All the Exams
loam soils
"ideal" soil texture; mellow soils; balance of all the best characteristics; preferred soil type
What is not true about soil pH?
soil pH has very little impact on nutrient availability
Only woody plants are pruned.
false
pomology
fruits
heterosis
hybrid vigor
auxins
promote rooting
pepo
specialized very with hard find at maturity; squash
Which plastic mulch cools the soil the most?
white
The daytime temperature in your greenhouse is 66 and the nighttime temperature is 72. What is this condition called?
-DIF
if I have 100 lb bag of 38-3-0 fertilizer, how many pounds of potassium does the bag contain?
0
When pruning, the rule of thumb is to "never" remove more than __________ of the canopy per year
1/3
generic minimum threshold temperature for WARM season plants
10C (50F)
When removing a large branch from a tree, how many cuts should be made?
3
whorled
3+ leaves per node
The wavelengths of the visible spectrum range from __________ to __________.
380 to 770 nm
proteins are denatured or destroyed
50C (122F)
generic minimum threshold temperature for COOL season plants
5C (40F)
What soil pH range is the best for providing all of the necessary plant nutrients?
6.2 to 6.8
When pruning a hedge, the final shape should be like the capital letter __________.
A
What is the most correct statement about temperature and the rate of chemical processes?
As temperature increases, the rate of chemical reactions increases until a maximum temperature where the relationship breaks down.
What is a botanical plant name that is formatted correctly?
Chamaecyparis obtusa
__________ are human-selected clones that are propagated and maintained vegetatively or asexually, while __________ are sexually propagated or bread plants that are NOT clones, but look similar enough generally that they look like they are.
Cultivars; lines
__________ is cell division where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, where as __________ is a reduction division where the resulting gametes have half the number of normal chromosomes
Mitosis; meiosis
the three measures of light that are important in horticulture are __________ or wavelength, __________ or intensity and duration or __________.
Quality; quantity; photoperiod
How do you format a hybrid or cross between two genera?
X Cuppresocyparis leylandii
GDD formula
[(daily min.temp + daily max temp)/2] - min threshold temp
What is not a propagule?
a plumule
I want to store potatoes for several months, but after 6 wees or so, they just begin to sprout, no matter what I do. Which plant hormone could I apply to help prevent the potatoes from breaking dormancy so soon?
abscisic acid (ABA)
what is not an example of using water for temperature control in horticulture?
adding anti-transpirants
A process called double fertilization occurs in __________ where a second sperm nucleus from pollen unites with other ovarial tissues to make endosperm that is 3n.
angiosperms
What is a purpose of pruning?
appearance; rejuvenation; disease control; plant health; light interception; size control
in order to be considered an organic soil, how much organic matter must be present?
at least 20%
Parthenocarpic fruits have higher levels of __________ than their seeded counterparts
auxins
We know that strawberry seeds produce __________ because if the seeds are removed, the strawberry will be cat-faced (deformed) where the seeds were removed; but, by adding back the hormone you picked for the blank, normal growth is restored even after seeds have been removed
auxins
What plant hormone is commonly used when rooting cuttings?
auxins
what hormone is primarily responsible for apical dominance?
auxins
why do overwatering, drought stress and high soil salt concentration all display similar symptoms in a plant?
because even though the mechanism causing it is different, the result is that the plant cannot take up water in either case
campus security must enter your teaching greenhouse at night for routine patrols. You have a poinsettia crop (short-day plant) growing in the greenhouse in October. You and campus security have come to an arrangement that will ensure that the poinsettias will still flower by having campus security use which source of light when entering the greenhouse?
blue leds
__________ light controls phototropism sand circadian rhythms, while __________ is responsible for seed germination, photoperiod and plant nastic movements.
blue; red
the best red fall colors occur when days are __________ AND nights are __________ because __________ rates exceed __________ rates and the excess sugars increase the production of __________.
bright and warm; cool; photosynthesis; respiration; anthocyanins
in tissue culture, if the ratio of auxin:cytokinin is even, what will most likely occur?
callus will form
__________ are often called accessory or helper pigments because they are excited by light energy and pass that energy to __________ for use in photosynthesis. __________ often intensify under cool nights and warm, bright days and are often responsible for red colors in fall leaves.
carotenoids; chlorophyll a; anthocyanins
soils with finer texture and soils with more organic matter or both tend to be more fertile because they hold onto nutrients well. This is called:
cation exchange capacity
gibberellins
cell elongation and break dormancy
Bob walked into his greenhouse this morning and noticed that his plants were displaying epinasty. What should Bob do?
