ag science chapter 5

Bomb Calorimeter

A device into which a substance can be placed and ignited under a pressurized atmosphere of oxygen

Feed

Foods used to feed animals

What is the difference between macro and micro molecules?

Macro you need in large amounts (Ca, P, Na, S, Cl, Mg, K) micro you need in smaller amounts (Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Zn, F, I, Mn, Se, Cr, Si)

Why is proper feeding of livestock such an important practical consideration?

Proper feeding is vital because the cost of feeding is a big portion of the total cost of livestock production so you do not want to get it wrong.

What is the purpose of having feeds chemically analyzed

The purpose is to get a proximate analysis and its the most valuable

Vitamins

a term used to group a dissimilar set of organic substances required in very small quantities by the body.

Diet

all the feeds being consumed by an animal, including water.

List water soluble vitamins

everything else; vitamin c, all b vitamins, biotin, choline, folic acid

Dry Matter

everything in a feed other than water

Monogastric

having only one stomach

Calories

measure of food energy

NPN

nonprotein nitrogen any nitrogen found in a feedstuff that is not part of a protein molecule

Production

the general term used to describe the output of usable products and services by animals

Ash

the mineral content of the feed

Mineral

the specific set of inorganic elements thus far established as necessary for life in one or more species

What are three general types of analytical methods used to evaluate feedstuffs? briefly define each method.

Chemical, Biological (feed trials with animals), Microbiological( bacteria and yeast used to evaluate feed

Carbohydrate

Chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that can be hydrolyzed to them.

Describe the disciplines of nutrition including the areas of specialty for nutritionists. Explain the differences between basic and applied nutritionists.

Monogastric nutritionists focus on animals that have one stomach and ruminant nutritionists focus on hooved animals that have a rumen. The difference between a basic and an applied nutritionist is basic looks at just the basic metabolism and nutrient action and an applied looks at cost effectiveness of feed, method of delivery and carcass effects of feed.

Define nutrition and explain why one might study it.

Nutrition is the study of how the body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes, someone would choose to study this because you can understand the basic "bio-logic" of life.

How are carbs determined by proximate analysis?

They are measure in two fractions: crude fiber and nitrogen free extract (NFE), 4kcal/g

What are all over body functions for which animals use nutrients?

They need it for maintenance, production and reproduction

What nutrients are measured by proximate analysis? What are the limitations of each individual test?

Water, ash, crude, protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract. Sometimes the information it provides is sometimes misleading or even inaccurate.

Cellulose

a carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose molecules that form the support structure of plants

Feeding Trial

a comparative simple experimental tool in which animals are fed to determine the performance on specific feeds or substances added to feeds

digestibility

a measure of the degree to which a feedstuff can be chemically simplified and absorbed by the digestive system of the body

Nutrient

a substance in the diet that supports the normal function of the body.

Balance trial

a type of metabolism trial designed to determine the retention of a specific nutrient in the body.

metabolism trial

an advanced form of digestion trial that measures the body's use of nutrients

digestion trial

an experimental tool used to determine the digestibility of a specific feedstuff, ration, or nutrient

List the essential amino acids. Are there any additional amino acids for poultry? Are there any deviations from this list?

argenine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. chicken = glycine and proline

Reproduction

basic biological necessity for a species to survive

Name and describe at least five disciplines involved in the study of nutrition.

biochemistry, cytology, marketing, economics and endocrinology

Protein

compounds made up of long chains of amino acids

Finishing

final growth and fattening phase of the production of meat animals

Ruminant

hooved animals that have a rumen and chew there cud.

Crude protein

is determined by the Kjeldahl process, which isolates and measures the nitrogen in a feed, usually 6.25

Growth

is the process of increasing the body weight by adding tissue like that already present

Maintenance

maintaining the body at a constant weight and temperature

Fats

one of a class of biomolecules called lipids. Chemically, fats are triacylglycerides, which are composed of the alcohol glycerol, with three fatty acids attached

Work

physical exertion as a production function

Palatability

the acceptability of a feedstuff or ration for consumption

Ether extract (fat)

the portion of a sample removed by extraction with a fat solvent such as ethyl ether

Ration

the specific feed allotment given an animal in a 24-hour period

Estrous Cycle

the time from one period of sexual receptivity in the female(estrous or heat) to the next

List the fat-soluble vitamins

vitamins: A, D, E, K

List the nutrient categories. why is energy not on the list? is it required for life?

water, carbs, vitamins, minerals, proteins and fats. Energy is not listed because comes in the forms of protein and carbs. It is required for life.