American History Final
Mapp v. Ohio
(1961) Court ruled evidence seized illegally could not be used in state courts. search warrants must include any possible evience
Baker v. Carr
(1962) the first of several decisions that established the principle of "one person, one vote." Federal courts had the right to tell states to redivide their districts for more equal representation. Court ruled that congressional district boundaries should be redrawn so that districts would be equal in population. districts must have approximately equal population. each representative in congress should represent more people. for the House of Representatives
Gideon v. Wainwright
(1963) the justices required criminal courts to provide free legal counsel to those who could not afford it
Reynolds v. Sims
(1964) extended the principle to state legislative districts, leading to a shift of political power throughout the nation from rural to urban areas
Escobedo v. Illinois
(1964) justices ruled that an accused person has a right to have a lawyer present during police questioning
What were some causes of the great depression?
- tariffs and war debt policies that cut down the foreign market for American goods - a crisis in the farm sector - the availability of easy credit - an unequal distribution of income
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955 protest action to end segregation on buses in Montgomery, Alabama. 1956, Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation. Proved that African-Americans could unite and organize a successful protest movement and the power of nonvioletn resistance
Brown v. Board of Education
1954, ruled school segregation unconstitutional. Ruled by Chief Justice Earl Warren
Neutrality Acts
4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents 1) outlawed arms sales or loans to countries in war
In 1929 about how many Americans owned stocks?
4 million Americans or 3 percent of the nation's population
living room war
For the first time, Americans could sit in their living rooms and see the devastating effects of the war (body bags) on their televisions... credibility gap!!
Dien Bien Phu
a place of the battle where the French were defeated in Vietnam (northwest Vietnam)
isolationism
a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs
credibility gap
a public distrust of statements made by the government caused by TV
Martin Luther King Jr.
Leader of the civil rights movement and chosen to leader the Montgomery Bus Boycott, leader of the SCLC
dove
a person who opposed the Vietnam War and believed that the US should withdraw from it
hawk
a person who supported US involvement in the Vietnam war and believed that the US should use increased military force to win it
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam
Harry Dougherty
Named attorney general of the US, in charge of enforcing the countries laws, a huge crook, sells federal pardons, arrested, tried and gets off on a technicality. *,m..................... (tries to sell prescriptions of alcohol)*
Was the stock market crash the only thing that caused the great depression?
No but it hastened the collapse of the economy and made the depression more severe
J. Edgar Hoover
Palmer appointed him as his special assistant.
Washington Naval Conferance
President Harding invited several major powers to this and Hughes urged no warships be built for ten years.
Vietnamization
President Nixon's strategy for ending US involvement in the Vietnam War, involving the gradual withdrawal of US troops and their replacement with South Vietnamese forces
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Rural to urban development through appropriating money to build units of low rent public housing and help low to moderate income families pay for better private housing
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet Union premier who promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms. photographs revealed private missile bases ready to fire at America from Cuba (Oct 14). when Kennedy informed the US about the sites and about a threat of all-out war if they launched, Americans were in fear for days, but this premier offered to remove missiles in return for the US not to attack Cuba
McNary-Haugen bill
This called for federal price-supports for key products such as wheat, corn, cotton, and tobacco
Marshall Plan
a way to provide aid to countries after WWII that needed it. created by George C. Marshall. this and containment go together
New Left
a youth-dominated political movement in the 1960s, embodied in such organizations as Student for a Democratic Society and the Free Speech Movement; sweeping change
Welles
actor, director, producer, writer, created one of the most renowned radio broadcasts of all time "The War of the Worlds"
True/False: majority of war believed in war
True
True/False: congress and american public supported johnson going to vietnam 64%
True along with McNamara and Rusk
True/False: never declared war on Vietnam
True but did have Resolution: Vietnam Conflict
Stokely Carmichael
a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying, "black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."
Hydrogen Bomb
a bomb much more powerful than the atomic bomb. US beat Soviet Union in this however they came back up a year later
electricity, flood control, and a regular water supply
What did the bolder dam provide?
They should be deported or expelled from the country, and some did.
What did whites say about Latinos (mainly Mexicans and Mexican Americans living in the southwest)
Canned food and sewed clothes; carefully managed household budgets.
What did women do to help their families survive adversity during the Great Depression
It lowers it from 57% to 34%
What does dust do the humidity of New York?
farmers were producing more food than needed
What drove down food prices?
Bolder Dam´s supply of regular water,
What enabled the growth of California´s massive agriculture economy?
Showing kindness to strangers; gave food, clothing , a place to stay to the needy, strengthened bonds in their community, saving money.
What habits shaped a whole new generation of americans
People lost their jobs, were evicted from their homes, and ended up in the streets. Also, made makeshift shacks out of scrap material.
What happened to people in the cities during the Great Depression?
MacArthur gets fired
What happens to MacArthur when he wants to nuke China, but Truman denies this because if we do, the Soviet Union could come in and start WWIII. MacArthur tries to go over his head by talking to newspapers and congress, but this outrages Truman
Edna St. Vincent Millay
donated proceeds from her poem Justice Denied in Massachusetts" to their defense. She personally appealed to governor fuller of Massachusetts for their lives.
Why American was in WW1
dragged into it by arm dealers and greedy bankers
Essay: Separate paragraphs into: - nativism - fear of communism - discriminated different people in general
essay: Why did the KKK rise again
TVA
established May 18, 1933, renovated 5 dams and constructed 20 others, made jobs, provided flood control, along with hydroelectric power and more
how did the new legislation of the hundred days effect the government
expanded the federal government's role in the nation's economy
appeasement
giving up principles to pacify an aggressor
Nuclear Deterrence
having enough weapons that prevents others from considering using theirs. you need to have this in order to assure mutual destruction
Mandate
having majority of voter support (more than half). JFK lacked this making it harder to pass new ideas through Congress. having Republicans and southern Democrats also did not help him. a third reason was because he had no skill in persuasion and getting votes
what was Hoover's one major advantage in the election of 1928?
he could point to years of prosperity under Republican administrations since 1920
What had president hoover convinced Americans to do?
he encouraged Americans to remain confident about the economy
Thurgood Marshall
him and his NAACP lawyers would win 29 out of 32 court cases, inlcuding Brown v. Board of Education
difficulty fighting in vietnam
far away; lay of land; unknown; get lost;
Type of government that Franco ruled
fascist government; totalitarian
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
hoovers most ambitious economic measure; it authorized up to $2 billion for emergency financing for banks, life insurance companies, railroads, and other large businesses.; an unprecedented example of federal involvement in a peacetime economy, but in the end it was too little too late.
one of the most important legacies of the new deal
federal government has assumed some responsibility for the welfare of its' people
Impact of Great Society
federal power extended, poverty rate drops, increases deficit, leads to Vietnam, spurred economy, debate over finances, if the programs work. liberals - it helped millions, blacks can vote, and government has responsibility to help the excluded conservatives - big government is not the answer, budget deficits, cant solve problems with money, culture of dependency
REA
financed and worked with electrical cooperatives to bring electricity to rural isolated areas
Brown II
handed down by the Supreme Court and ordered school desegregation implemented "with all deliberate speed"
where were many of CCC corps located
in the Great Plains they were given lodging, in 8 years they planted over 200 million trees
result of scaling back new deal programs
industrial production dropped again, unemployment went up by 1938
Why did the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act lead to more unemployment?
industries could no longer export goods to Europe
Why did the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act leasd to more unemployment?
industries could no longer export goods to Europe
Black Cabinet
influential African Americans who advised FDR on racial matters
fireside chats
informal chats for the American people about his New Deal plans, he explained in simple terms
U.S. provided economic support to the French under Truman; $1 billion dollars
initial involvement of U.S. in war
jesus, thoreau, randolph, gandhi
inspired MLK´s soulforce
1970´s changes
instead of changing laws... changing behavior resisted busing to change de facto white flight had reversed efforts in school segregation African American poverty rates were three times white rates.
Roosevelt
issued a presidential directive prohibiting racial discrimination by federal agencies and all companies that were engaged in war work
Why did the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act fail?
it hurt American farmers and manufacturers
what did FDR think of deficit spending
it was a necessary evil during economic crisis, he did it with great reluctance
what did critics of CWA say
it was a waste of money
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC(
its purpose was to carry on nonviolent crusades and planned to stage protests and demonstrations throughout the South
Inferior races
jews, slavs and nonwhites
fiver year plan
launched by Stalin and termed revolution from above, the ultimate goal of the plans was to generate new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.
Kim Il-sung
leader of North Korea
Syngman Rhee
leader of South Korea
Marshall Philippe Petain
leader of Vichy France who cooperated with Germany
Lewis
leader of labor unions
FSA
loaned more than $1 billion to tenant farmers to become land owners, established camps for migrant workers, hired photographers to take pictures of farms
Lee Harvey Oswald
lone assassin according to the Warren Commission
view in America on women working
many Americans believed that women should not work if their husbands were working (angered men), therefore, they faced discrimination in the workplace, always paid less
What was a result for the suffering farmers?
many farmers lost their farms when banks foreclosed and seized the property as payment for the debt
What did many people after the stock market crashed?
many people panicked and withdrew their money from banks
Governor Faubus
publicly showed support for segregation and ordered the National Guard to turn away the "Little Rock Nine". Shut down the school after the end of the year
CCC
put young men ages 18-25 to work building roads, planting trees, developing parks, and more
Deficit Spending
putting money into the government. ways this was done was through increased defense spending (flexible response), increased minimum wage to $1.25, extended unemployment insurance, and lowered taxes and provided assistance to cities to stimulate the slower economy
what key industries were barely making a profit at the end of the 19202's?
railroads, textiles, and steel
March on washington
randolph and rustin led this to help get JFK´s civil rights bill
20th Amendment
ratified the inauguration from March to January (didn't apply to 1932 election)
Fransisco Franco
rebelled against the Spanish republic. general who led the Spanish army officers.
