amsco 16-19

Which phrase best summarize s what Riis considers the cause of the problems he sees? (1 point)

"In the tenements all the influences make for evil"

During the late 19th century, which of the following groups most benefited from the poverty described by Riis? (1 point)

Political machines

The excerpt was written to most directly support which of the following?

collective bargaining

Which of the following was most closely allied to the sentiments in this excerpt?

American Federation of Labor

Which of the following best demonstrates Henry Grady's vision for the South? (1 point)

Birmingham, Alabama which became one of the nation's leading steel producers

The key idea in the excerpt is that Grady believes (1 point)

the South needed to industrialize

The kind of sentiments in the cartoon contributed most directly to which of the following?

the break up of Standard Oil into competing oil companies

Using the excerpt, answer a, b, and c. a) & b) Briefly explain TWO regional characteristics of either the South or the West that support Turner's assertion that United States was "a vast and varied union of unlike sections." c) Briefly explain ONE reason why Turner was concerned with the closing and disappearance of the frontier that was not stated in the above excerpt.

a) Regional differences in the South included the long recovery after the Civil War, the region lagged the North in industrialization and education and remained the poorest region, remained heavily reliant on agriculture, especially cotton, and legal segregation limited the participation of African Americans, one-third of the population. b) The West and North were linked by transcontinental railroads and complemented each other in trade. The resource-rich West provided a seemingly unlimited flow of natural resources from its mines and forests to the manufacturing centers in the Midwest and Northeast. The ranches and farmers of the West also provided livestock and grains for Northern food processing centers, such as the meatpacking industries in Chicago, flour mills in Minneapolis, and the breweries in St. Louis and Milwaukee. c) The closing of the frontier concerned Turner, because he believed that open lands acted as a safety value to relieve the discontent in society. He also feared that ending the frontier experience that had shaped the American identity would also weaken American independence, individualism, and inventiveness. He predicted that the passing of the frontier would result in the United States becoming more divided by economic and class differences like Europe.

Using the excerpt, answer a, b, and c. a) & b) Based this excerpt and your knowledge, briefly explain ONE argument made by Booker T. Washington to improve race relations in the South. c) Briefly explain TWO forms of discrimination that African Americans experienced at this time in the South.

a) The Niagara Movement advocated political protest against discrimination and violation of the civil rights of African Americans, while Booker T. Washington advocated accommodation and a gradual approach based on economic development. b) African Americans faced societal prejudice and discriminatory practices in education, employment, and housing across the nation in the early 20th century, but in the South, they also were denied the right to vote, to serve on juries, and to participate in politics. c) W.E.B. DuBois was one of the founders in 1905 of the Niagara Movement, so it is not surprising that the movement reflected his belief in immediate political action to secure equal rights for African Americans. DuBois argued that equal civil and political rights were a prerequisite to economic progress.

The economic reasoning behind the Ocala Platform assumes that (1 point)

increasing money supply would increase prices and incomes

Which of the following characterized agriculture in BOTH the West and the South in the period 1870-1900?

introduction of sharecropping

Which idea would Sumner most likely support?

laissez-faire

The chief cause of farm protest in the late 19th century was

middlemen, trusts, and railroads

The Ocala Platform resulted from a protest movement that primarily involved - (1 point)

small farmers

Which group would be most likely to oppose government intervention to improve the tenements? (1 point)

social Darwinists

According to the author, what has most contributed to the need for wage earners to organize?

the concentration of corporate wealth and power

The outbreak of the Indian Wars of the 1870s was caused by all of the following EXCEPT

the division of tribal lands into individual farms for tribal members

Which of the following accurately describes a trend in American society in the 1880s and 1890s? (1 point)

the percentage of women in the labor force increased

The ideas expressed in this excerpt most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

Charles Darwin's On the Origins of Species

Which of the following most likely explains the significant reduction of immigration during the 1870s and 1890s to the United States? (1 point)

Conflicts between the "old" and "new" immigrants

The concept of the gospel of wealth is reflected in all of the following statements EXCEPT (1 point)

