AGRI 61 3RD EXAM
Beratung
"advisory work" an expert can give advice on the best way to reach one's goal but leaves the person the final responsibility for selecting the way
Exchange
Applicable if: − Each has the goods/services desired by the other. − Each can only deliver his/her part when the exchange goods/services have been delivered by the other.
Work with not for
For impact and sustainability, ____ ____ ___ ___ the people
Tours/Excursions/Field Trips
a group of farmers get together to witness an improved performance or the result of a specific practice in an actual setting research institutions, model villages, leading private farms, areas of advanced development or training institutions they could also be exhibitions, agro-industrial fairs, farmer's seminar or conference
formative
an instrument for developing, "forming" an individual or enhancing his/hr capabilities to make decisions, to learn, to manage, to communicate, to organize, etc.
emancipatory
an instrument to uplift the poor, to achieve societal goals, to correct structural problems
Perkembangan
education the way USA interprets it
Informal Contacts/Discussion
informal contacts with the clientele outside of the home and the farm
Voorlichting
lighting the pathway ahead to help people find their way
Group
use of power relationship there is faster rate of change in group extension
Erziehung
"Education", that is, to teach people to solve their problems themselves
Aufklarung
"Enlightenment", so that one knows clearly where he/she is going
Forderung
"furthering" or stimulating one to go in a desirable direction
Method demonstration
"how to do"
what ought to be
(The ideal view of life) What people should or could be as a result of the extension program expressed in the objectives.
Philosophy
A BODY OF PRINCIPLES underlying a given branch of learning or major discipline, a religious system, a human activity, or the like.
Extension
A professional communication intervention deployed by an institution to induce change in voluntary behavior with a presumed public or collective utility
Intervention
A systematic effort • To strategically apply resources • To manipulate seemingly causal elements in an on-going social process • So as to permanently re-orient that process in directions deemed desirable by the intervening part.
Openly influencing farmers' knowledge and attitude
Applicable when: − We are prepared to help the farmer collect more and better knowledge or influence the farmer's attitudes. − The farmer trusts our expertise and motives and is prepared to cooperate with us in changing his/her knowledge and/or attitudes.
Openly influencing farmers' knowledge and attitude
Applicable when: − We believe farmer can't solve his/her own problems because s/he has insufficient or incorrect knowledge and/or because his/her attitude does not match his/her goals. − We think farmer can solve his/her own problems if s/he has more knowledge or has changed his/her attitudes.
Communication and education
As communicator he/she PASSES ON USEFUL INFORMATION or TECHNOLOGY to people who NEED them. ❖ As educator he/she HELPS rural people acquire the KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, and ATTITUDES that will help them effectively utilize the information or technology
Trust in farmer's capabilities
Can farmer make decisions in his/her own long-term interests but with concern for consequences to others?
Two-way process linkage
Disseminate information and technology TO and receive FEEDBACK FROM clientele so that their NEEDS can be BETTER FULFILLED. ❖ LEARN FROM the CLIENTELE the wealth of their experiences.
Target categories
Extension IDENTIFIES and WORKS accordingly with ______ __________ in the community
Current
Extension TEACHES people NEW KNOWLEDGE and SKILLS in relation to their _______ INTERESTS and NEEDS.
Accountability to client
Extension agent must JUSTIFY TO THE ORGANIZATION whatever action he/she takes and be ACCOUNTABLE and RESPONSIBLE to the clientele on whatever advice or information given to him.
Communicator and educator
Extension agent's role is as ----------- and --------
Interdependent
Extension can't be effective on its own as its activities must be ____________ on other related activities
Work with different target groups
Extension clientele is made up of VARIOUS target GROUPS with DIFFERENT NEEDS, SOCIAL STATUS, CULTURAL and ECONOMIC BACKGROUND.
Voluntary participation of people
Extension is ESSENTIALLY an EDUCATION PROCESS and is DEPENDENT on the _______ ______ __ ______ with whom extension works
Cooperate with other agencies
Extension is ONLY ONE ASPECT OF THE MANY economic, social, cultural, and political activities that HOPE TO PRODUCE CHANGE for the betterment of the rural masses. Extension should therefore COOPERATE and COLLABORATE with both GOs and NGOs to accomplish the above.