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
reestablished the NIRA provision of collective bargaining, protected workers right to join unions, prohibited unfair labor practices (firing union members),
what did congress press FDR to do in 1937
scale back on new deal plans, stop deficit spending
military tactics Americans used
search and destroy missions; went into villages and figure out who was enemy; then burned entire village down.
Second Hundred Days of Second New Deal (influenced by Elenor Roosevelt)
second burst of activity where FDR urged congress to provide more extensive relief to farmers and workers
Charles Evan Hughes
secretary of state who urged that no warships be built for next ten years.
MLK´s assasination
shot in memphis Tennessee with a high powered rife.
Job Corps
specifically for low income people to provide them with basic employment skills to help them get a job. still around today.
deficit spending
spending more money than the government receives in revenue
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
staged the first sit-in
Fascism
stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of individuals; Power must rest upon a single strong leader and a small group of devoted party followers.
American Liberty League
strong conservatives who opposed FDR, belived that FDR was too involved in people's lives (big business, rich people)
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
student protest group and created the most imprtant student activist movements
1941-Vietminh was formed, 1945-Ho chi Minh declares independent nation, 1946- Frace returns to SV, 1954- Domino theory, May-July 1954- Genava Accords, Elections cancelled, Tonkin Gulf Resolution, U.S. Sends troops.
order of events
Committee for Industrial Organization
organized industrial unions, signed up unskilled and semi-skilled workers
Randolph
organized the country's first all black trade union (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters)
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Civil Rights Act of 1857
outlawed segregation in public facilities by decreeing that "all persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations" but it was declared unconstitutional
Tax Cut Bill of 1964
over $10 billion in tax reduction, spurring economic growth and lowering the federal budget deficit. part of Kennedy's New Frontier
Federal Theater Project
paid actors to preform plays and artists to paint the sets
The Federal Art Project
paid artists a living wage to produce public art
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
paid farmers to to cut production of crops that depleted the soil and rewarded them for practicing good conservation
Federal Writers' Project
paid writers to write
Battle for "Hearts and Minds"
part of American strategy to keep Vietcong from winning the support of So. Vietnam rural population; a gasoline-based bomb that set the jungle on fire.
Four Power treaty
possessions in the pacific; people would talk before ware
Containment
taking measures to prevent the spread of communist rule to other countries. the United States foreign policy for the next 45 years
Peace Corps
talked about in his inaugural address, this is a program to provide volunteer assistance to developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. two purposes were to be health aides or teachers to help the people in need, prevent the spread of communism, and gets young people involved "ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country"
Alliance for Progress
talked about in his inaugural address, this offered economic and technical aid to Latin American countries the purpose of this program was to prevent any possible Communist revolutions from rising in more impoverished countries
Vietcong
the South Vietnamese Communists who, with North Vietnamese support, fought against the government of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War; wanted independence.
Third Reich
the Third Emire which would last for 100 years but lasted for 13
programs that discriminated against Mexican Americans
the WPA and CCC because a lot of them didn't have a permeant address
Rome Berlin Axis
the alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler) which was grown when they provided aid for Franco during the Spanish War
VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America)
the domestic peace corps. you would go to inner cities or mountains and tutoring, building homes, and other service projects. still around today
who was Hoover under Harding and Coolidge?
the secretary of commerce
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
the space along the 38th parallel where negotiations occur between North Korea, South Korea, and the UN
U-2
the spy plane that was shot down by the Soviet Union. the plane being shot down. the summit (meeting between the leaders) was called off, and this event causes a lot of tension between the two countries
NLRB
third party who heard testimonies of unfair business practices and held elections to see if anyone wanted to join a union
purpose of FDR repealing prohibition
to tax alcoholic beverages to raise government revenues (prohibition completely repealed by the end of 1933)
vietcong used...
tunnels: withstand airstrikes, launch surprise attacks, quick disappearances; booby traps, and land mines
Inchon
turning point of the war in Korea. MacArthur launches a counter attack to move across Korea and cut off North Korea of supplies and troops. Forces NK to surrender. 300,000 Chinese came across Yalu River and attacked UN when they got too close
who was FDR before becoming president
two-term governor of New York
Hungarian Uprising
want to overthrow the communist leaders in 1955. they ask for help from the US but they did not get help because communism had already been in control of communism and they wanted to overthrow them. this leads to the Hungarians being massacred
I have a dream speech
wanted peace and racial harmony among all people.
Westmoreland's strategy
war of attrition: gradual wearing down of the enemy by continuous harassment; concept of body count
after 1937 how many new justices did FDR appoint
7
How much did the income of the wealthiest 1 percent of the population rise by compared to america as a whole?
75 percent, compared with a 9 percent increase for Americans as a whole.
what party did FDR belong to
democrats
1930 Congressional Elections
democrats took control of the anti-hoover sentiments to take more seats in Congress.
Adolf Hitler
der fuhrer extreme nationalism, militaristic expansion, forceful leader, private property with strong government controls, and anit-communist
Great Arsenal of Democracy
describes the idea that the us must become the producer of war materials
NAACP
desegregation campaign led by this and fought to end segregation
destroy jungle
destroy camouflage
the second AAA
didn't have a processing tax to pay for farm subsides which was previously declared unconstitutional
why didn't FDR fully support the civil rights movement
didn't want to upset Southern democratic whites
Mussolini´s followers
black shirts
Shantytowns (Hoovervilles)
little towns consisting of shacks
lebrensraum
living space
Community Action Program
not around today. encouraged poor people to participate in public works programs through funding
Soup kitchens
offering free or low-cost food
Democratic People's Reublic of Korea
official name of the communist North Korea
Republic of Korea
official name of the democratic South Korea
Lange
photographer who documented life during the great depression, had polio as a child
what did FDR do during the 1932 lame-duck period
picked a team of advisers called brain trust- formulated policies for his new administration
Francis Gary Powers
pilot of the shot down U-2 plane
Eisenhower
placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and ordered a thousand paratroopers into Little Rock
American Federation of Labor
pledged to avoid strikes
cash and carry
policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.
Final Solution
policy of genocide
how much does the FDIC insure today
$100,000
How much was considered the minimum amount needed for a decent standard of living?
$2,500 per year
deficit in 1934 vs. 1938
$2.9 billion, dropped $100 million but later rose back to $2.9 billion
By mid-November about how much had investors had lost about?
$30 billion
deficit high during WW2
$54.5 billion
Federal Home Loan bank act
(1932) Lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure
Kristallnacht
(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.
National Socialist German Workers Party
(Nazi Party) was a far-right, racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945; no ties to socialism
Kent state
- ROTC burned -May 1970 gaurds fired live ammunition into a crowd of protestors who were throwing rocks -9 wounded 4 killed
Why did some leaders of SCLC disagree with SNCC tactics?
- sncc was recruiting only African Americans - too aggressive
Effects of Agent Orange
-Caused cancer and horrible birth defects -400,000 were killed or maimed and 500,000 children were born with defects
Hitler Broke agreement with Soviet union
1941; allowed USA to sign a lend lease act along with it because any enemy of mine is my friend.
US takes out of vietnam
-NV troops would remain in SV -Nixon promised to respond with full force to any violation of the peace agreement -last US troops went home on march 29 1973
opposition to war
-US had no business in what was basically a civil war -repressive SV regime no better than communist NV regime -US couldn´t be a global policeman -draining US strength in other parts of the world - morally unjust (use of napalm/seeing violence)
Kerner Commission
-appointed by LBJ named white racism as the main cause of urban violence. -LBJ afraid of upsetting white opposition - separation
Jackson State University
-mostly black -12 wouned/2 killed both bystanders -The shootings divided the country with many feeling the students had deserved it
when did CCC end
1942, by then 3 million men had used the cooperation, they would make $30 and immediately $25 would be sent home to their families
Memorial Day Massacre in 1937
10 people killed and 84 wounded
By 1933ow many of the nation's 25,000 banks had failed?
11,000
Emmett Till
14-year old African-American boy who had flirted with a white woman and was murdered
How much did the stocks fall on black Tuesday?
16.4 million
wolf pack attacks
1941 individual surface attacks by individual U-boats
Lend-Lease Act
1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security
Taylor Grazing Act
1934, helped to reduce grazing on public lands, contributed to erosion that brought storms in the 1930s
Nye committee
1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."
Nuremburg Laws
1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.
when was NIRA declared unconstitutional
1935, gave legislative powers to the executive branch and enforcement of industry codes within states went beyond the federal government's control
when was AAA declared unconstitutional
1936, agriculture is a local matter and shouldn't be regulated by government
when did some Americans think the great depression was ending
1937
when was the new deal over
1939, FDR was turning his attention to Europe, Hitler's rise to power
France Falls
1940
Selective Training and Service Act
1940 law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service
invasion cambodia
1970, Nixon ordered troops + bombs into Cambodia to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail and other supply lines used by North Vietnam, even though Cambodia was neutral. In 1970, he ordered air and ground strikes in Cambodia. This is the most controversial act of his to end the Vietnam War.
