AGRI 61 - Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Beginnings (MOD 2.3)

Lesson learned: necessary conditions for extension to evolve

1. Information has been assembled, systematized and made available on good, progressive, or new agricultural practices suited to a particular environment 2. An appropriate administrative or organizational structure exists within which the dissemination activities may be established and conducted 3. There is a legislative or some other official mandate or influential proponents, which prescribes or enables that agricultural extension work is desirable and must occur 4. There are invariably a variety of antecedents, which have attempted protoforms (basic frames, used until a more suitable form can be found) of agricultural information and advice dissemination 5. The incidence of critical situations, such as famine, crop failure, soil exhaustion, or altered economic conditions or relationship may create an immediate cause for initiating the organization of extension work in the form of mass campaigns

Hatch Act (1887)

Established state Agricultural Experiment Stations and the cooperative bond between the USDA and the nation's land grant colleges to conduct extension activities

First Morril Act (1862)

Established the Land Grant College

Smith-Lever Act (1914)

Established the US Cooperative Extension Services in the land grant colleges

mesopotamia, clay tablets

In _____________ (1800 B.C.), archaeologists have unearthed _____________ of the time on which were inscribed advice on watering crops and getting rid of rats

Second Morril Act (1890)

Increased the federal financial support for Land Grant Colleges

Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Italy and France

These countries adopted the system of travelling instructors learning from the lessons of the Great Famine

800 B.C.

Time when the minister of agriculture under one of the China's Zhou dynasty emperors organized the teaching of crop rotation and drainage to farmers

1850

Year when the "extension education" program was established in British Extension

1845-1851

Year when the great Irish Famine caused by potato blight was moved the the BritishGovernment to send itinerant lecturers called "practical instructors"

1867

Year when the university extension was first used

Farmers' Institutes

a community meeting covering a period of two to three days and devoted to a discussion of agricultural problems and subjects relating to the home.

Land Grant Institution

also called land-grant college or land- grant university; an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890

Cooperative Extension

an out-of-school system of education, which is a partnership between the government, the land-grant institutions, and the people, which provides service and education designed to meet the needs of the people for their development

practical instructors

called by the British Government to teach small farmers cultivate alternative crops

Agricultural Societies

chartered state societies organized on a county and community basis to acquaint farmer- members with what was being done to improve agriculture, to encourage the formation of other local agricultural organizations, and to disseminate agricultural information.

extension education program

discussions on how universities could serve the educational needs of the rapidly growing populations in the industrial, urban area near to their homes

James Stuart

established the University extension

Niels Roling

established the agricultural knowledge systems

Everett M. Rogers

established the diffusion of innovation

John Paul Leagans

established the extension education

Seaman Knapp

established the field demonstration

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

founded by Lord Brougham and its objective was "imparting useful information to all classes of the community, particularly to such as are unable to avail themselves of experienced teachers or may prefer learning by themselves."

Lord Henry Brougham

founded in 1826 the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

university extension

provided lectures on literary and social topics (1867) and agricultural subjects (1890's)

Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland

through this society, the itinerant lecturers were centrally appointed, deployed, and paid; in turn they reported weekly