Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 6 SmartBook
Epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata? Choose all that apply.
-granulosum -spinosum
Tactile cells are described best by which of the following?
-large epithelial cells -can be stimulated by light pressure -also called Merkel cells -can be stimulated by light touch
Which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?
-liver -kidney -skin
The main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following?
-provides thermal insulation -acts as an energy reservoir -protects the body
The epidermis of thick skin ranges between ______ millimeters thick.
0.4 and 0.6
______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum.
3-5
Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ week(s).
4
In what important way does a freckle differ from a nevus?
A freckle is an area of excessive melanocyte activity/a nevus is caused by an increase in melanocyte numbers.
______ hemangiomas or "strawberry-colored birthmarks," appear in the skin as bright red to deep purple nodules that usually disappear in childhood.
Capillary
______ is a yellow-orange pigment acquired from vegetables like carrots, corn, and squash.
Carotene
True or false: In albinism, the individual usually has white hair, pale skin, and pink irises because they don't have melanocytes.
False
Match the letter to the appropriate integument layer.
Look at figure 6.1 A - epidermis B - papillary layer C - dermis D - reticular layer E - subcutaneous layer
Match the letter with the epidermal strata.
Look at figure 6.2 A - stratum corneum B - stratum lucidum C - stratum granulosum D - stratum spinosum E - stratum basale
Match the structures with the labels in the picture of the nail.
Look at figure 6.9 A - matrix B - root C - eponychium D - lunula E - body of nail
Match the structures with the labels on the given nail illustration.
Look at figure 6.9 A - nail plate B - nail bed C - phalanx
______ cuts to the lines of cleavage often results in slow healing and increased scarring.
Perpendicular
The ______ of the integument has immune cells.
Stratum spinosum/dermis
______ covers most of the body except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Thin
______ skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
Thin
True or false: The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both heredity and light exposure.
True
True or false: The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals.
True
True or false: The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.
True
True/False All people, of all skin tones, have about the same number of melanocytes.
True
An inherited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional is called _____.
albinism
The integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of ______ basic tissue types.
all
The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis is made up of two types of connective tissue, which are ______.
areolar and adipose connective tissue
The net effect of vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood ______ from the periphery of the body to ______ heat.
away; conserve
Hemangiomas are ______ tumors.
benign
A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.
blood vessels
Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ______ and a distal whitish free ______.
body; edge
Women often accumulate subcutaneous fat in the ______, ______, hips, and thighs
breasts; buttocks
There are two types of hemangiomas, ______, and ______.
capillary; cavernous
Keratinocytes in the epidermis produce ______ when exposed to UV radiation.
cholecalciferol
Lines of cleavage (or tension lines) in the skin relate to the predominant orientation of _____ fiber bundles.
collagen
The main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of ______ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer.
collagen
The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is ______.
collagen
The word reticular means "network" and refers to the web like meshwork of ______ fibers.
collagen
Lines of cleavage (or tension lines) in the skin identify the predominant orientation of ______ fiber bundles in the ______.
collagen; dermis
In the dermis of the skin, _____ fibers impart tensile strength while _____ fibers allow some stretch.
collagen; elastic
The specific orientation of ______ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ______ during routine movements.
collagen; stress
When the skin is stretched beyond its capacity, some ______ fibers are torn and result in stretch marks, which are called ______.
collagen; striae
The stratum ______ consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells.
corneum
There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep, these layers are stratum ______, stratum ______, stratum ______, and stratum basale.
corneum; granulosum; spinosum
Vasoconstriction means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.
decrease; less
The dermis is ______ to the epidermis and contains primarily ______.
deep; collagen fibers
When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is _____ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.
dehydration
In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells that help to fight infection.
dendritic
The ______ contain(s) the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis.
dermal papillae
The spiny appearance of stratum spinosum cells is primarily due to the tenacious nature of _____, which function to hold these non-dividing cells together.
desmosomes
The dermis of the skin has an extensive innervation, which refers to the ______.
distribution of nerve fibers
The keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein ______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.
eleidin
The nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin are known as ______.
epidermal appendages
Immune cells found in the epidermis are called ______ cells.
epidermal dendritic
The skin is made up of two distinct layers which are the ______.
epidermis, dermis
The two distinct layers of the integument consist of a layer of stratified squamous epithelium called the ______ and a deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue called the ______.
epidermis; dermis
True or false: Melanin plays a role in Vitamin A production and normal vision as well as improved immunity.
false
Fingerprints are useful as a forensic tool because each individual has a unique pattern of ______.
friction ridges
______ are located on the fingers, palms, soles, and toes are formed from large folds and valleys on both the dermis and epidermis.
friction ridges
In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum _____, the process of keratinization begins.
granulosum
Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin, and carotene.
hemoglobin
When ______ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals.
hemoglobin
The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.
hypodermis
Vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.
increases; more
The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein ______.
keratin
Within the stratum, granulosum begins a process called ______.
keratinization
The most numerous cells of the epidermis are _____ and the protein they produce is called _____.
keratinocytes; keratin
Skin is classified as either thick or thin based on two parameters: the number of epidermal _____ in the epidermis and the relative _____ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument.
layers; thickness
The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes.
living; dead
In thick skin, there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum ______.
lucidum
Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment-producing cells called ______.
melanocytes
The ultraviolet rays in sunlight are prevented from penetrating to the deeper dermis layer by specialized cells called ______.
melanocytes
When exposed to the sun, the ______ become more active and secrete a protein that gives the skin a tanned look.
melanocytes
A nevus is commonly referred to as a _____. It is a harmless, localized growth of _____ forming cells.
mole; melanocytes
During the process of keratinization, the cell's _____ and organelles disintegrate and the cells start to die.
nucleus
The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the _____ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.
nucleus
The ______ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae.
papillary
The most superficial layer of the dermis is the ______ layer.
papillary
The two layers of the dermis are the ______ layers.
papillary and reticular
Epidermal dendritic cells accomplish their immune function by their ______ activity, which initiates an immune response against invaders.
phagocytic
The ______ layer of the dermis consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers.
reticular
The deepest layer of the dermis is the ______ layer.
reticular
The ______ of the dermis forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from the papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.
reticular layer
The substances that make sweat feel gritty are water ______ and ______.
salts; urea
______ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant.
sebum
Because skin can absorb certain chemicals and block others, it is described as _____ permeable.
selectively
When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ endings in the dermis.
sensory nerve
After a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ______ and it begins to lose its ability to divide.
spinosum
Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.
stratified squamous
The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.
stratum basale
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.
stratum corneum
The ______ layer is not part of the integumentary system.
subcutaneous
On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, _____ glands, _____ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.
sweat; sebaceous
Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ______.
tactile cells
The stratum lucidum is found only in ______.
thick skin
There are three main variations in the epidermis. These variations are _____, colorations, and skin markings.
thickness
The delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called ______ administration.
transdermal
The release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called _____.
transpiration
Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about _____ weeks. The dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional _____ weeks. Overall, keratinocytes are present for about _____ month following their formation.
two; two; one
Drugs are often injected into the subcutaneous layer because its extensive ______ network promotes rapid absorption. Multiple choice question. collagen
vascular
If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels ______ so more blood can travel ______ to the surface and excess can be lost.
vasodilate; close