Gerald Ford
1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon
Berlin Crisis
20% of Germans flee to West Berlin (Brain Drain). Khrushchev and Kennedy meet in June 1961. Khrushchev wants to close roads, JFK refuses and calls it an act of war. Soviets isolate West Berlin from East Germany, hoping to get Western Powers out of Berlin
April 1965 marches = November 1965 marches=
20,000 people 30,000 people
The Dow had reached a high of what?
381
Central Park protests
500,000 protestors ¨burn cards, not people¨ ¨Hell, no, we won´t go¨ Hawks and Doves
Bob Dylan
60's musician. Part of counterculture revolution through music. anti-war and anti-government
About how many businesses went bankrupt?
90,000
why did millions of people lost their savings accounts?
Because the government did not protect or insure bank accounts
pentagon papers
A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War. - Nixon is president during this - damaging to Johnson´s administration -no plan to end war as long as NV continued fighting
Robert Kennedy
A Democratic candidate for president in 1968; brother of FDR; assassinated; Senator of NY
Dunkirk
A city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire; on French side of the English Channel
Maginot line
A fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border
Ohio Gang
A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.
Ardennes
A heavily wooded region of Northeast France that Hitler invaded through in order to bypass the Maginot Line (was believed to be impassable)
Letter from Birmingham Jail
A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. Response to whites saying blacks were demanding too much too soon.
Installment plan
A payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid
Sacco and Vanzetti
A shoemaker and peddler in 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery of a factory paymaster and his guard in South Braintree, Massachusetts. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly
nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
triangular trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
24th amendment
Abolishes poll taxes
Philip Randolph
African American labor leader
sit-ins
African American protesters sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served
Bethune
African American woman who promoted opportunities to young African Americans, headed Division of Negro Affairs of the NYA
Wright
African American writer who wrote "Native Son"
North
African Americans tried to escape southern racism by moving here
Kellog Briand Pact
Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another
Perkins
America's first female cabinet member, Secretary of Labor
Charles G. Dawes
American banker and diplomat who negotiated a loan repayment plan with France, Britain, and Germany known as the dawes plan
General William Westmoreland
American commander in South Vietnam; West Point graduate who served in WW2 and Korea; continued to ask for more and more soliders
Westmoreland
American commander in south Vietnam; not impressed with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam(south Vietnamese army); requested more troops.
William Shirer
American journalist, stationed in Germany in the 1930's, who wrote Berlin Diary and The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
By making credit easily available what happened to many Americans?
Americans piled up a large consumer debt
what did Americans do with the bull market?
Americans rushed to buy stocks and bonds
¨rugged individualism¨-- the idea that people should succeed through their own efforts.
Americans valued ___________________.
Hawks
Americans who supported the Vietnam War; think Us needs to do more
communism
An economic and political system based on one-party government ruled by a dictatorship.
speculation
An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.
James Earl Ray
Assassinated MLK
What did failing rural banks try to do to recoup some money?
Auctions were held to recoup some of the banks' losses
nonagression pact
August 23, 1939; Germany (Hitler) and Russia (Stalin) agree not to declare war on each other.
Jean westin
Author of Making Do: how women survived the 30s and this said you'd do anything to save a penny
1964 election
Barry Goldwater (R.) and Johnson (D.) LBJ says he will not send troops to Vietnam and wins by a landslide. such a big majority, southern democrats are not needed to pass bills
why did millions of people lose their savings accounts?
Because the government did not protect or insure bank accounts
We shall overcome
Best known song of the civil rights movement by Martin Luther King Jr. instead of Black Power.
Neville Chamberlain
Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement
The Great Depression
Brought hardship, homelessness, and hunger to millions
Zhou En-lai
Communist China's foreign minister who warned that his country would not stand idly by and let Americans take the border that is the Yalu River
the boulder dam
In Hoover´s view what was a model of how the federal government could encourage cooperation
Boston Police Strike
Calvin Coolidge proclaimed that nobody had the right to strike against the public safety, and later became Warren G. Harding´s vice presidential running mate.
15th amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
what was the CIO previously known as before being expelled form AFL
Committee for Industrial Organization
China and USSR
Countries who supplied the Vietcong and NVA with weapons and equipment.
Fidel Castro
Cuban revolutionist and communist who accepted aid from the Soviet Union, seized the US and British oil refineries, broke up farms into communes (resulting in Congress establishing trade barriers against Cuban sugar)
Richard M. Nixon
Republican Candidate in election of 1960 and vice president under Eisenhower. from California
14th Amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democrat who ran against Hoover and won.
John F. Kennedy
Democratic candidate in the election of 1960. he is a senator from Massachusetts. first and only Roman Catholic president, the youngest president ever elected, war hero
Who was Alfred E. Smith?
Democratic presidential candidate in 1928. Smith was a career politician who had served four terms as governor of New York.
¨Hoovervilles¨
Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress
Warren G. Harding
Described as a good natured man who "looked like a president ought to look" said return to normalcy
First automatic traffic lights blinked in...
Detroit in the early 1920s
yes while the depression deepened
Did Hoover eventually softened his position on government intervention in the economy and did he take a more activist approach to the nation´s economic troubles?
South Vietnamese people hated ________
Diem; did not establish democracy, ran a corrupt government, restricted buddhist practice, offered little or no land distribution to peasants, jailed, tortured and killed opponents against him
Communism: - dictator runs this (one party state) -Ex: North Korea - government owns all industries -classless society with no individual profit making -government controlled most of people´s lives -strong censorship with restrictions on what could be said or written - We are all in this together motto... WE´RE ALL IN TH.. Capitalism: - free elections and more than one political party -private ownerships (own businesses) -They employ workers and keep all profits made -Limits on governments in people´s lives. -Freedom of speech and movement -American dream
Difference between Capitalism and Communism?
Medgar Evers
Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
Final Stage of Final Solution
Early 1942; introduce new killing methods
German Democratic Republic
East Berlin (communist)
Freedom Summer (1964)
Effort by civil rights groups CORE and SNCC in Mississippi to register black voters during the summer of 1964
Brinkmanship
Eisenhower's main method of dealing with the Soviet Union. doesn't work forever and it doesn't work over small issues. the best example of this during the Cold War is the Cuban Missile Crisis
who allowed or made the performance of Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial possible in 1939
Elenor Roosevelt, one of the most dramatic cultural events of the period
Haile Selassie
Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) said it is us today it will be you tomorrow
how did FDR and Hoover differ in attitude
FDR had a "can do" attitude and was very personable (friendly) while Hoover was not
Good Neighbor Policy
FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region
what was the Resettlement Aminstration replaced by
FSA
why were farmers suffering?
Farmers who had gone into debt during WW1 had difficulty in paying off their loans.
Kennedy
First President to send advisers into Vietnam
Chelmno
First death camp (used a gas chamber)
Operation Rolling Thunder
First sustained bombing against north vietnam
Calvin Coolidge
Fit into the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well, and said¨The chief business of the american people is business... the man who builds a factory builds a temple the men who work their worships there¨
Daniel Ellsberg
Former Pentagon official who "leaked" the Pentagon Papers written by McNamara -said war was unwinnable -how long we were in war -credibility gap
Mario Savio
Free speech activist in Berkeley and other places during 1960's. Berkeley Free Speech Movement activist and raised awareness for free speech, the just simply the right to protest simply everything in society
Charles De Gaulle
French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)
Luftwaffe
German Air Force
St. Louis
German ocean liner with 943 Jewish passengers who were forced to turn around by USA and return to Germany (only half survived the Holocaust)
Wolf packs
German submarines that traveled in groups in the North Atlantic Ocean to attack US ships and merchant ships.
Revision of neutrality act
German tanks thundered acoss poland in 1935; preparing for what´s ahead.
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan
governor wallace
Governor of Alabama; pledged to oppose integration and to prevent enrollment of blacks at state university; won popularity for his views.
John Connally
Governor of Texas (sits in front of the Kennedy's)
Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force)
Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash
Bureau of the Budget
Harding made this to help run the government more efficiently (new where money was going)
James Meredith
He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.
How was Alfred E. Smith?
He was personable and enjoyed being in the limelight
¨bull¨ connor
He was the chief of police of Birmingham, Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. His use of excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation.
engineer
Herbert had been an _________________.
power of reason
Herbert put a great faith in the _________ of ___________.
encourage and facilitate, not to control it.
Herbert said that government´s role was to ________________.
humanitarian.
Herbert was also a __________________.
Mein Kumpf
Hitler set forth basic beliefs of nazism that became the plan of action for the nazi party.
Security squadrons
Hitler's special elite Nazi death squad. These people rounded up Jews- men, women, children, and babies- and shot them on the spot (started in Poland)
storm troopers/ Brown shirts
Hitler´s army
National Credit Corporation
Hoover backed this; This organization loaned money to smaller banks, which helped them stave off bankruptcy. (did not work)
weaken people´s self respect and ¨moral fiber¨
Hoover believed that any handouts would _______________.
foster competition between competing groups and interests in society. (have the government step in and figure out a consensus that met their mutual interests).