check all of his unit heaters to make sure they are functioning properly
a large organic molecule that encloses a metal like iron or zinc and prevents it from being tied up in the soil is called a:
chelator
What is not true about girdling roots
circling roots only occur if you leave plants in containers for way too long
vernalization
cold period required for tree flower buds and bulb flowers to develop properly
stratification
cold period required to overcome seed dormancy and enable germination
even though with sugar-enhanced lines it is not as critical, the best management practice for the sweetest corn on the cob is to __________ or cook immediately after picking the ears.
cool
Damping off (total seedling death) occurs more often in too __________ of soils because seeds germinate __________ in that temperature of soil while Pythium and other __________ are more prevalent under those conditions.
cool; poorly; fungi
__________ are clones of the mother plant and are vegetative propagated. __________ are similar to classificationA, but are produced through a series of breeding techniques that stabilize the genetics. classifiactioB are not clones, but are often uniform enough to seem like they are
cultivars; lines
floriculture
cut or potted flowers
What is part of the plant's epidermis?
cuticle; stomates; trichomes
What plant hormone is responsible for gall formations in response to disease AND nodule formation for symbiotic nitrogen fixation?
cytokinins
What is not a result of genetic improvements to horticultural crops?
decreased allergic response
What would not help plant to be "hardened off?"
decreasing light levels
what is not one of the zones in a properly designed xeriscape?
desert zone
Is this plant a monocot or a dicot?
dicot
What is somaclonal variation?
differences in tissue cultured plants that should be clones, but look very different
what is the most correct statement about water stress for plants?
different plant/crops has different critical periods where water stress is the most damaging
What is the best way to know how much fertilizer to apply?
do a soil and/or tissue analysis
Auxins are produced at stem tips (in the apical meristem) and travel __________ in the stem. They also move away from __________ and accumulate of the __________ side of the stem. When this occurs, the stem bends __________ the light because of differential cell growth. This is called __________.
downward; blue; shaded; toward; phototropism
ABA
drought stress response; stomatal control
what is a peach classified as?
drupe
What terms describe ideal seed storage conditions?
dry; cool
heterozygous
each allele on a pair of genes is different
homozygous
each allele on a pair of genes is the same
What is true of USDA Plant Hardiness Zones?
each zone is 10 F; they are based on average annual minimum temperatures; there are 13 zones
what is most likely to be a closed irrigation system?
ebb and flood greenhouse bench
What is not true of a plant hormone?
effective at any time
What plant hormone is active as a gas?
ethylene
a seedling that is germinating hits a rock. When this happens, a hormonal response triggers the seedling to grow laterally until it can go around the rock. Which hormone is responsible?
ethylene
__________ occurs when light is withheld from a plant. The plants look pale yellow or whitist because __________ breaks down in the absence of light
etiolation; chlorophylls
When water __________ through the stomates of plant leaves a "pull" or negative potential is created. As a result, water moves from the soil into the plant and out through the leaves in a process called __________. The combination of (the process you just named) and evaporation from the soil surface are combined to determine the total water loss from the soil. This total water loss is called __________ and it serves as one method of determining how much irrigation must be applied. Both of these last 2 processes occur more rapidly when the __________ in the air is reduced.
evaporates; transpiration; evapotranspiration; humidity
sandy soils
excessively well-drained, require frequent irrigation, subject to leaching, low in organic matter
A parthenocarpic plant can be propagated by seed
false
All shrubs are well-adapted to shearing
false
Cuttings taken at one time of the year are just as likely to root as cuttings taken at another time of the year
false
Cuttings taken from different locations on the mother plant all have equal probability of rooting
false
Graft incompatibility always results in the death of the scion
false
Only daytime temperatures affect plant growth and development.
false
Root pruning is a common practice in the home landscape
false
We can shrink a plant by applying plant hormones
false
When pruning, cuts should be made as close to the main trunk as possible to avoid knobs and bumps on the trunk
false
When two plants are grafted together, the result is a hybrid plant
false
all organic matter is good for the soil; the C:N ratio of a compost or organic residue has no effect
false
because they are used in such small supply and are often impurities in other fertilizers, micronutrients are rarely deficient in plants
false
chemical plant growth regulators are rarely used when growing plants because other methods to control size are very effective
false
chlorophyll absorbs all wavelengths of light equally well
false
disbudding is a pruning technique that is only used for cut flowers
false
ethylene is damaging to plants, so it is the only plant hormone that is not intentionally applied to plants
false
foliar applications are commonly used to apply all types of fertilizers
false
for a plant to be monoecious, it must have perfect flowers
false
if two plants are clones, they will always look exactly alike because they have the same genetics
false
modern science has exhausted the ways that plant hormones can be used to modify plant growth. No new developments are likely
false
most water uptake occurs in the root tips because there is little resistance to the movement of water there and there is a low total surface area there.
