS took place in...
November 1998
Discovery shuttle what significant object did it deploy and when
On April 1990, the shuttle deployed the Hubble Space telescope
date of the first true powered flight with humans on board
On November 21, 1783, pilots Pilatre d'Rozier and Francois d'Arlandes made a historic 25-minute flight over Paris
The movement or path a satellite takes around a celestial body.
Orbit
The air in the ISS is a mixture of...
Oxygen and Nitrogen
What is the contents/cargo of a rocket called
Payload.
The fist space suits were really just...
Pressure suits
What industry is the goal of aircraft such as SpaceShipOne
Private space travel.
America's first manned spaceflight program
Project Mercury
Skylab's mission
Put a laboratory into space.
End of runway lighting
Red lights that mark the end of the runway you are facing.
Who is the "Father of Modern Rocketry"
Robert Goddard.
Who increased the range of rockets
Roger Bacon.
REIL
Runway End Identifier Lights - High intensity white strobe lights placed on each side of the runway, especially helpful with reduced visibility, contrasting terrain, and much other lighting.
who preformed the first space walk (and when and for how long)
Russian Aleksei Leonov in March 1965. He was outside of his spacecraft for about 20 minutes
The first Soviet space station series was...
Salyut
This word comes from the French language meaning a guard or attendant.
Satellite
Who is the "Father of the Soviet Space Program"
Sergei Korolev.
Who created the laws of motion
Sir Isaac Newton.
US manned spaceflight project that put a laboratory into space
Skylab
What is the name of the first US space station
Skylab.
stationary Front
Sometimes different air masses bump against each other, but the difference between them is not enough to force movement. This is called a stationary front were neither the warm nor the cold air advances, and it becomes a standoff (kinda like a reverse tug of war stalemate). This can last a few hours or a few days, but eventually more forceful air will push into the area and create movement.
Who launched the first satellite into space and what was it called
Soviet Union, Sputnik I.
Satellites or spacecraft that either fly by, orbit, or land on a celestial body, other than Earth, are called
Space Probes
US Space Transportation System (STS) for transporting into space and returning to Earth
Space Shuttle
What is used as a means of Earth-to-space transportation
Space Shuttle.
Who is Hermann Oberth
Space pioneer and author of a book about space travel.
SpaceShipTwo
SpaceShipOne's successor that could possibly offer the general public space travel
What method of stabilization is used in rockets, similar to bullets
Spin.
Stratocumulus
Stratocumulus clouds are hybrids of layered stratus and cellular (individual) cumulus, i.e., individual cloud elements, characteristic of cumulo-type clouds, clumped together in a continuous distribution, characteristic of strato-type clouds. Stratocumulus also can be thought of as a layer of cloud clumps with thick and thin areas. These clouds appear frequently in the atmosphere, either ahead of or behind a frontal system. Thick, dense stratus or stratocumulus clouds producing steady rain or snow often are referred to as nimbostratus clouds.
The commands sent to the satellite are computer programs. The satellite collects the information and sends it back to the ground station. This is called _________ and this is the information that tells a controller how the satellite is functioning.
Telemetry
Date and name of the first commercial satellite.
Telstar 1, 1962
What is WhiteKnightII
The "mothership" or carrier for the spaceliner VSS Enterprise.
Book where Paul Fortin explains how birds fly
The Fantasy and Mechanics of Flight
Global Hawk's main use
The Global Hawk is built by Northrop Grumman and is primarily used by the USAF as a surveillance aircraft
The main source of electricity while the satellite is in orbit is
The Sun
WAC
The World Aeronautical Chart, which covers a much larger area than the sectional chart; the scale of the WAC being 1:1,000,000 or approximately 16 statute miles per one inch
what happens to the propeller as you move down to the tips
The angle of incidence is decreased. The chord gets longer and then small again and the speed is higher. At the tip, the speed is tremendous so here the smallest chord is present the smallest angle of incidence, and a smallest area.
dimensions of a hurricane's eye
The average eye of a hurricane is about 10-15 miles wide
Mid-level clouds (alto)
The bases of clouds in the middle level of the troposphere, given the prefix "alto," appear between 6,500 and 20,000 feet. Depending on the altitude, time of year, and vertical temperature structure of the troposphere, these clouds may be composed of liquid water droplets, ice crystals, or a combination of the two, including supercooled droplets (i.e., liquid droplets whose temperatures are below freezing). The two main types of mid-level clouds are altostratus and altocumulus.