Hoover believed that the government chief´s main function was to _______________________.
federal welfare or direct relief to the needy.
Hoover opposed and form of ____________or _____________.
Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming
Hoover proposed a water act for what seven states of the Colorado Basin?
who ran in election of 1932
Hoover vs. FDR
who headed FERA
Hopkins, believed money helped people buy food but working allowed them to gain confidence and self-respect
-selling goods to the united states or -by collection reparations from Germany.
How could Britain and France pay back war debts?
Farmers burned their corn and wheat and dumped the milk on highways. Declared a ¨farm holiday¨ and refused to work their fields. Block food markets and threatened banks in order to not foreclose.
How did americans express their anger about the depression?
More than 7 years.
How long did the drought last for?
726 feet high and 1,244 feet long and it would be the worlds tallest dam and the second largest.
How tall/large was the Bolder Dam?
Charles Homilton Houston
Howard University law professor who served as chief legal counsel for the NAACP from 1934 to 1938 and focused on the inequality between the separate schools that many states provided
Benitio Mussolini
Il duce; established a totalitarian government in Italy; he was a powerful speaker who played on the fears of economic collapse and communism.
Executive Order 8802
In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work.
Henry Ford
Inventor of the assembly line
invaded ethiopia in 1935
Italy
Robert Kennedy
JFK's brother, campaign manager, and attorney general
Invaded china province in 1931
Japan
February 1966
Johnson changed deferments for college students, required to be in good academic standing; protests erupted; SDS called for civil disobedience at Selective Service centers; told students to flee to Canada and Sweden
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Johnson was able to get this passed. this was very huge for the times, proving his power
New Frontier
Kennedy's policies of the administration (domestic policy) and his vision of progress that explores science and space. continuation of previous deals
Soul Force
King called his brand of non-violent resistance this
LBJ
LBJ escalated Vietnam conflict and gets us more involved
election of 1936
Landon vs. FDR (second new deal was going on while the election was happening)
Palestine
Later Israel
Five Power Treaty
Limited Naval arms
17th parallel
Line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam
3 big liberal critics
Long, Townsend, Coughlin
charles Lindberg and Amelia Earhart
Made transatlantic flights helped to promote cargo and comercial airlines
ballots or bullets
Malcolm X's philosophy that if change could not be achieved through voting, violence may be necessary
What did people think of when hoover declared "We in America are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before."?
Many Americans believed him
when was FDR's first fireside chat
March 12, 1933
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
March 15, 1939
Bay of Pigs
March 1960, Eisenhower gave CIA permission to train Cuban exiles to launch an invasion of Cuba in hopes to trigger a mass uprising against Castro. Kennedy approved the plan. April 17, 1961, around 1500 Cuban exiles supported by US military landed on Bahia de Cochinos. air strikes failed, a distraction force never reached shore, many were killed or imprisoned. embarrassed, Kennedy paid 53 million in ransom worth of of medical supplies and food, as well as the release for remaining exiles. Kennedy loses trust in the military and the CIA
date of first Hundred Days
March 9 - June 16 (1933)
Invasion of Austria
May 12, 1938; Hitlers first target
Dow Jones Industrial Average
Measure of average of stock prices of major industries
Rivera
Mexican muralist who painted Americans at work
Who else was suffering other than the U.S.?
Much of Europe
Who else was suffering other than the U.S.?
Much of Europe and germany
March 1972
NV launch biggest attack since the Tet Offensive
reelected in 1972
Nixon
Henry Kissinger
Nixon's adviser who helped negotiate an end to the Vietnam war
Did the government discourage buying and selling on the stock market?
No
could many of the stocks find buyers?
Nope
Frederick Lewis Allen
Noted in since yesterday about the affects of roaming the streets looking for jobs did to a man
what month was FDR elected in 1932
November and took office in March
March on rome
October 1922; an
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.
Coal Miners Strike
One of the more successful stirkes; in protest of low wages and long workdays. Wilson appointed an arbitrator to put an end to the dispute, and the coal miners received a 27 % wage increase.
Boulder Dam (Hoover Dam)
One project of hoover he made when he was secretary of commerce that did make a difference.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, as the legitimate representatives of their state, but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
Richard Nixon
President of the US; elected 1968
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Great Britain during second part of WWII; thought signing of Munich agreement was adopting apolicy of appeasement.
Vega
Produced by Lockhead Company, it was the most popular plane of the late 1920s.
what resulted from an ever-widening gap between the rich and the poor?
Production had also expanded much faster than wages
Gerald Nye
Republican of North Dakota,
how many houses in cities had electric lights or a furnace for heat?
Scarcely half
Robert McNamara
Secretary of Defense under Johnson
Robert McNamara
Secretary of Defense. involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis
Dean Rusk
Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State during the Eisenhower Administration
Dean Rusk
Secretary of State under Johnson
Andrew Mellon
Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs
Fulbright Hearings
Senator Fulbright conducted a series of televised committee hearings in which he asked members of the Johnson administration to defend their vietnam policies; intended to win support for the war; afterwards, Fulbright announced he was now opposed to the war.- youth especially began to opose war.
Invasion of Poland
September 1, 1939, Germany invaded, breaking their agreement, so Britain and France declared war, starting World War II
Britain and France declare war on Germany
September 3, 1939
Munich Agreement
September 30, 1938; Agreement between (Daladier) Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land other than Sudentland.
What happened as a result of black Tuesday?
Shareholders frantically tried to sell before prices plunged even lower
Tripartite Pact
Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US
Modern Advertising
Slogans became very popular for advertisement such as "Say it with flowers" doubled florists' business between 1912 and 1924. "Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet" lured weight-conscious Americans to cigarettes and away from candy. Brand names became familiar from coast to coast, and luxury items now seemed like necessities.
what replaced the AAA
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
April 1975
South Vietnam falls to Communist forces (north Vietname). it´s all over; saigon turns to Ho chi minh city
Ngo Dihn Diem
South Vietnam's president who was a strong Anti-communist and refused to take part in the countrywide elections of 1956 ; the US promised military aid and training if he returned a stable form of government in the South
teach-ins
Special session of lecture and discussion on a controversial topic that often occurred during the Vietnam War era; no curriculum/no time regulation
U.S. troop morale
Steadily dropped throughout the war due to difficult conditions, fighting a war they didn't necessarily support (drafted, not volunteered), alcohol and drug abuse, and a feeling that all-out victory was impossible; Despite these challenges, most American soldiers felt they were carrying out their patriotic duty
goal in vietnam
Stop the spread of communism
Free Speech Movement (FSM)
Student movement at the University of California, Berkeley, formed in 1964 to protest limitations on political activities on campus; clash between faculty and students *Free Speech*; merica is machine
Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court struck down segregation in schooling as an unconstitutional violation of the 14th amendment's equal protection clause
Star of David
Symbol of Judaism
programs that discriminated against African Americans
TVA, NRA, CCC
oil producing states
Texas and California
Civil Rights act of 1965
The Civil Rights Act of 1965 or also known as the Voting Rights Act gave federal protection to black voters which allowed many more to vote and participate in the government.
what did limiting America's ability to import European goods do?
The Great Depression compounded problems
Wendell Wilkie
The Republican nominee for president in the 1940 election against FDR
bloody sunday
The Selma marchers were brutally attacked by state troopers and deputized citizens as they attempted to cross a bridge leaving Selma
assassination of Diem
The brutal murder of the president of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, and his powerful brother and adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, on November 2, 1963, was a major turning point in the war in Vietnam; made things worse and Kennedy knew about this
Siegfried Line
The defensive line in Germany opposite the Maginot that separated and protected Germany from France
Watergate
The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.
Woodbridge Cloverleaf
The first cloverleaf intersection was built in New Jersey in 1929.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The first communist government in Russia was based on the teachings of these dudes, and they published The Communist Manifesto, which outlines a theory of class struggle. It said that a class that had economic power also had social and political power.
price supports
The government would buy surplus crops at guaranteed prices and sell them on the world market.
why could many people not purchase the flood of goods that factories produced?
The prosperity of the era rested on a fragile foundation
what had become the most visible symbol of a prosperous American economy?
The stock market
who was FDR related to
Theodore Roosevelt (distant cousins)
What did people think when some economists had warned of weaknesses in the economy?
They maintained the utmost confidence in the nation's economic health
Los Angeles, Las Vegas
Today where does the Bolder Dam provide water to?
christmas bombings
To re-convince North Vietnam when they called off talking, Nixon launched a 3 week bombing on Vietnam in late december.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment; stripped germans from overseas colonies and border territories.
Federal Employee Loyalty Program
Truman is accused of being too soft on the topic of communism. he sets up this program to investigate every person who worked for the federal government (Loyalty Review Board)
Five naval powers
U.S. , Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy
Quarantine
US sets up a __________ of Cuba to keep them in a tight space and under control, prohibiting the entrance of weapons into the country. 170,000 soldiers prepare for invasion of Cuba.
Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
USS Maddox in the golf of Tonkin off the North Vietnamese coast
anschluss
Union of Austria and Germany
Kissinger
United States diplomat who served under President Nixon and President Ford; said peace was at hand
Will Rogers
United States humorist said It will take a hundred years to see if you helped us or hurt us, bu you certaintly didn´t leave us where you found us.