false
pinching agents are used to produce standard flowers because they increase apical dominance
false
plant growth is never limited by carbon dioxide because there's so much of it in the atmosphere
false
plant hormones are well-characterized and we understand how they interact with each other in the plant very well
false
plant minerals are only taken up by active processes because plant membranes only allow pure water through
false
the concentration of a plant hormone is not critical
false
we can grow plants hydroponically now, so soils are becoming less and less important
false
weeds usually have a lot of shade tolerance
false
Why does the media used for containers rarely contain actual field soil?
field soil is too heavy for shipping
water moves freely across membranes while other compounds may not. This allows membranes to function as __________. However, membranes can also move specific nutrients across and into the plant using energy in a process called __________
filters; active transport
CAM plant
fixes carbon dioxide at night and stores it so that it can photosynthesize during the day with the stomates closed
C4 plant
fixes carbon dioxide in bundle sheath cells near the stomates; experiences less photorespiration
What is not a method of fertilizer application
fortifying
winter annual
germinates in fall of 1st growing season; tough enough to survive the winter without dying or going dormant; seeds early the following spring; dies
What plant hormone is active when a seedling emerges from the seed coat during germination?
gibberellins
what plant hormone can be used to loosen grape clusters and make the grapes longer and elongate the petioles of celery and rhubarb?
gibberellins
what plant hormone helps to break seed and bud dormancy
gibberellins
What greenhouse covering has the WORST insulation factor?
glass
According to the relational rules for grafting, which graft combination is the most likely to be successful?
grafting a red delicious apple onto a golden delicious apple
viticulture
grapes
landscape horticulture
greenhouse management, landscape design, nursery management
if a gutter-connected range of greenhouses is equal to the growing space of three separate greenhouses, which one will be more energy efficient? Why?
gutter connected because it has less surface area and the same volume
pome
has a core with many seeds; remnants of flower parts can be ween on the bottom; apple, pear, quince
hesperidum
has a juice segmented flesh and a leathery rind; citrus
berry
has a pulpy, fleshy center with many seed in it; tomato, grape, banana
drupe
has a single-seeded pit; has a "bum" at the bottom; peach, cherry, plum, apricot
In general, it is best to avoid __________ cuts, but __________ cuts are commonly used.
heading; thinning
What type of stem cutting should be the easiest to propagate?
herbaceous
What is the difference between a herbaceous plant and a woody plant?
herbaceous plant tissues are "soft"; herbaceous plants survive winter underground
recreational horticulture
home gardening; horticulture therapy
Under the Federal Seed Act, what is not required on the label?
identification and percentage of each weed species present
Some plants have an adaptation which keeps them from inbreeding and forces them to cross-fertilize or cross-breed. It is common in sweet cherries, plums, almonds, pears and some apples and is called __________. Because of this adaptation, a __________, or tree of a different cultivar, is required in order for these fruit and nut trees to bear fruit. Do not confuse the former cultivar with the insect or bee that moves pollen from one cultivar to the other, which is called a __________.
incompatibility; pollinizer; pollinator
What is not an advantage of mulches?
increases evapotranspiration
what is not a potential advantage of applying slow-release fertilizer?
it costs less per pound nutrient than a quick release fertilizer
grasshoppers start eating a plant. A hormone triggers the production of compounds that the grasshoppers find unpalatable. Which hormone is likely responsible?
jasmonates
plants have many adaptations to help them use less water. Plants often adapt by modifying leaf surfaces characteristics to use less water. What is not an example of a leaf surface characteristic modification used to decrease water use?
leaf orientation
the __________ is the light level where photosynthesis is equal to respiration, whereas the __________ is the point where additional light does not increase the rate of photosynthesis.
light compensation point; light saturation point
what are the characteristics of a sun leaf?
lighter green; smaller; thicker
perennial
may take several years to produce seed, but, as long as conditions are favorable, it will produce seeds each year in cycles of dormancy and active growth for several years before dying
the most energy-efficient greenhouse design __________.
minimizes the surface area to volume ration
Is this plant a monocot or a dicot?
monocot
sandy loam soils
mostly sand, but enough silt and clay to hold water and nutrients, warm quickly, works great for veggies and fruits
what is not one of the tree particle sizes used to determine the texture of a mineral soil?
mote
What is not a characteristic of a good plant container?
must be black in color
What are the 8 micronutrients?
nickel; copper; manganese; zinc; boron; molybdenum; chlorine; iron
nutrient deficiency symptoms of a mobile nutrient show up in __________ leaves first, while deficiency symptoms of a non-mobile nutrient show up in __________ leaves first.
older; younger
alternate
one bud per node
what is the most correct statement about organic mulches?
organic mulches moderate soil temperature
brassinosteroids
overall plant health; also cell elongation
what kind of leaf is this?
palmately compound
fruits that form without fertilization are called __________ fruit. They are seedless
pathenocarpic
the point at which a plant has wilted so much that it cannot recover is called __________
permanent wilting point
jasmonates
plant defense mechanisms
what is a pear classified as?