Each man had a duty to become rich

Which of the following DID NOT contribute to the development of suburbs in the United States? (1 point)

European suburban development patterns

The Ocala Platform proved an important link between which of the following groups? (1 point)

Farmer organizations and the Populist Movement

The Supreme Court upheld "separate but equal" accommodations for public transportation in the case of

Plessy v. Ferguson

After the Granger laws ran into legal problems and were overturned in the case of Wabash v. Illinois, Congress attempted to provide relief through the

Interstate Commerce Act

Which of the following were both examples of realism in 19th century literature and art? (1 point)

Jack London novel and Ashcan School

Which of the following was NOT true of the American labor movement in the late 19th century?

Labor's rights were protected by laws of Congress

Which of the following is a correct statement about immigration from 1890-1914? (1 point)

Most of the immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe

All of the following contributed to the growth of sports and entertainments in the late 19th century EXCEPT- (1 point)

Puritan ethic and Victorian values

Which of the following groups were NOT included among the new immigrants of the late 19th century? (1 point)

Scandinavian farmers

The New South movement promoted all the following EXCEPT

Social integration of the races

Susan B. Anthony's arguments for women's suffrage can best be understood in the context of (1 point)

The Reconstruction Amendments

Using the cartoon, answer a, b, and c. a) Briefly explain the cartoonist's POV on immigration. b) Briefly explain ONE specific cause of the anti-immigration sentiment in the period 1865 to 1900. c) Briefly explain ONE change in federal immigration policy from 1865 to 1900 that either supported or opposed the cartoonists viewpoint.

The cartoon opposes the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and "closing the Golden Gate" to the Chinese. It also argued that unlike hard-working Chinese immigrants, other immigrants largely from Europe that were welcomed brought into the country radical ideas such as socialism and communism that caused discord. b) The anti-immigrant sentiments had diverse causes, including (1) nativist movements, such as the American Protective Association, which was openly prejudiced against Roman Catholics and reform-minded immigrants, (2) labor unions, which feared that employers would use immigrants to depress wages and break strikes, and (3) Social Darwinists, who viewed the new immigrants as biologically inferior to English and Germanic stocks. During a severe depression in the 1890s, foreigners also became a convenient scapegoat for jobless workers as well as for employers who blamed strikes and the labor movement on foreign agitators. c) Actions of the Congress that opposed the point of view of the cartoon were the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned all immigration from China, and the Contract Labor Law of 1885, which restricted temporary workers. Both laws were design to protect American workers from foreign competition. An 1882 law also banned the immigration of so called "undesirable persons" such as paupers, criminals, and convicts or, as the cartoon identifies them, "hoodlums." A literacy test for immigrants was passed by Congress, but vetoed by President Cleveland, but later signed into law in 1917.

Anthony targeted the states as the parts of government discriminating against women primarily for which of the following reasons? (1 point)

The federal government already supported suffrage for women

Susan B. Anthony was arrested and fined $100 for casting an illegal vote in the presidential election of 1872. She refused to pay the fine. Her protest was most similar to which of the following? (1 point)

The jailing of Henry David Thoreau for not paying taxes for what he considered an immoral war

Answer a, b, and c. a) Briefly explain ONE specific problem that was caused by the rapid growth of cities during the period from 1865 to 1900. b) Briefly explain ONE reason that American cities were unprepared or slow to address problems such as the one identified above. c) Briefly explain ONE specific reform movement that developed in period 1865-1900 to address one or more urban problems.