The Red Scare
Vladimir I. Lenin and his followers the bolsheviks or the ¨majority¨ overthrew the czarist regime and established a new communist state. When a communist party formed in the United States seventy thousand radicals joined and bombs were sent to government and leaders, citizens grew fearful and General A, Mitchell Palmer took action to combat this.
Hamer
Voting activist who spoke for Mississippi democratic freedom party
what ended the great depression
WW2
Hard times were undermine moral values
What did some fear during the Great Depression?
Federal Republic of Germany
West Berlin (democratic)
The Progressive Era
What Era caused wrenching changes in American life?
His political philosophy
What caused Hoover to take a cautious approach to the depression.
Milk consumption
What consumption declined across the country?
The debate over whether or not America should join the league of Nations.
What deeply divided America?
favored government policies that would keep taxes down and profits up, and give business more available credit in order to expand.
What did Coolidge and Hoover both favor?
He held firm on his principles, refused to support direct relief or federal welfare
What did Hoover do despite the criticism o f the people?
Called on key leaders such as business to promise not to cut wages/layoff workers, and labor to promise that they would not demand higher wages/go on strike. also, created a special organization to help private charities generate contributions to the poor.
What did Hoover do soon after the stock market crash to work together to find solutions to the nation´s economic woes and to not worsen them, that didn´t work?
A dramatic rise in malnutrition and diet-related diseases, such as rockets (vitamin D deficiency results in defective bone growth)
What did clinics and hospitals report in the 1930s?
would put an end to private property, substitution government ownership of factories, railroads, and other businesses.
What did communist do in order to try to equalize wealth and power?
Stayed at home and played board games and listened to the radio.
What did families do when money was tight?
that individuals, charities and local organizations should pitch in to help for the less fortunate.
What did he say to the needy?
Thousands of farmers and sharecroppers left their land behind and headed west. (Route 66) (known as okies)
What did many families do because of dust storms and evictions?
Tenant farming (renting land)
What did many farmers turn to?
most farmers could grow food for their families
What did rural areas have an advantage over city areas during the Great Depression?
poor diets and lack of money for health care
What led to serious health problems for children in the 1930's?
National Urban League
What organizations helped African Americans out?
Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado (the dust bowl)
What places were hardest hit by the dust storms?
African Americans and Latinos; unemployment rates were higher, and the lowest paid. Along with increasing racial violence.
What races were the Great Depression especially difficult for? Why?
Hoover´s inability to deal effectively with the depression.
What sealed the political fate of hoover?
Family
What stood as a source of strength for most Americans during the Great depression
mine workers, longshoremen´s and railroad porters
What unions did african Americans join?
The vermonter was respected for his solmenity and wisdom.
What was coolidge respected for?
Unemployment rates were still raising and the economy was still shrinking. More companies went out of business and soup kitchens became a common sight. Shantytowns and hobos grew along with misery.
What was happening a year after the stock market crash?
Wages were rising becuse of new technology and productivity.
What was happening during Coolidge´s office?
the automobile
What was the backbone of the American Economy in the 1920s
To minimize federal intervention by proposing to finance the dam´s construction by using profits from the sale of electric power that the dam would generate.
What was the purpose of the bolder dam and how?
Republicans lost control of the house of representatives and saw their majority of the Senate dwindle down to one vote.
What was the result of the 1930 congressional elections?
negotiating agreements among private entities, again reflecting his relief in small government.
What were Hoover´s attempts to relieve the depression?
You could order the model A car in the the color ¨Arabian Sands¨ and ¨niagara Blue¨
What were some main differences in the Model T car and the model A car?
In the early 30's.
When did the drought begin?
Herbert Hoover
Who did Harding appoint as secreatary of commerce because he had done a masterful jjob of handling food distribution and refugee problems during world war I.
Herbert Hoover
Who was Calvin Coolidge´s Republican successor?
Forbes, Dougherty, and Miller, and Falls
Who were apart of the ohio gang?
Lucas Iowa
Where was John L. Lewis Born
Wyoming and Elk Hills, California
Where was the TEapot Dome ?
Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Nebraska, the dakotas, Oklahoma, and Texas
Where were the dust storms
Charles Evan Hughes
Who did Harding apoint as secreatary of state
1.) much of the work force consisted of immigrants willing to work in poor conditions 2.)Since immigrants spoke a multitude of languages, unions had difficulty organizing them. 3.) Farmers who had migrated to cities to find factory jobs were used to relying on themselves and 4.) most unions excluded African Americans
Why did labor movement lose members?
A result of the Red scare and anti immigrants feelings different groups of bigots used anti communism as an excuse to harass any group unlike themselves.
Why did the KKK rise again?
The economic difficulties increasing
Why did the political tide turn against Hoover and the republican´s
Many thought women especially married women had no right to work when there were men unemployed
Why did women gain resentment?
Soldiers were returning home which means they were unemployed or taking jobs away from women and minorities, cost of living doubled, and farmers and factory workers suffered as wartime orders diminished.
Why was the economy in a difficult state after WWI?
1933
Year monopoly was invented
Steel Mill strike
Workers wanted shorter working hours and higher wages. Strikebreakers were hired. A report was issued on the harsh working conditions which resulted in an 8 hour work day. (no union)
what was FDR known as
a "friend of labor"
Geneva Accords
a 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist controlled North and non-communist controlled south until unification elections could be held in 1956; created Laos and Cambodia
Pentagon Papers
a 7,000 page document - leaked to the press in 1971 by the former Defense Department worker Daniel Ellsberg- revealing that the US government had not been honest about its intentions in the Vietnam War
rhineland
a German territory west of the Rhine River along the French border that was ridden of from the treaty of Versailles
search-and-destroy mission
a US military raid on a South Vietnamese village, intended to root out villagers with ties to the Vietcong but often resulting in the destruction of the village and the displacement of its inhabitants
where did the phrase "New Deal" originate from
a campaign speech where Roosevelt had promised "a new deal for the American people"
Albert B. Fall
a close friend of various oil executives manage to get the oil reserves transferred from the navy to the interior department., who secretly leased land to two private oil companies . The first American to be convicted of a felony while holding a cabinet post.
Telestar
a communications satellite that showed live television pictures from space
Irving Fajans
a department store sales clerk in New York City tried to persuade fellow workers to join the department store employees union to gain better pay and working conditions during the 1920s.
napalm
a gasoline-based substance used in bombs that US planes dropped in Vietnam in order to burn away jungle and expose Vietcong hideouts
War Powers Act
a law enacted in 1973, limiting a president's right to send troops into battle without consulting Congress
Blacklist
a list of people whom they condemned for having a communist background
Tet offensive
a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities early in 1968
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
a mutual defensive treaty that pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked
silent majority
a name given by President Richard Nixon to the moderate, mainstream Americans who quietly supported his Vietnam War policies
Ho Chu Minh Trail
a network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies/arms to the Vietcong in South Vietnam
what was the "bull market"?
a period of rising stock prices
Rosa Parks
a seamstress and an NAACP officer, sat in the front of the colored section and refused to move when asked to give up her seat
My Lai
a small village in Cambodia where US Lieutenant William Calley Jr massacred innocent civilians searching for Vietcong rebels
Okies
a term that originally referred to Oklahomans but came to be used negatively for all migrants; found work as farmhands
Agent Orange
a toxic leaf-killing chemical sprayed by US planes in Vietnam to expose Vietcong hideouts
13 amendment
abolished slavery
Hollywood Ten
accused of spreading ideas of communism through film. they were sent to prison because they refused to testify
Alger Hiss
accused of spying for the Soviet Union. he was jailed for perjury about lying about typing government documents. he was proven guilty because Soviet cables were released by the National Security Administration
jobs, education, housing
african americans wanted equality in these
boat people
after the Vietnam War, refugees who escaped from Vietnam in small boats. trying to cross the south chinese sea
Jim Crow Laws
aimed at separating the races
New Deal Coalition (caused democrats to dominate politics from 1930s-1940s)
alignment of diverse groups that support the democratic party, included Southern whites, urban groups, African Americans, and unionized industrial workers
Reason france didn´t want more jewish refugees
already had 40,000 and didn´t want more.
Special Forces
also called Green Berets, the group created as a result of Kennedy's flexible response
Abraham Lincoln Batallion
americans who traveled to spain to fight against franco
Kent State University
an Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing four
Armistice
an agreement to stop fighting. technically the war is still going on, but this is the stalemate that North Korea and South Korea came to
Madison Grant
an anthropologist of the American Museum of Natural History in new York City, fed peoples attitudes with racist ideas.
credit
an arrangement in which consumers agreed to buy now and pay later for purchases
Only one city home in ten had what?
an electric refrigerator
Vietminh
an organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence from the French in North
Black
appointed by FDR when an elderly justice retired, began to shift the court to favor the new deal more
Weaver and Hastie
appointees to FDR's Department of Interior
Bulls
armed freight yard patrolmen
Wood
artist from Iowa who painted "American Gothic"
Sirhan Sirhan
assassinated Robert Kennedy in 1968; a palestinian loyalist
Turning point
assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis where he had gone to support striking garbage workers... riots sparked all over the United States.