pome
clay
poorly aerated; poorly drained; easily compacted; heavy soils
cytokinins
promote cell division
What is true about plants and light?
provides energy for photosynthesis; is a trigger for many plant processes; affects plant morphology; is both a photon and a wave
plants can be protected more easily from a __________ by applying irrigation water overnight. The water may freeze on the plants, but the energy given to the plant while the ice freezes can keep the plant tissues from freezing. However, the irrigation system must remain on __________.
radiation frost; until all of the ice melts
What is not an advantage of mulches
reduces the initial cost of installing a landscape
What are all of the good ways to reduce transpiration for cuttings?
reducing leaf area; fogging; misting; humidity tents
the key to real estate is location, location, location. What is the key to plant propagation?
sanitation, sanitation, sanitation
biennial
seed to rosette in 1st growing season; overwinters in a dormant state; rosette to flowers and seeds in 2nd growing season; dies
annual
seed to seed in one growing season, then dies
silty loam soil
smooth like flour; >50% silt; usually profitable soils
what physical property of water is primarily responsible for the lake effect?
specific heat
dormancy
state of rest where a seed/bud will not germinate/grow even if conditions are favorable
Ethylene
stress hormone; promotes ripening and senescence
C3 plant
struggle with photorespiration when temperatures are high and stomates are closed
Warm temperature favor the transition from __________ to __________, while cool temperature favor the transition of __________ to __________.
sugar; starch; starch; sugar
chilling hours
the number of hours between 32 and 45 F required to break dormancy of buds/seeds
__________ are used to keep heat around the greenhouse benches and they can help make __________ more affordable, but they (the equipment you chose in the 1st drop-down) are rarely used in the north __________.
thermal blankets; DIF; because snow must be melted off of the greenhouse covering of the GH will collapse
Growing Degree Days (GDDs) or heat units are useful for...?
timing pest management; predicting harvest; predicting crop stages
inbreeding depression
too many recessive alleles are a problems
arboriculture
trees
Bypass pruners are preferred when pruning because they tend to make cleaner, straighter cuts
true
Healthy plants are more resistant to attacks from pathogens or pests, so adding the correct amount of fertilizer will optimize their health.
true
Layering is a plant propagation technique where cuttings are rooted while they are attached to the mother plant
true
Many plants have adaptations that allow them to naturally propagate vegetatively.
true
Plant diseases, including viruses, are easily propagated by cuttings.
true
Propagation by leaf cuttings is more difficult because the cutting must develop adventitious roots and adventitious shoots
true
Propagation is the first step in production. If it's not done well, the crop may never never recover or reach its full potential
true
all greenhouse coverings are poor insulators, but some are worse than others.
true
even though a capitulum looks like a solitary flower, it is really many flowers
true
even tropical plant tissues can be preserved by cryopreservation because they are frozen so quickly that ice crystals do not have a chance to form inside the cells in the tissue
true
extreme temperature in either direction can inhibit root growth.
true
in greenhouses, growth of crops can bee speeded up or slowed down, to a certain extent, but increasing or decreasing the temperature
true
most forms of plant propagation are both a science and an art
true
mulches are often used to keep fruits clean
true
mulches can be used with crops in containers
true
soil temperature is often more important to plant growth than air temperature
true
the ratio of male flower to female flowers on a monoecious plant can be altered by applying a plant hormone at the proper time and at the proper rate
true
water is very often the limiting factor for plant growth even though 70% of the Earth's surface is covered with water
true
When pruning think __________, cut __________ because limbs cannot be reattached!
twice; once
opposite
two leaves per node
what kind of flowers are these?
umbel
what physical property of water is responsible for much of the nutrient uptake within a plant?
universal solvent
what is not a way to converse energy in a greenhouse?
using an efficient air conditioner to cool the greenhouse
What will not help protect plants from an advective freeze?
using large fans in an orchard
olericulture
vegetables
__________ and retractable roofs are examples of __________ cooling, while fans, __________ and fogging systems are examples of __________ cooling.
vents; passive; pad and fan systems; active
what plant material likely has the most water in it?
vine-ripened tomato
themodormancy occurs in some cool season crops like peas. It is a condition that helps them survive by preventing germination when the soil temperature is too __________ for good growth
warm
when are fungicide- or biorational-treated seeds most useful?
when soils are cooler than optimum
what is not true about salts?
when water evaporates from the soil, it takes all of the salts with it
enology
wine
sweating
wrapping moist burlap around bare-root trees to help their buds swell and break dormancy
a plant experiences a mutation where brassinosteroid production is significantly reduced. What is the most likely effect on the plant?
yield will be reduced
growth slows or stops
0C (32F)