a) Among the problems caused by the rapid growth of cities was the concentration of poor immigrants and workers in slums or ethnic ghettoes, with people often living in crowded tenement buildings where deadly diseases such as cholera and typhoid spread quickly. The concentration of industries and poor populations in small areas also contributed to increases in air and water pollution and street crime. Political groups (machines) gained the support of the poor and immigrant voters in exchange for small favors, but often used their power to corrupt and steal from urban governments and businesses. The most famous example of a machine was Tammany Hall under Boss Tweed in New York City. b) At first, city residents tried to carry on life in large cities much as they had in small towns, leaving development to private enterprise, following a laissez-faire philosophy. Businesses and property owners opposed regulations of their use of private property. However, the growth of slums, disease, crime, waste, water pollution, and air pollution slowly convinced reform-minded citizens and city governments of the need for municipal water purification, sewerage systems, waste disposal, street lighting, police departments, and zoning laws to regulate housing and urban development. c) Reform efforts included the settlement house movement, often led by young middle-class women who moved into poor immigrant neighborhoods to help their neighbors by providing social services. These services included teaching English to immigrants, pioneering early-childhood education, teaching home and industrial arts, and establishing neighborhood theaters. The most famous such experiment was Hull House in Chicago, which was started by Jane Addams in 1889. By 1910, there were more than 400 settlement houses in America's largest cities. The Social Gospel movement led by Christian ministers, such as Walter Rauschenbusch, who advocated for social justice for the poor and the application of Christian principles to address the growing poverty in large cities and industrialized areas. The Salvation Army worked with the poor and homeless in cities. Catholic leaders, such as Cardinal Gibbons, often supported the labor movement. The Moody Bible Institute adapted evangelism to urban conditions. Reformers attacked city government corruption. For example, Theodore Roosevelt tried to clean up the New York City Police Department. In the 1890s, the "City Beautiful" movement advanced grand plans to remake American cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions. However, many of the reformers of the Gilded Age would not see their efforts reach fruition or have a national impact until during the Progressive Era from 1900 to 1917.

The main result of the crop lien system in the South in the late 19th century was

a cycle of debt for tenant farmers

Using the excerpt, answer a, b, and c. Briefly explain the impact of industrialization and growth of corporations on THREE of the following. • middle class • working class • working women • consumers

a) Industrialization during the Gilded Age created vast amounts of new wealth, but the distribution of the gains was very uneven. Profits created a new class of millionaires, who often had little contact with their workers, separated from them by layers of middle managers. Meanwhile, industrial workers labored in often-dangerous jobs and many did not make a living wage. By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. Some flaunted their new wealth in an era known for "conspicuous consumption." b) The middle class increased in number and income as large-scale industries and corporations needed more skilled managers, factory superintendents, salespeople, and a variety of other "white collar" salaried employees to help conduct business operations. These higher paid workers then demanded more services from other middle-class professions in law, medicine, education, and government. c) The growth of industries and corporations also expanded the number and types of jobs for women. The low-paying work in textile, garment, and food processing industries were seen as an extension of women's skills as homemakers. Women also took over formerly male-dominated work as secretaries, bookkeepers, and typists, often at lower wages.

Harlan's opinion goes against the majority opinion on the Supreme Court that (1 point)

facilities could be segregated by race if they were "separate but equal"

The decisions of the Supreme Court in the late 19th century most often (1 point)

favored corporations

In the 19th century, railroads formed pools in order to (1 point)

fix prices and divide business for greater profit

The most effective and enduring labor union in the post-Civil War era (1 point)

focused on such goals as higher wages and shorter hours for skilled workers

According to the Turner Thesis, the frontier encouraged all of the following EXCEPT

growth of class divisions

During the railroad expansion from 1860 to 1900, all of the following were true EXCEPT (1 point)

no laws were passed to regulate the railroads

Social Darwinists would most likely support which of the following? (1 point)

nonregulation of business

Which of the following were most likely to help immigrants adjust to city life in the late 19th century? (1 point)

politicians from Tammany Hall

Which of the following groups would most likely support the sentiments behind this cartoon?