McCarthyism
attacking suspected communists in State Department. throwing allegations out until someone confesses
Rachel Carson
author of Silent Spring which exposes dangers of pesticides
Ralph Nader
author of Unsafe at Any Speed that criticized the US automobile industry for ignoring safety concerns
Frederick Lewis Allen
author who Noted in ¨since yesterday¨ about the affects of roaming the streets looking for jobs did to a man
Emergency Banking Relief Act
authorized the Treasury Department to inspect all the banks to see if they were sound or insolvent, if they needed help- they received loans, it revived public confidence in banks
Patman Bill
authorized the government to pay a bonus to WWI veterans who had not been compensated adequately for their wartime service
What were two of the businesses to go bankrupt?
automobile and railroad companies
Federal Farm board
backed by Hoover and intended to raise crops prices by helping members to buy crops and keep them off the market temporarily until prices rose. (did not work)
Limited Test Ban Treaty
banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere
Governor Ross Barnett
barred James Meredith from registering as a student at Ole Miss
Why did the Confidence in the market start to waver?
because early September 1929, stock prices peaked and then fell
Why did rural banks start to fail?
because farmers began to default on their loans
why did railroads loose business?
because of new forms of transportation such as trucks, buses, and private automobiles, for instance
why could many people not participate fully in the economic advances of the 1920?
because of the unequal distribution of income
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
began to construct new launching facilities in Cape Canaveral, Florida and a mission control center in Houston, Texas
Election of 1960
beginning of 1960's, we were falling behind the Soviet Union in the space race and technology. this was the first televised presidential debate. Kennedy is coached by TV producers and comes across better than Nixon, and Kennedy takes a stand on civil rights. neither candidate won a majority of the votes
Affirmative action
begun in 1960s to help equalize education and job opportunities special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination some requirements eased in 1980s of diversity in schools
KKK
believed in keeping blacks in their place, destroying saloons, opposing unions, and driving roman Catholics, Jews and foreign born people out of the country.
who disliked the NRA
big business, they thought that it was too controlling
hardhats
blue collar workers who supported US war policies; said the
The Other America
book written by Michael Harrington that wakes people up about the poverty in the United States
what was FRD looking to do in 1935
build on many of the things he had previously accomplished in the hundred days, didn't help as much as he wanted
fasces
bundle of rods bound around an ax; symbol of unity and authority in ancient rome.
Goal of Kennedy
by the end of the decade, Kennedy wants to land an american on the moon and beat the Soviet Union
what were Americans ready for in the 1932 election
change, they were sick of having no jobs, no food, and no hope
Pyongyang
capital of North Korea
Seoul
capital of South Korea
Direct relief
cash payments or food provided by the government to the poor ($2.39 per family in NYC)
what did limiting America's ability to import European goods do?
cause for american exports to not be bought since they were being taxed.
urban sprawl
cities spreading in all directions in a result of route 66 allowing workers to travel farther for jobs.
democrats in the senate in 1932
claimed 2/3 majority
democrats in the house in 1932
claimed 3/4 majority (greatest victory since Civil War)
Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot
communist party in Cambodia that imposed a reign of terror on Cambodian citizens, Pol Pot is responsible for the deaths of almost 2 million of his own people due to starvation, execution, and beatings.
Soviet Union
communist state of russia
political opponents of Hitler
communists, socialists, liberals then to Gypsies, Freemasons and Jehovah Witnesses.
Warsaw Pact
competing group against NATO. a military alliance that linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern European countries (satellite nations). confront each other for the next 50 years
Peaceful Coexistence
competition without war (settled through economic competition, technology, Olympics)
Potsdam
conference attended by Truman, Stalin, and Churchill/Clement Attlee. Stalin treats the other two poorly because they aren't the original Big Three. Stalin does not allow free elections, and he wants reparations from Germany. last meeting of the Big Three, and after this, the Cold War starts
what happened during the Hundred Days
congress passed 15 pieces of New Deal legislation
Wright Patman
congressman who believe the $500 bonus, from the Patman bill should be paid immediately
Barry Goldwater
conservative Senator from AZ opposing Johnson. He believed that the federal government had no business trying to fight social and economic wrongs like poverty, discrimination, and lack of opportunity. He attacked Social Security and TVA. He also threatened using nuclear weapons on Cuba and North Vietnam, and advocated intervention in Vietnam
FHA
continues to furnish loans for home mortgages and repairs today
Suez War
control of the Suez Canal is at stake. fighting over the canal is stopped by the United Nations and Egypt is allowed to keep the canal. this leads to the Eisenhower Doctrine
Malcolm X
converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on *seperationist* and nationalism and violence.
Satellite Nations
countries that are under the control of the Soviet Union, these act as a buffer zone that provide protection for the United States
Superpowers
countries that can respond with massive nuclear force and are massive economic powers (US and USSR)
Plessy v. Ferguson
court case where the Supreme Court ruled that this "separate but equal" law did not violate the 14th Amendment, which guarantees all Americans equal treatment under the law
George C. Marshall
created WAC's, and becomes Secretary of State. visits Europe and finds it to be a mess. we help Europe because if they are prosperous economically, it helps our economy too
The Resettlement Administration
created by executive order in 1935, provided money loans to small farms to buy land
overall what did the new deal provide for Americans
created federal jobs, regulation of supply and demand, increased government's involvement in the economy, flooded the economy with millions of dollars
Central Intelligence Agency
created under Eisenhower, this group presents a plan of invasion to Kennedy for Cuban exiles to invade Cuba
Capra
director of many movies about the New Deal
General Douglas MacArthur
disbanded the Bonus army along with Major Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Mutual Assured Destruction
doctrine that states that each side can inflict unacceptable damage on the other in retaliation of a nuclear attack. neither side will launch their nuclear weapons
Means
economist who attempted to justify NRA by stating the goal of industrial planning
¨Hooverflags¨
empty pockets turned inside out
Civil Rights Gains
end of de jure segregation in the south civil rights act of 1968 dramatic increase in school education greater pride in racial identity 2/3 eligibility to vote *jesse jackson* and *john lewis* became political leaders
goal of Johnson
end poverty in the United States
What does Kennedy do to address Civil Rights?
ends Jim Crow and sends people to investigate injustice in the south
Hotline
established for communication between the two leaders
PWA
established in June 1933 as part of the NIRA
CWA
established in November of 1933, provided 4 million jobs in building schools, paying school teachers, and building roads
national park system
established new wildlife refuges and set aside large wilderness areas
Glass-Steagall Act of 1933
established the FDIC
National Housing Act
established the FHA
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
extreme change in government policies, moved away from assimilation and more towards autonomy, changes in 3 areas: economic, cultural, and political
Robert Weaver
first African American in the cabinet and HUD secretary
Alan Shepherd
first American in space
John Glen
first American to orbit the earth
March 1965
first US combat troops arrived in South Vietnam; by June 1965-- more than 50,00 soldiers were fighting the Vietcong
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
first big piece of legislation passed by Johnson. approved nearly $1 billion for youth programs, anti-poverty measures, small business loans and job training. This created the Job Corps Youth Training Program, VISTA, Project Head Start, and the Community Action Program
Civil Rights Act of 1957
first civil rights law since Reconstruction gave the attorney general power over school desegregation and gave the federal government authority over violations of African-American voting rights
Ella Baker
first director of the SCLC and served as national field secretary. helped set up the SNCC
Yuri Gagarin
first man in space from Soviet Union
Neil Armstrong
first man to step onto the moon in June 1969
Sputnik
first satellite into space (Soviet Union). this space race leads to a change in US education
Holland tunnel
first underwater tunnel designed specifically for mote vehicles. It connected from New York City to Jersey City
containment
foreign policy
Black Panthers
founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton to fight police brutality -provided African american communities with aid -preach ideas of Mao Zedong (nationalism) (overthrowing government) (revolution) -wanted out of draft of Vietnam
Pan American Airways
founded in 1927, inaugurated the first transatlantic passenger flights
A. Philip Randolph
founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters to help African Americans gain a fair wage
Lyndon B. Johnson
fourth gen. Texan and VP of Kennedy who grew up low-middle class. Became politically involved in 1937 to fill a seat in the House of Representatives. FDR took him under his wing as he followed much of his strategies. In 1948, he moved up to the Senate in the Democratic primary. he was in congress when the New Deal was passed, lots of experience. continues idea of government intervention. Kennedy selects him for ticket. he keeps many of his ideas and some of Kennedy's and creates Great Society. declares war on poverty
FERA
funded by $550 million to provide direct releif to needy, half of money was given to states to give food and clothing to unemployed, the rest of money was used for work relief programs
World Peace
goal of United Nations
Operation Ranchhand: Defoliation 1962
goal was to clear vegetation along highways in order to make it more difficult for the VC to conceal themselves for ambushes
march 1975 the NV launch an invasion of SV
going against our promise, we responded with economic aid but not full force
strip-mining and coal burning
government supported this which caused land, air, and water pollution
Vietcong used ______________
guerrilla tactics and turned the war into a stalemate
how did FDR explain the previous bank failure
he told people that when too many people demand their savings, even the strongest banks can't handle it
Girdler
head of Republic Steel where the Memorial Day Massacre happened, forced to meet with union members to negotiate
Earl Warren
head of Warren Commission and Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Charles R. Forbes
head of veterans bureay was caught illegally selling governemtna dnhospital supplies to private companies.
belief of Townsend
head officer from California who wanted to give elderly $200 a month that they had to spend
Medicaid
health insurance for welfare recipients
Collier
helped to create the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
Elenor Roosevelt
humanitarian who reminded FDR of the nation's struggles and pushed him to appoint women to government positions
What new forms of electricity were replacing coal
hydroelectric power, fuel oil, and natural gas
Why do you think the Soviet Union opposed the Marshall Plan?
if the Soviet Union accepted, it would make them appear weak, and make us look good.