Heterogeinity
Extension therefore CANNOT OFFER A PACKAGE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR ALL its clientele due to this ____________
Self-help
Extension works with LOCAL LEADERS and ENCOURAGES the spirit of ____ ____
Works with rural people
For impact and sustainability, WORK WITH NOT FOR the people. ❖ People MUST PARTICIPATE and MAKE DECISIONS that will benefit them; extension agent must ASSIST THEM by providing all the information needed and possible alternative solutions to clientele problems
Exchange
Goods or services are exchanged between two individuals or groups • Applicable if: − Each party considers the transaction to be in their favor.
The problem area
Is extension advice given where an optional solution can be found with research? • Or does solution of problem depend heavily on farmers' value judgment, involvement and capabilities?
Clientele
It is the one to PASS JUDGEMENT on the SUCCESS or FAILURE of the extension programs
Self examination and evaluation
Makes us AWARE OF OUR VALUES, thus promotes ongoing ____ _________ ___ ________- good for the "health" of the extension organization by encouraging creativity, and organizational renewal
Providing Service
May involve taking over certain tasks from the farmers. • Possible when: − We have knowledge and/or means available to perform the task better or economically than farmers. − We have knowledge and/or means available to perform the task better or economically than farmers.
Manipulation
Possible if: − We control the techniques for influencing farmers without them being aware of it. − Farmers don't actively object to being influenced in this way
Changing farmers' social and economic structure
Possible when: − We agree with farmer about his/her optimal behavior. − Farmer is not in a position to behave this way because of barriers in the economic and/or social structure.
Changing farmers' social and economic structure
Possible when: − We are in a position to do this, either through power or by conviction Example: Formation of self-help groups for improved distribution of inputs and marketing of produce
Task of extension organization
Should extension organization only promote changes which benefit society as a whole? • Or should it help individual farmers make decisions which serve their own interests?
Work with different target groups
Therefore there must be TARGETTING OF EXTENSION meaning different programs and technology packages for different target groups.
Changing farmers' social and economic structure
We consider changes in these structures desirable. − We have the freedom to work towards these changes
persuasive
a policy instrument to induce preventive behavior with respect to societal concerns such as environmental pollution, health haards, etc.
Individual
also called face-to-face most universally used extension method
Field days
are organized demonstrations, displays or illustrations of specified subjects, practices or processes that combine information, instruction and promotion it aims to introduce new idea/crop and to stimulate the interest of the farmers day out for farmers
Individual
atmosphere is usually informal and relaxed EA has personal influence over the farmer builds confidence between EA and farmer
Demonstration
both types of demonstration build confidence among farmers
Group meetings
common interest/problems considerations: choose meeting dates during seasons of light farm work start and end promptly hold meetings in a central place (seating arrangementes, good ventilation and lighting)
Group
commonly used in working with farmers covers larger coverage - more people
Mass
exposes large number of people to the same information at the same time important for making a large group of people aware of innovations and for stimulating interest can not bring changes in behavior
altruistic
extension aimed at helping farmers. this is a basic premise of extension that must be observed by practitioners
research
extension aims at linking research with the farm. ways to foster closer links between the farmes and the researchers need further understanding
management
extension aims to function according to sound management principles
technology
extension helps in the transfer of technology. extension should be able to help identify technologies appropriate to clientele. the need for more alternative approaches and methods for diagnosing technical problems should be recognized
communication
extension is a communication intervention.knowledge of basic communication process and its dynamics must be adequately understood
educational
extension is a non-formal method of adult education. as such, extension professionals must be imbued with knowledge on how adults learn
income
extension is aimed at increased income through increased production and productivity
behavioral
extension is aimed at inducing behavioral changes among farmers. behavioral change is the end goal of extension
informative
helps people make well-considered choices among alternatives provided by extension for the individual to achieve his/her goals
Capacitacion
improving people's abilities, normally through training
Philosophy of extension
includes the SET OF BELIEFS AND PRINCIPLES that serves as basis for MAKING DECISIONS and JUDGEMENTS in the field of extension.
Penyuluhan
lighting the way ahead with a torch
Office Calls/Telephone Calls/Letters
obtained information/assistance/advice from EA
Result demonstration
presents the value, applicability and practicability of the innovation
Farm and Home Visits
should be made with a definite purpose punctuality and consideration for the time of the farmer should always be borne in mind a schedule of visits should be worked out to save time
Vulgarisation
simplification of the message for the common man
Compulsion or Coercion
something. • Unsuitable for changing behavior that requires initiative by people to be coerced.
input
the provision of input plays an important linking function in the transfer of technology
Extension Teaching Methods
the ways or techniques used by an Extension system to influence its target groups, i.e., to bring the target groups in interaction with the context of Extension