What gives a rocket stability and the ability to turn
The control system.
What is an airframe and what is its purpose
The skeleton of the rocket. It houses all systems and gives the rocket its shape.
Location Signs
These are black with yellow inscription and usually a yellow border. They don't have arrows. They are used to identify a taxiway or runway location, boundary of the runway, or an instrument landing system (ILS) critical area.
Runway Distance Remaining Signs
These are large black signs with a white number that tell pilots the distance remaining during takeoff or landing.
Direction Signs
These are yellow signs that give a pilot directions. The black inscription and arrow identifies the designation of the intersecting taxiways leading out of an intersection.
Information Signs
These are yellow signs with black lettering and symbols that give information on such things as areas that cannot be identified by the tower, noise abatement procedures, and applicable radio frequencies.
Destination Signs
These are yellow signs with black letters and a distinctive black arrow, like the direction signs. They give direction to special locations like military, international, and fixed-based operator (FBO) sites.
Beacons
These beacon lights guide pilots to airports at night. From a distance, pilots can see what appears to be flashing colors
Mandatory Signs
These have a red background with white numbers/letters These signs denote an entrance to a runway, critical area, or a prohibited area.
lapse rate
This cooling with an increase in altitude ( 3 1/2° F for every 1000 feet of altitude gained) (The Celsius equivalent of this is 2° C per 1000 feet of altitude)
thermistor
This is an electronic warning instrument that shows the pilot when the temperature is dropping and a descent is about to occur in a hot air balloon
What moves a rocket and what is associated with the mechanism of moving it
Thrust, propulsion.
The first navigational satellite
Transit. Transit was developed to provide Polaris missile submarines with the ability to fix accurate positions.
UAV stands for
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Where are the first space bases located
Upham, New Mexico and Mojave, California.
What project was headed by Wernher von Braun
V-2 rocket project.
What does VSS stand for
Virgin Spaceship.
VASI
Visual Approach Slope Indicator
Who designed rockets for military use
William Congreve.
Who developed the spin stabilization technique
William Hale.
Who was the first to space and the first to orbit the Earth
Yuri Gagarin.
wind
a body of air in motion
authors and significance of the book Ballooning, A Complete Guide To Riding The Wind
a book by Dick Wirth and Jerry Young that gave an explanation is given for the lifting power of a balloon. it had equations between the gross lifting wieght and what could be carried
front
a boundary between two air masses
sectional
a chart specifically designed for aviation use and Visual Flight Rules, with the scale being 1:500,000 or approximately 8 statute miles to one inch
fuel
a chemical substance which is used as a source of energy; aircraft fuels include gasoline, kerosene, and propane
thermal
a column of air that moves upwards due to uneven heating by the sun
runway
a dedicated pathway for taking off and landing airplanes runway
tetrahedron
a device that gives an indication of the landing direction at an airport
microburst
a downdraft or down burst phenomenon that creates unstable air and thunderstorm turbulence
wind sock
a fabric tube that shows
what happens when wind is greater than 30 MPH
a flag becomes fully extended. Low pressure, or lift, is created by a high angle of incidence and greatly curved camber
drag
a force which slows the forward movement of an aircraft in flight
Glass cockpit
a glass cockpit is an airplane cockpit that features electronic instrument displays
doldrums
a global area of calm winds
thermosphere
a layer of the atmosphere extending from 50 to about 300 miles
mesosphere
a layer of the atmosphere extending from about 30 to 50 miles
stratosphere
a layer of the atmosphere extending from the tropopause to about 30 miles
chord
a line drawn through an airfoil from its leading to trailing edge
glide ratio
a mathematical relationship between the distance an aircraft will glide forward to the altitude loss (If an aircraft has a glide ratio of twenty to one, and it is one mile above the Earth, it should glide 20 miles before landing.)
temperature
a measure of molecular motion expressed on a man-made scale
projection
a method of transferring a portion of the Earth's surface onto a flat chart; the most widely used in aeronautical charts being the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
lean mixture
a mixture of gasoline and air in which there is less fuel and more air magneto - an electrical generator that produces power when rotated
rich mixture
a mixture of gasoline and air in which there is more gasoline and less air than needed for normal combustion
heading (runway)
a number labeling a runway, which is based on corresponding degrees from true, or magnetic, north
taxiway
a passageway between the parking area and the runways of an airport
noise abatement
a policy set forth by a governing body that controls the noise impact upon a community surrounding an airport
Legend
a portion of a chart that explains its symbols
chart
a projection, usually on paper, showing a body of land and other features, such as water, that gives information, usually in the form of symbols, graphs, or illustrations
stoichiometric
a ratio of fuel to air in which, upon combustion, all of the fuel is burned (In energy terms, it is 15 parts air to 1 part gasoline.)