How does the war start?
in June 1950, North Korea launches a surprise attack over the 38th Parallel and take Seoul. Truman asks UN for permission to send troops and ships to support SK. North Korean army push SK and US to Pusan perimeter, almost on the verge of being thrown off the peninsula.
Why were the coal mines struggling?
in part due to stiff competition from new forms of energy
Fordney McCumber Act
increased tariffs made it difficult for European nations to conduct trade in order to pay off war debts; protected US industries from foreign competition
autonomy
independence, self-government
Scapegoats
individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
investigated possible communist influence. they made headlines in 1957 and investigated the movie industry for suspected communist propaganda
Warren Commission
investigates if Oswald was part of a conspiracy, but concluded that Oswald acted on his own
what did those who kept their jobs during the great depression?
jobs faced pay cuts and reduced hours
what did those who kept their jobs do during the great depression?
jobs faced pay cuts; and reduced hours
when the housing fell what else fell?
jobs in the furniture manufacturing and lumbering
aid
kennedy provides aid to south to Diem to convey he is not soft on communism & sends 16,000 advisors (meant to not fight) but to organize.
Beckwith
killed Medgar evers
concentration camps
labor camps meant to hold the people Hitler called enemies of the state
collectives
large government owned farms
Aushwitz
largest Nazi death camp
Joseph Stalin
last name means ¨man of steel¨; took control of Soviet Union; creating model communist state, collectives; totalitarism
What did the unemployment level reach?
leaped from 3 percent (1.6 million workers) in 1929 to 25 percent (13 million workers) in 1933. 1 out of 4 workers was with out a job
George Creel
led the Committee on Public Information (talked about anything unamerican was suspicious)
Walter Waters
led the bonus army, an unemployed cannery worker from Oregon.
Defense Sec. McNamara
left to become head of the World Bank; originally supported war... then thought it was mistake to get involved.
War at home
less money spent on Great society, inflation rate rose, taxes had to be raised to pay for the war
Breadlines
lines of people waiting to receive food provided by charitable organizations or public agencies
difference between radio, movies and art, literature, and books
literature, art and books were serious and somber while movies and the radio were made for Americans to escape their current situations
Medicare
low-cost medical, hospital insurance for senior citizens (over 65). does not pay for everything, only 80% of bills
Reciprocal Trade Agreement
lowered trade barriers by giving the president the power to make trade agreements with other nations and was aimed at reducing tariffs by as much as 50%
Social Security Act
made by Perkins, insurance for 65 and older, unemployment compensation, aid to families with dependent children and disabled
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
made by Tom Hayden and Al Haber; thought large govt institutions and corporations had taken over America; wanted a *restoration of participatory* democracy and greater individual freedom.
Why were Americans buying less?
mainly because of rising prices, stagnant wages, unbalanced distribution of income, and overbuying on credit in the preceding years
totalitarian government
maintained complete control over citizens; individual have no rights and the government suppresses all opposition.
goal of Stalin
make Soviet union the model communist state through growth of agriculture and industries.
Ethiopia falls
may 1936
What is the Dow measurement based on?
measure based on the stock prices of 30 representative large firms trading on the New York Stock Exchange
ways to avoid draft
medical exemptions, moved to deal with a more lenient draft board, join national guard/coast guard to avoid being sent to Vietnam, college deferment, white, financially well-off.
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
minor Communist Party activist, suspected for spying for the Soviet Union and giving information about the U.S. bomb. sentenced to death
what was significant about the 1936 election
more African Americans had voted Democratic than ever before and labor unions supported FDR
why didn't Hoover win election of 1932
most Americans were extremely displeased with how he was handling the depression
Were people happy with republican leadership?
most Americans were happy with Republican leadership
women in Vietnam war
most served as nurses, Red Cross, USO(United Services organization)
working class war
most soldiers were blue-collar workers or poor boys who could not afford to go to college to avoid draft
what did Americans spend their money on regardless
movies because they could escape reality and radios because a lot of families had electricity and they provided a wide range of entertainment
Little Rock Nine
nine African-American students who had volunteered to integrate Little Rock's Central High School as the first step in Blossom's place
Best and the Brightest
name describing JKF's advisers
Kremlin
name of Soviet White House
soap operas
named this because they were sponsored by soap companies
Clement Attlee
new British Prime Minister
John L. Lewis
new leader of the coalminers strike; quietly told the workers to continue protesting and became a national hero.
Jack Ruby
nightclub owner who kills Lee Harvey Oswald
on average how many times did women or men buy a new outfit of clothes?
once a year
Ethiopia
one of africa´s few remaining independent countries.
Elizabeth Eckford
one of nine black students admitted to central high in little rock and faced an abusive crowd
Brinkmanship
only works to a certain degree, going to the all out edge of war. threatening war in hopes of the other side backing down and giving in. in the 1950's Eisenhower relies on nuclear weapons as a deterrent
nine power
open door to china no discrimination or abusing power
buying on margin
paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest
WW1 effects
peace had not brought prosperity, but revolution fueled by the economic depression and struggle.
What would happen if the value of stocks declined?
people had no way to pay off the loans
anarchists
people who opposed any form of government
plumbers
people whose job it was to stop leaks of what Nixon was trying to achieve from being let out of the White House
Nativism
prejudice against foreign-born people
War powers act of 1973
president must inform congress within 48 hours of sending forces to a hostile area without a declaration of war troops can stay for no more than 90 days without the approval of congress
belief of Coughlin
priest who wanted a guaranteed annual income and nationalization of banks, anti-Semitic (Jewish) views made him lose public support
New Deal
program designed to alleviate the problems of the great depression
WPA
program to help youth, professionals, and others, set out to create as many job as possible (mostly unskilled), in 8 years it spent $11 billion, sewing, repairs of roads, making public buildings, murals, writers, theatre
Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and sec and granted the federal government new powers to enforce its provisions. part of Kennedy's New Frontier. any discussion of the Great Society should include civil rights
Executive order 8802
prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work
USO (United Services Organization)
provided entertainment for soldiers in Vietnam.
FDIC
provided federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $5,000, kept money safe
HOLC
provided government loans to homeowners who faced foreclosure because they couldn't make their loan payments
NYA
provided jobs, education, recreation, and counseling for young people, allowed students to go to school by providing federal aid, part-time jobs
NIRA
provided money to states to create jobs mainly in the construction of schools and community buildings, sought to establish codes of fair practice in individual industries, gave right to unionize
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
provided more than $1 billion in federal aid to help public and private schools purchase textbooks and new library materials. first intervention of federal government in the school system
Head Start
provides young kids basic skills to help them start kindergarten or first grade. like a preschool. still around today
SEC
regulated the stock market, prevented people with inside information from "rigging" it for their own profit
what policies did the new deal focus on
relief for needy, economic recovery, financial reform
conscentious objector
religious and moral beliefs; didn't allow them to fight; were often trained for noncombatant military duty.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
renounced war as a national policy however the pact was futile
Immigration Act of 1965
replaces the National Origins Act of 1924 which limited immigration and set quotas for certain countries migrating to the US
AFL
represented all workers of different industries
Federal Securities Act
required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings, made them liable for any misrepresentations
draft
required enrollment in the armed services
Water Quality Act of 1965
requires states to clean up rivers. LBJ orders government to search for the worst chemical polluters
Massive Retaliation
responding with overwhelming force (if they launch 1 missile, we launch 500 missiles)
Nixon order massive attack against NV cities which stopped the attack, but the stalemate continued
response to attack by NV
Consumer Protection
revolves around safety about food and automobiles
Gone With the Wind
romance movie
Through most of the 1920s what did the stock prices do?
rose steadily
Miranda v. Arizona
ruled that all suspects must read their rights before questioning
ghettos
segregated Jewish areas in certain Polish cities
De Facto
segregations by fact, custom, or habit (North)
De Jure segregations
segregations by law (South)
Joseph McCarthy
senator and strong anti-communist activist. charged that communists were taking over government. ineffective legislator and needs an issue to win the reelection. never found one communist in the United States government
belief of Long
senator from Lousiana who wanted "share our wealth," "make every man a king," assassinated at the height of his popularity
Warren Court
separate from the Great Society, but simultaneously will make great changes. goes from mid 50's to early 70's. they reject loyalty oaths, affirms free speech, expands rights of people accused of crimes, and separates church and state
Yalu River
separates North Korea from China
Fair Labor Standards Act
set maximum working hours to 44 (later changes to 40), minimum wage, and laws for anyone under 16 along with rules for those under 18
NRA
set prices of many products to ensure fair competition, standards for working hours, and banned child labor, promote recovery through breaking the habits of wage cuts, falling prices, and layoffs
WWII
set the stage for civil rights movement with a shortage of white male laboeres, soldiers needed, and civil rights movement towards voting rights
League of nation´s response to invasion in Ethiopia
slap on a rist (boycotted)
Old Left
socialism; communism
Robert and Helen Lynd
sociologists who did a community study in 1929 called "Middletown" that noted the dramatic impact of the car on the social life of people in Indiana
prisoners of war (POWs)
soldiers who have surrendered and who thereby receive special status under the laws of war
how did people like the AAA
some Americans were mad because there was still starvation in some places but it was successful, farmers made money
What did some invertors do after the stock prices peaked and then fell?
