Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 7

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Put the following events associated with thyroid hormone production and release in the correct sequential order. Metabolism is regulated. Iodine is concentrated by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are produced. Iodine is combined with the amino acid tyrosine.

2, 4, 3, 1

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH (vasopressin)

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?

B receptors

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

GH (growth hormone)

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

IP3

The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is

TSH

Hypothalamus

a brain region that contains several collections of neuronal cell bodies that provide a connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system

A friend of yours is working in a pharmaceutical development lab where they are working on a drug to cure Graves' disease. He poses the following four ideas listed below. Which would be the best solution?

a drug that breaks down the antibodies produced

When might negative feedback fail to regulate hormone production, and how would this affect hormone secretion?

a pathology in the endocrine gland could prevent negative feedback from working, resulting in hypersecretion

When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably

a peptide

Which of the following is a specialized region of the circulatory system consisting of a capillary bed followed by a larger blood vessel followed by another capillary bed?

a portal system

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,

a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

A new hormone is discovered. Analysis suggests that it is synthesized on demand and has a long half-life in the bloodstream once it is released. It seems to activate gene transcription in its target cells though no cell surface receptors can be identified. Which type of hormone is this most likely to be?

a steroid

Anterior pituitary

a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin, sometimes called the adenohypophysis

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

adrenal

Anterior pituitary hormone for adrenal gland

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Match each hormone with its primary source. A. prolactin B. insulin C. aldosterone D. melatonin E. calcitonin F. epinephrine adrenal cortex

aldosterone

The adrenal cortex produces a steroid hormone called ________ that controls Na+ and K+ homeostasis and another steroid hormone called ________ that controls blood glucose levels.

aldosterone; cortisol

Match each term with the appropriate description. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amino acid-derived hormone D. anterior pituitary E. hypothalamus F. posterior pituitary derivatives of tyrosine

amino acid-derived hormone

Posterior pituitary

an extension of the neural tissue of the brain, sometimes referred to as the neurohypophysis

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists

Match each term with the appropriate description. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amino acid-derived hormone D. anterior pituitary E. hypothalamus F. posterior pituitary true endocrine gland of epithelial origin

anterior pituitary

Which of the following statements regarding the anterior and posterior pituitary is correct?

anterior pituitary is composed of endocrine tissue while the posterior pituitary is composed of neural tissue

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in

cAMP in the cytoplasm

When adenylyl cyclase is activated,

cAMP is formed

A cell's or tissue's response to a hormone primarily depends on the

cells receptors and the signal transduction pathway used by the cell

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

chaperone proteins

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal

cortex

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

cortisol

Patients that suffer from hyperinsulinemia may have a decreased number of insulin receptors on their cell membranes. This is an example of which phenomenon?

down-regulation

________ is a decrease in the number of receptors of target cells in order to dampen the effects of excess hormone.

down-regulation

Which is the most accurate example of a primary endocrine pathology in the pathway controlling cortisol secretion?

dysfunction in the adrenal cortex

Match each hormone with its primary source. A. prolactin B. insulin C. aldosterone D. melatonin E. calcitonin F. epinephrine adrenal medulla

epinephrine

Which hormone is classified as an amino acid derivative?

epinephrine

Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects.

faster

What does the word "exogenous" mean?

from outside the body

Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors,

gene transcription may increase or decrease

Anterior pituitary hormone for muscles and bones

growth hormone (GH)

What distinguishes a hormone from other signaling molecules such as cytokines or paracrine or autocrine signaling molecules?

hormones are secreted into the bloodstream

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells

Synergism occurs when

hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted

The trophic hormones reach the pituitary through the

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Match each term with the appropriate description. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amino acid-derived hormone D. anterior pituitary E. hypothalamus F. posterior pituitary site of vasopressin synthesis

hypothalamus

The hormones of the anterior pituitary are controlled by trophic hormones from the

hypothalamus

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

hypothalamus

Which two organs of the body release hormones that lead to the release of thyroid hormone?