traffic pattern
a rectangular virtual path above an airport that facilitates the coordination of the flow of aircraft in the air
cycle
a recurring series of events; the airplane engine has four cycles, intake, compression, power, and exhaust
ionosphere
a region of the atmosphere where electrons are gained or lost
ozonosphere
a region of the atmosphere where ozone is created
Beaufort Scale
a scale for estimating wind speed on land or sea
segmented circle
a set of indicators, usually surrounding an airport's wind sock, that provide traffic pattern information to a pilot in the air
magnetos
a small electric generator containing a permanent magnet and used to provide high-voltage pulses, especially (formerly) in the ignition systems of internal combustion engines.
Tick
a small, or abbreviated mark on a line
vortex
a spinning column of air that is created behind the wingtip as a result of air moving from an area of high pressure on the bottom to an area of low pressure on top
flight profile
a standardized series of steps the pilot takes from take-off to landing
jet stream
a strong wind that develops at 30,000-35,000 feet and moves as a winding road across the US, generally from the west to the east. jet stream winds are generally between 100-300 miles per hour (mph), with an average of 120-150 mph. However, speeds have been recorded as high as 450 mph.
control tower
a structure that houses air traffic controllers
latitude
a system of lines that run parallel to the equator, also known as parallels legend - an illustration showing the symbols that are used on charts
longitude
a system of lines, known as meridians, between the north and south poles map - a representation of the surface of the Earth (or of the sky/space above)
relief
a term used to describe elevations, which is depicted by color tints, contour lines, and shading on maps
powerplant
a term which applies to the airplane engine and accessories
beacon
a tower-mounted, large, rotating light located at an airport that gives pilots a guide to the type of airport and the airport's location
hurricane
a tropical cyclone of low pressure and very strong winds; usually with heavy rain and possible thunderstorms and tornadoes
reciprocating
a type of engine that processes air and fuel by a back and forth movement of its internal parts
statute mile
a unit of length that is 5,280 feet
nautical mile
a unit of length that is approximately 6076 feet
what is a venturi tube
a venturi tube causes the air to accelerate when it passes through the middle. The pressure at the restriction drops. Notice the two gauges — the velocity gauge shows an increase and the pressure gauge shows a decrease.
trade winds
a warm steady wind that blows toward the equator
gondola
a wicker basket, hanging below the envelope, used to transport passengers and propane tanks (hot air balloon basket)
AGL
above ground level
ATC
air traffic control
ADC
aircraft data computers
SpaceShipOne
aircraft with suborbital capability
controlled airport
an airport with an operating control tower
uncontrolled airport
an airport without an operating control tower
combustion chamber
an enclosed container in which fuel and air are burned for the production of energy
aneroid barometer
aneroid barometer is fast and easy to read. Aneroids are the barometers people have on their walls at home or in their office.
the optimum temperature inside the crown of a hot air balloon
around 100 degrees Celsius
Gyroscopic instruments
artificial horizon, heading indicator, turn coordinator
NAVSTAR GPS
as of 2010, the only fully-operational GNSS
The longest one "spacewalk" (year, participanes and length)
astronauts Susan Helms and Jim Voss lasted for... # 8 hours and 56 minutes.
ALS
automated landing system 60
Taxiway lights
blue omnidirectional lights
Controlled airport color
blue, as displayed on a chart
tropopause
boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere
c vs m (Air Mass Classification)
c stands for continental m stands for maritime
Air Mass Classifications
cA = continental arctic cP = continental polar cT = continental tropical mT = maritime tropical mP = maritime polar mE = maritime equatorial
distance that lighting usually travels (between ground and cloud)
can vary from between 9 to 90 miles
Cumulonimbus
cloud electrification occurs within cumulonimbus clouds due to many collisions between charged water droplet, graupel (ice-water mix, much like hail), and ice crystal particles, resulting in lightning and thunder.