some investors quickly sold their stocks and pulled out
reactions to Indian Reorganization Act
some liked it and were happy that the government wasn't controlling them while others who were more "Americanized" disliked it because they wanted to own their own land and they had already adjusted to American culture
Guthrie
songwriter who sang "this land is our land"
The Public Utility and Holding Company Act of 1935
sought to end corruption in the public utility industry, outlawed monopolies
Southern Tenants Farmers Union
sought to protect rights of tenant farmers and sharecroppers
AAA
sought to raise crop prices by lowering production, paid farmers to leave parts of each acre unseeded, also paid them to meaninglessly slaughter animals
television coverage
sparked many other sit-ins across the South
Berlin Airlift
stalin blockades all of West Berlin cutting their supplies, forcing West Berlin to succumb to communist Rule. using airplanes to fly supplies into West Berlin. Stalin expected us to get tired of flying in supplies. West Berlin stays free
Domino Theory
stated that if one country fell under communist influence or control, its neighboring countries would soon follow
Eisenhower Doctrine
stated that the US would defend (with military force) the Middle East against an attack by any Communist country
Truman Doctrine
statement that declared that the US must support free peoples who are under threat of subjugation anywhere in the world, and protect against armed minorities and outsiders. first used in Greece and Turkey
Congressional Reapportionment
states redrawing election districts based on the population. this is done every 10 years. the districts are redrawn by putting in members of their own party in (gerrymandering)
Wild boys
teenage boys who hopped aboard America's freight trains to zigzag the country in search of work, adventure, and an escape from poverty.
Iron Curtain
term coined by Churchill that means an imaginary line that separates Democratic Western Europe from Communist Eastern Europe
Camelot
term describing the White House and its glamour, culture, and wit. comes from King Arthur being the mysterious castle
38th Parallel
the 38 degree line of northern latitude in Korea that Japanese troops north of the line surrendered to the Soviets and those south of the line surrendered to the US, dividing the country into communists v.s. democrats
Cuban Missile Crisis
the Bay of Pigs leads directly to this. the bay of pigs occurs first, then the Berlin wall, and then this incident after that. missiles could reach the US (particularly DC) in minutes (makes massive retaliation very difficult). JFK warns Soviets that missile attack will trigger a war on USSR (brinkmanship). Khrushchev orders ships to turn around when they try and get through the quarantine. results: missiles are removed, we secretly remove missiles from Turkey.
Why could some people unable to get money from the banks?
the banks had invested it in the stock market
Mao Zedong
the communist leader who controlled northern China
Berlin Wall
the concrete wall dividing Berlin into communist east and democratic west. Communist Berlin had been weakened since the Berlin airlift, and to prevent those in east Berlin from fleeing to west Berlin and then west Germany, Soviet troops overnight erected a wall topped with barbed wire existed from 1961 to 1989. not a blockade!
Cold War
the conflict between the USSR and US in which neither side actually directly confronted each other on a battlefield
Korean War
the conflict that followed the North Korean surprise attack on South Korea
one of the first worldwide radio broadcast
the crash of the Hindenburg, became a staple for American news
april 30 1975
the day that Saigon fell to the Communists and American personnel had to evacuate by helicopter
what caused FRD to propose the court packing bill
the declaration that the AAA and NIRA were unconstitutional, feared that other decisions might dismantle the new deal
genocide
the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
Weimar Republic
the democratic government in Germany after the First World War
what did radio embody
the democratic spirit of the time
Batista
the dictator of Cuba before Fidel Castro
Nazism
the german brand of fascism, was based on extreme nationalism; national expansion
Colonel Thomas W. Miller
the head of the Office of Alien Property, was caught taking a bribe
domino theory
the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control
Taiwan
the island (also known as Formosa) that Chiang fled to in May of 1949 after Zedong successfully took over all of China as a communist country
Ho Chi Minh
the leader of the Indochinese Communist Party; won popular support, brutal and repressive, redistributed land to the peasants, war hero fighting the Japanese and French.
what happened on October 24?
the market took a plunge
what happened on October 29?
the market took a plunge
Johnson Treatment
the method of intimidation Johnson would use to make people as uncomfortable as possible and get senators and politicians to agree with him on many issues
Chiang Kai-shek
the nationalist leader who the US supported but Chinese communists struggled against for two decades. controlled southern and eastern China
what did liberals argue
the new deal didn't go far enough to help the poor (wanted socialism)
self immolation
the offering of oneself as a sacrifice, especially by burning; suicidal action in the name of a cause or strongly held belief; buddhist monks and nuns especially did this.
The People's Republic of China
the official name for the communist Chinese government
Great Depression
the period from 1929 to 1940 in which the economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed
Texas Book Depository
the place where Lee Harvey Oswald shoots from
parity
the price intended to keep farmer's income steady
Foreclosure
the process by which a mortgage holder takes back property if an occupant has not made payments
Conventional Forces
the regular military
military coup
the removal of a head of state by military leaders.
Holocaust
the systematic murder of 11 million peopl across Europe; more than half of them were Jews
Why did the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act hurt farmers and manufacturers?
the tariff prevented other countries from earning American currency to buy American goods
Great Society
the term describing the period of social and economic change in the 1960's, the main goal being to end poverty and discrimination
Flexible Response
the use of conventional forces and broad range responses rather than using nuclear weapons to attack. this resulted in Kennedy increasing conventional forces, Special Forces, and tripled nuclear capabilities
WW1
the war to end all wars
1946-1991
the years of the Cold War
what did conservatives argue
thought that the federal government had too much control, hated AAA and NIRA, thought it interfered with the free-market economy
purpose of freedom rides
to bring civil rights movement down to the deep south states especially alabama and mississippi
FRD's first step as president (one day after taking office)
to carry out reforms in banking and finance (Emergency Banking Relief Act)
Herbert Hoover
tried to reassure Americans that the nation's economy was on a sound footing; thought that the government should play a more limited role in helping to solve problems.
Hitler´s dream
uniting all german speaking people in a all german place; master race: aryans
blitskrieg
used in poland; lightning war
Gonzalez
used radio program to condemn discrimination against Mexicans was jailed and deported, become a hero to Mexican Americans
Quota system
was set up by the Emergency Quota act of 1921; this system established the maximum number of people who could enter the united states from each foreign country.
what happened to people who had bought stocks on credit?
were stuck with huge debts as the prices plummeted, while others lost most of their savings
favored limited role for government in business affairs and in social reform; urged U.S. steel to abond 12 hour working days
what did Harding favor in domestic affairs.
communists and persons with criminal records.
what did Hoover think the Bonus army marchers were?
an economic base for such cities as: akron in Ohio and Detroit, Dearborn, Flint and Pontiac in Michigan.
what did the automobile provide?
¨Hoover Blankets¨
what homeless people called the newspapers they wrapped themselves in
Colorado river
what river was the bolder dam river built on?
he didn´t understand many of the issues
what was hardings main issues?
Dallas, TX
where Kennedy get assassinated to campaign in the South for the 1964 election (he was unpopular due to his civil rights stance). Lyndon was from Texas and was very popular there, so he wanted to appeal to people as much as he could
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act
which established the highest protective tariff in United States history
Legendary Route 66
which provided a rout for people trekking west of chicago to california.
Fordney Mccumber Tarriff
which raised taxes on U.s. imports to 60 % ; protected us business especially in chemical and metal industries.
Glass-Steagull banking act
which separated investment from commercial banking and would (hopefully) prevent another crash.
Kerensky
who did America want to lead Russia?
Mellon, Hughes and Hoover
who were good appointments in Harding´s cabinet?
FDR's win in 1932 statistics
won 23 million to 16 million
sit-down strikes
workers remained at their jobs and refused to leave, therefore -companies couldn't bring people in to replace them, generally peaceful
white flight
working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs
within a few years how much had world trade fallen?
world trade had fallen more than 40 percent
Reason Britain didn´t want more jewish refugees
worried about fueling anti-semitism and refused to admit more than 80,000
Reason USA didn´t want more jewish refugees
worried of Great Depression(Jobs)
court packing bill
would allow FDR to appoint 6 new court justices, caused issues because some believed he was on the road to communism, he was abusing his power
Steinbeck
wrote Grapes of Wrath which was about tenant farmers and their families and the Dust Bowl
Jo Ann Robinson
wrote a letter to the mayor of Montgomery, Alabama, asking that bus drivers no longer be allowed to force riders in the "colored" section to yield their seats to whites. Mayor refused
1961-1989
years of the Berlin Wall
Did Hoover win by a lot?
yes
roots of opposition
youth (17 to 26)
sitskrieg
¨Sitting War¨ The Phony War. People expected heavy combat, but people just sat around and waited for combat for 6 months. Lowered French and British moral along with the fact the French had bad leadership.
operation sunrise
• Goal: Villages are easy to penetrate; defendable villages o Chose to live in original village didn't want to move • Instability in South Vietnam o Monk are burning themselves alive as protest of Diem o US is asked if it is okay to overthrow Diem March 1962
