AGRI 61 - Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Beginnings (MOD 2.3)
Lesson learned: necessary conditions for extension to evolve
1. Information has been assembled, systematized and made available on good, progressive, or new agricultural practices suited to a particular environment 2. An appropriate administrative or organizational structure exists within which the dissemination activities may be established and conducted 3. There is a legislative or some other official mandate or influential proponents, which prescribes or enables that agricultural extension work is desirable and must occur 4. There are invariably a variety of antecedents, which have attempted protoforms (basic frames, used until a more suitable form can be found) of agricultural information and advice dissemination 5. The incidence of critical situations, such as famine, crop failure, soil exhaustion, or altered economic conditions or relationship may create an immediate cause for initiating the organization of extension work in the form of mass campaigns
Hatch Act (1887)
Established state Agricultural Experiment Stations and the cooperative bond between the USDA and the nation's land grant colleges to conduct extension activities
First Morril Act (1862)
Established the Land Grant College
Smith-Lever Act (1914)
Established the US Cooperative Extension Services in the land grant colleges
mesopotamia, clay tablets
In _____________ (1800 B.C.), archaeologists have unearthed _____________ of the time on which were inscribed advice on watering crops and getting rid of rats
Second Morril Act (1890)
Increased the federal financial support for Land Grant Colleges
Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Italy and France
These countries adopted the system of travelling instructors learning from the lessons of the Great Famine
800 B.C.
Time when the minister of agriculture under one of the China's Zhou dynasty emperors organized the teaching of crop rotation and drainage to farmers
1850
Year when the "extension education" program was established in British Extension
1845-1851
Year when the great Irish Famine caused by potato blight was moved the the BritishGovernment to send itinerant lecturers called "practical instructors"
1867
Year when the university extension was first used
Farmers' Institutes
a community meeting covering a period of two to three days and devoted to a discussion of agricultural problems and subjects relating to the home.
Land Grant Institution
also called land-grant college or land- grant university; an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890
Cooperative Extension
an out-of-school system of education, which is a partnership between the government, the land-grant institutions, and the people, which provides service and education designed to meet the needs of the people for their development
practical instructors
called by the British Government to teach small farmers cultivate alternative crops
Agricultural Societies
chartered state societies organized on a county and community basis to acquaint farmer- members with what was being done to improve agriculture, to encourage the formation of other local agricultural organizations, and to disseminate agricultural information.
extension education program
discussions on how universities could serve the educational needs of the rapidly growing populations in the industrial, urban area near to their homes
James Stuart
established the University extension
Niels Roling
established the agricultural knowledge systems
Everett M. Rogers
established the diffusion of innovation
John Paul Leagans
established the extension education
Seaman Knapp
established the field demonstration
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
founded by Lord Brougham and its objective was "imparting useful information to all classes of the community, particularly to such as are unable to avail themselves of experienced teachers or may prefer learning by themselves."
Lord Henry Brougham
founded in 1826 the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
university extension
provided lectures on literary and social topics (1867) and agricultural subjects (1890's)
Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland
through this society, the itinerant lecturers were centrally appointed, deployed, and paid; in turn they reported weekly