COMSAT
communications satellite
Beaufort Scale
created in 1805 and still widely used today. it's a rating wind strength
thunderstorm
cumulonimbus cloud possessing thunder and lightning; usually accompanied by strong winds, rain, and sometimes hail
where do Thunder storms come from
cumulonimbus clouds, occupation of these clouds means there is unstable air present
Cirro meaning (cloud classifications)
curl of hair, high
what were the names of the father and son from the Greek myth were they imprisoned on the island of Crete and what did they do to escape.
daedelus (father) and icarus (son). they build wings out of sea birds feathers and connected them with wax. They flew away but icarus got to close to the sun and his wings melted and he died
Airspeed indicator
displays speed of the aircraft through the air (indicated airspeed)
altimeter
displays the height of an aircraft in flight in MSL
When were easily-removable space suit was developed
during the Gemini program
angle of incidence
essentailly the mounting pitch of a prop
supersonic
faster that the speed of sound
troposphere
first layer of the atmosphere where most of the Earth's weather occurs
lightning does not strike twice in the same place (true or false)
flase (think lighting rods, also the Empire State Building has been struck many times during the same storm)
GPS
global positioning system composed of 24 satellites in 12 hour orbits
polar easterlies
global winds that flow from the poles and move to the west
prevailing westerlies
global winds that move toward the poles and appear to curve to the east
taxi
ground movement of an airplane
Cumulo meaning (cloud classifications)
heap
convection
heat transfer by vertical motion
conduction
heating by direct contact
rotation
how the Earth turns (rotates) on its axis at an angle of 23.5° while it revolves around the Sun; full rotation 24 hours
air mass
huge body of air with the same temperature and moisture characteristics (usually 1,000 miles or more across)
meter/metering
in terms of fuel for an engine, this is the process of allowing a precise amount of fuel to pass (An example would be a passageway that allows only so many molecules of gasoline to pass in a given unit of time.)
stroke
in the example of an airplane engine, it is the movement of the piston to its limits within the combustion chamber
tachometer
instrument that regulates engine speed
most notable feature of the MQ-9 UAV
its ability to "loiter" in the target area for as much as 14 hours. the MQ - 9 UAV is also The MQ-9 is a variant of the original UAV used by the Air Force the MQ-9 Predator
advection
lateral transfer of heat
Strato meaning (cloud classifications)
layer
longitudinal axis vs lateral axis
longitudinal axis is the axis nose to tail and the lateral axis is the axis that goes tip to tip on wings
Uncontrolled airport color
magenta, as displayed on a chart
US manned spaceflight project that achieved the first walk in space, and the first two
man capsule - Gemini
MSL
mean sea level
Vertical speed indicator
measures and displays the rate of climb/decent of an aircraft
Alto meaning (cloud classifications)
mid
streamlined enclose around a wing mounted engine
nacelle
satellite
natural or artificial object in space that orbits the Earth
Occluded Front
occlusion definition (to help with inferences): stop, close up, or obstruct an opening, orifice, or passage Occluded fronts involve three differing air masses and are classified as either cold occluded or warm occluded. cold Occluded: cold air moves in and collides with warmer air pushing the warm air aloft. Then, the leading edge of this cold front comes in contact with the trailing edge of the cooler surface air that was below the warm air. Because the advancing air is the coldest, it sinks to the surface and causes the cooler air to rise. However, the cooler air is still cooler than the warm air, so it continues to push the warm air above it. Warm Occluded: In the warm occluded front, cool air is advancing to collide with the air in your area. Since the cooler air is warmer than the colder surface air, the cooler air rides up over the cold air. Once again, though, the cooler air is cooler than the warm air that was already aloft, so the cooler air continues to push the warmer air up.
High-level clouds (cirro)
occur above about 20,000 feet Cirrus clouds are wispy, feathery, and composed of ice crystals. They often are the first sign of an approaching warm front or upper-level jet stream. Unlike cirrus, cirrostratus clouds form more of a widespread, veil-like layer (similar to what stratus clouds do in low levels). When sunlight or moonlight passes through the hexagonal-shaped ice crystals of cirrostratus clouds, the light is dispersed or refracted (similar to light passing through a prism) in such a way that a familiar ring or halo may form.