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Hyposecretion from damage to pituitary: hypothalamus: anterior pituitary: adrenal cortex:

hypothalamus: increased CRH secretion anterior pituitary: decreased ACTH secretion adrenal cortex: decreased cortisol secretion

Hypo secretion from atrophy of the adrenal cortex hypothalamus: anterior pituitary: adrenal cortex:

hypothalamus: increased CRH secretion anterior pituitary: increased ACTH secretion adrenal cortex: decreased cortisol secretion

Where are the neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary produced?

in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus

If TRH levels increase, what will directly happen to the levels of TSH and thyroid hormone?

increase; increase

Match each hormone with its primary source. A. prolactin B. insulin C. aldosterone D. melatonin E. calcitonin F. epinephrine pancreas

insulin

After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically

is inactivated or removed from the blood

Anterior pituitary hormone for ovary or testis

luteinizing hormone (LH); follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal

medulla

Match each hormone with its primary source. A. prolactin B. insulin C. aldosterone D. melatonin E. calcitonin F. epinephrine pineal

melatonin

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

negative feedback

How would you classify the type of chemical released by the posterior pituitary (e.g., classic hormone, neurotransmitter, etc.)?

neurohormone

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?

oxytocin

Which of the following is a neurohormone?

oxytocin

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary

oxytocin and vasopressin

Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause an increase in heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), which is the amount of blood pumped out during each heartbeat. This effect is enhanced when thyroid hormone (TH) is also present. TH has little effect on HR and SV alone. What is the effect of TH on HR and SV called?

permissiveness

The signal molecule produced by one animal that may affect the behavior of another animal of the same species is the

pheromone

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________

phosphodiesterase

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

phosphodiesterase

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

phosphorylate proteins

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

plasma membrane receptors

Match each term with the appropriate description. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amino acid-derived hormone D. anterior pituitary E. hypothalamus F. posterior pituitary storage and release site for oxytocin

posterior pituitary

________ pathologies arise in the last endocrine gland in a reflex.

primary

Anterior pituitary hormone for mammary glands

prolactin

Match each hormone with its primary source. A. prolactin B. insulin C. aldosterone D. melatonin E. calcitonin F. epinephrine anterior pituitary

prolactin

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

prolactin

Hormones released by the anterior pituitary

prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Order of release of hormone from the anterior pituitary

release of GnRH from hypothalamic neurons--> GnRH travels through portal system circulation--> stimulation of endocrine cells in anterior pituitary--> release of FSH--> FSH enters into general, systemic circulation--> FSH binds to ovary, promoting follicular growth and development and release of estrogen

In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the

sensor and integrating center

Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ________ of the cell.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Match each term with the appropriate description. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amino acid-derived hormone D. anterior pituitary E. hypothalamus F. posterior pituitary cannot be stored in secretory vesicles

steroid hormone

Order of complex endocrine pathway

stimulus--> hypothalamus--> trophic hormone--> anterior pituitary--> trophic hormone--> endocrine gland--> hormone--> target tissue--> response

Hypophysectomized rats (those that have had their pituitary glands removed) grow fastest when given both GH and testosterone together than either separately. What is this phenomenon called?

synergism

A blood sample is found to have low levels of GHRH and excessive levels of GH and IGFs. Where would the pathology be located in this example?

the anterior pituitary

Which loss of function would occur if you were to sever the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

the anterior pituitary would not release hormones in response to trophic hormone stimulation

In the simplest endocrine reflexes, which structure contains the sensor cells that trigger hormone release?

the endocrine gland

In the long loop negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone (TH), where would TH have an inhibitory action?

the hypothalamus

What would the levels of TRH be in a person that has Graves' disease? Why?

the levels of TRH should be low because thyroid hormone is on a negative feedback loop

Mrs. Johnson goes to visit her doctor because of some health issues that she has been having, and one of the many tests that were run on Mrs. Johnson revealed that she had no circulating concentrations of vasopressin. The doctor does a further analysis of her hypothalamus and posterior pituitary to see what might be causing this problem. Predict which of the following might explain Mrs. Johnson's condition.

the neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus are damaged

What does the mRNA for a peptide hormone code for?

the preprohormone

Infundibulum

the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain

Neurohormones are classified as such because __________.

they are produced by neurons

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

thyroid hormone

Anterior pituitary hormone for thyroid gland

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

What is the role of the hypothalamus with regard to hormone release and endocrine function?

to release trophic hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary

The term for any hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is a

trophic hormone

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

tyrosine kinase receptors

Which of the following are released by the posterior pituitary?

vasopressin, oxytocin

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine


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