proponents of anti-monopoly legislation

Harlan's opinion was consistent with the beliefs expressed by the (1 point)

writer W.E.B. DuBois

The U.S. economy in the late 19th century was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT (1 point)

acceptance of unions and collective bargaining

Henry Grady's comments best express the viewpoint of which group of people? (1 point)

advocates of a New South

Using the excerpt, answer a, b, and c. a) Briefly analyze the author's conclusion that Rockefeller's defense of the Standard Oil Trust as 'the antidote to Social Darwinism" was an "ingenious rationalization." b) & c) Briefly explain how TWO of the four operated as forms of "cooperation" among businesses. • pools • trusts • monopolies • interlocking directorates

a) Carnegie praised competition as the driving force in the improvement of production and marketing of steel products, while Rockefeller used the trust as a way to combine competing oil companies into a cooperative association that would divide up markets as he "standardized" products and prices. Rockefeller defended trusts as an "antidote to Social Darwinism." b) Carnegie Steel outproduced rivals by using advanced technology and selling its steel at lower prices. The company also used vertical integration, which organized operations from the mine through production of steel to final distribution. Carnegie Steel, besides owning mines and ships carrying ore to the steel mills, promoted large scale production and innovative sales tactics to outperform its competitors. c) Rockefeller's solution for competitive markets was to control competition through "cooperative forms," such as his Standard Oil Trust. Trusts were formal agreements in which competitors turned over their business operations and/or stock for trust certificates, and a board of trustees managed the former competitors, which is also known as horizontal integration. The Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refineries, which left oil producers, railroads, and consumers at its mercy.

Answer a, b, and c. a) Briefly explain ONE development in education that was influenced by the economic or cultural changes of the period from 1865 to 1900. b) Briefly explain ONE change in visual arts or architecture that was influenced by the economic and cultural changes in the late 1800s. c) Briefly explain ONE change in literature or music that was influenced by the economic and cultural changes in the late 1800s.

a) The increased need for a more educated workforce promoted the growth of the tax supported comprehensive high school to better prepare citizens for the jobs of the industrial age, and the establishment of public land-grant colleges under the Morrill Act of 1862 to teach scientific farming and applied sciences. College and university curriculums also tried to keep pace with changes in society by placing more emphasis on the sciences, modern languages, and advanced graduate education and by adding new social sciences, such as economics, psychology, sociology, and political science, to the curriculum. b) Developments in architecture and the visual arts linked to economic and cultural changes include: In architecture, Henry Richardson introduced the Romanesque style in the design of massive and stately business and public buildings, Louis Sullivan simplified the design of the tall, steel-framed "skyscraper" with his "form follows function" design philosophy, and Frank Lloyd Wright created horizontal "prairie style" designs that influenced residential construction in the growing suburbs. Visual arts moved from romantic subject matters to the greater realism of everyday life and urban subjects. For example, Thomas Eakins's realism included paintings of surgical scenes and the everyday lives of working-class men and women. He also used the new technology of serial-action photographs to study human anatomy and paint it more realistically. Artists such as George Bellows of the "Ashcan School" painted scenes of everyday life in poor working-class neighborhoods. c) Developments in literature and music were linked to economic and cultural changes. Literature of the post-Civil War era included a movement away from romanticism to greater realism and naturalism as found in the works of Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser, Stephen Crane, and Jack London. These writers reflected the challenges that came with the Civil War, industrialization, and urban problems. Music developments during the period included the growth of urban orchestras and opera houses playing classical music, while the appeal of local bands playing patriotic marches by John Philip Sousa reflected the popular music scene. Jazz and blues music expanded beyond its roots in African American culture and became popular with white audiences in the urban centers of the North at the end of the century through artists such as Jelly Roll Morton and Scott Joplin.

Which of the following developments would be most consistent with the beliefs expressed in the excerpt?

consolidation of wealth by the elite

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 is most closely associated with

hostility to foreigners in western states

Changes in education between 1865 and 1900 included all of the following EXCEPT - (1 point)

increased emphasis on classical curriculum

Which of the following was NOT considered the proper function of government in the late 19th century? (1 point)

protection of workers from unfair labor practices

All of the following characterized America's largest cities in the last decades of the 19th century EXCEPT - (1 point)

transportation limited to the central business district