What is the purpose for SpaceShipTwo
offering space travel to the general public.
gore
one of several vertical panels that make up the envelope
about how many documented NASA inventions have benefited our quality of life and has provided Americans with a large number of jobs.
over 1,600
venture
part of carbonator that uses Bernoulli's principle to cause a suction effect that forces fuel into the carbonator
Nimbo meaning (cloud classifications)
rain, precipitation
mixture control
regulates the amount of fuel that enters the combustion chamber
throttle control
regulates the amount of oxygen allowed into the combustion chamber
aerodynamics
relating to the forces of air in motion
LANDSAT
satellite that locates natural resources and monitors conditions on the Earth's surface
space probe
satellites that either fly by, orbit, or land on a celestial body, other than Earth
aeronautics
science of flight in the atmosphere
wind direction indicators
several types of devices that give a pilot an indication of wind direction
subsonic
slower than the speed of sound
Gyroscope
small wheel rotating on an axel that always maintains its place in space due to the gyroscopic effect
wind chill
temperature and wind speed used to explain how cold it feels
compression
the act of making a given volume of gas smaller
ramp
the airport's "parking lot"
cartography
the art and science of creating charts and maps
aviation
the art, science, and technology of flight within the atmosphere
combustion
the chemical process of burning
name of the plane that could travel twice the speed of sound
the concorde
camber
the curverd part of an airfoil from irs leading to trailing edge
heading
the direction that an airplane points with respect to true, or magnetic, north including any wind displacement; based on its longitudinal axis
downwash
the downward movement of air behind a wing in flight
Sputnik
the first artificial satellite (from Russia)
relative wind
the flow of air which moves opposite the flight path of an airplane
leading edge
the front part of a wing or airfoil
apogee
the highest point of an orbit
course
the intended path of flight, which is measured in angular degrees from true or magnetic north on a compass
summer solstice
the longest day when the Sun is at its northernmost point from the equator in the Northern Hemisphere, usually on June 21st or 22nd
perigee
the lowest point of an orbit
envelope
the main body of the hot air balloon, usually made of nylon, that is filled with lighter-than-air gas
radiation
the method by which the Sun heats the Earth
revolution
the movement of the Earth revolving around the Sun; full revolution about 365 days
what is a Montgolfier
the name of the two French brothers who created the first successful, manned, hot air balloon in 1783 (yes its a repeat)
orbit
the path a satellite takes around a celestial body
fossil fuels
the remains of prehistoric plants and animals that can be refined into gasoline
winter solstice
the shortest day when the Sun is the farthest south of the equator and the Northern Hemisphere, usually on December 21st or 22nd
scale
the size of an item, or area, on a chart, compared to it in actuality
vernal (spring) equinox
the time when the Sun's direct rays strike the equator resulting in day and night of equal length, usually on March 21st or 22nd
autumnal (fall) equinox
the time when the Sun's direct rays strike the equator resulting in day and night of equal length, usually on September 22nd or 23rd
crown
the top of the hot air balloon's envelope
heat
the total energy of all molecules within a substance
upwash
the upward movement of air ahead of the wing in fligh
what is a variometer.
the vertical velocity indicator which gives an indication of the rate of climb and descent ina hot air balloon
atmospheric pressure
the weight of all of the atmosphere's gases and molecules on the Earth's surface
global winds
the world wide system of winds that transfers heat between tropical and polar regions
Layer of atmosphere with weather
troposphere
A balloon operates on the principle of buoyancy (true or false)
true
First Russian Space Station
ussia launched the first space station, Salyut 1, in April 1971. Russian astronauts docked and stayed on board for three weeks. Salyut 1 stayed in space for six months, then burned up when it reentered the Earth's atmosphere. Russia continued to launch several space stations in the Salyut series. Many of the missions resulted in Russian astronauts staying in space for 1-2 months. Salyut 6 and 7 both stayed in space about four years. The astronauts stayed aboard Salyut 7 for a record 234 days
What did the Messenger spacecraft do
went into orbit around Mercury, and provided science with a better understanding of our solar system.
tornado
whirling funnel of air of very low pressure and very strong winds; may be powerful enough to suck up anything in its path; must touch the ground to be called a tornado
Runway lights
white omnidirectional lights
Coriolis Force
winds associated with the Earth's rotation that deflect a freely-moving object to the right in the Northern Hemisphere
Ways Air pressure can be measured
with a mercury barometer, an aneroid barometer, or an aneroid barograph
do hot air balloons have priority over all other aircraft in flight when flight plans have been submitted?
yes
