ANATOMY CH 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
stratum corneum, thin
*Thick skin* covers palms, soles, & surfaces of fingers + toes: --epidermis is 0.5 mm thick b/c of very thick surface layer of dead cells called __________ ---resists pressure & friction palms & soles are subjected to --- has sweat glands but no hair / oil glands *______skin has hair, oil glands, & sweat glands ---Covers rest of body
sudoriferous glands
- sweat glands - 2 types ~ eccrine & apocrine
Second degree burn
-aka partial thickness burn -epidermis & dermis, blistered & painful -damaged hair follicles, nerve endings & cutaneous glands -severe sunburns & scalds
Simple columnar epithelium
-single layer of tall narrow cells Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action., movement of egg & embryo in uterine tube Location: nonciliated type: lining of stomach,intestines, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
stratified cuboidal epithelium
2 or more layers of cells, surface cells roughly square or round Function: sweat secretion, ovarian hormones, sperm Location: ducts of sweat glands, egg producing follicles of ovaries, sperm producing ducts of testes
Cartilage
A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. Chondroblasts - cells that secrete cartilage matrix Lacunae - small cavity surrounding a chondrocyte Chondrocytes - cartilage cells in lucunae Avascular Subtypes Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
smooth
Arrector pili muscle that pulls the hair erect when we have goosebumps is this type of muscle
medulla
At the center of each hair is a loosely arranged core of cells and air spaces. This region is called the ______.
connective tissue
Binding of organs Support Physical protection Immune protection Movement Storage Heat production Transport
Arrector pili
Bundle of smooth muscle cells attached to the connective tissue sheath around the hair follicle ---In response to cold, contracts, and makes hair stand on end (goosebumps)
A
Cells in the stratum spinosum are nourished by blood vessels located in the ______. A) dermis B) stratum basale C) stratum corneum D) stratum lucidum Hint: are there blood vessels in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
Cells of Epidermis: 1)________Majority of epidermal cells ---synthesize keratin
Stem cells
Cells of Epidermis: 2) ___________: Undifferentiated cells, divide to form keratinocytes, found in deepest layer of epidermis: stratum basale
Melanocytes
Cells of Epidermis: 3) ________: Only in stratum basale, deepest layer of epidermis ---Synthesize melanin: brown/ black pigment ---have long branches that spread among keratinocytes & shed melanin containing fragments: melanosomes from their tips ---Keratinocytes phagocyte the fragments & cumulate melanin granules on sunny side of nucleus: ---*also deposit melanin into keratinocyte* ---Like umbrella, pigment shields DNA from UV radiation
Integumentary system
Consists of the skin, hair, nails, & cutaneous glands
myoepithelial cells
Contract in response to stimulation by sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct -found in both apocrine & eccrine
lanugo
Downy hair, unpigmented hair of fetus
method of exocrine secretion
Eccrine glands (=Merocrine glands ) Exocytosis Tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, others Apocrine glands Some glands called apocrine but they are not and the name stuck. (Residual name). They are mainly merocrine Mammary and axillary glands Not in axillary area in Koreans; sparse in Japanese Holocrine glands Entire cell is secreted Oil-producing glands of scalp and eyelid
third degree burn
Epidermis & dermis completely destroyed -contracture & disfigurement
simple epithelium
Every cell on basement membrane Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Pseudostratified columnar Goblet cells
cells of connective tissue
Fibroblasts - produce fibers and ground substance Macrophages - eat bacteria and debris Leukocytes - white blood cells (such as neutrophils and lymphocytes) that help in body defenses Plasma cells - produce antibodies Mast cells - secrete heparin and histamine Adipocytes - fat cells
epithelial root sheath, connective tissue root sheath
Follicle = diagonal tube that dips deeply into the dermis, 2 layers: 1) ______________:Extension of epidermis, adjacent to hair root -at deep end of follicle, widens to form bulge w/ stem cells for follicle growth 2)______________: derived from Dermis, surrounds epithelial root sheath, denser than adjacent dermal connective tissue
CT scan
Formally CAT scan (computerized axial tomographic) Cross-section X-rays Images are then stacked by a computer to reveal tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, etc.
water retention
Function of Skin: 2)________: skin is barrier to water, prevents body from absorbing excess water when swimming or bathing ---prevent body from losing water to surrounding air
Vitamin D
Function of Skin: 3)_________Synthesis: Skin carries out first step, need for bone development & maintenance, liver & kidneys complete process
Sensation
Function of skin: 4) __________: Skin is most extensive sense organ ---nerve endings react to heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration & tissue injury --esp abundant in face, palms, fingers, soles, nipples, genitals
thermoregulation
Function of skin: 5) ________: thermoreceptors monitor body surface temperature ---cutaneous vasoconstriction: When body is cold, skin retains heat by constricting blood vessel, keep warm blood deeper in body ---cutaneous vasodilation: when body is hot, get rid of excess heat by dilating vessels, blood flows close to surface to release heat thru skin
keratin, acid mantle
Functions of Skin: 1) Resistance to trauma & infection ---Epidermal cells have protein ________ & linked by desmosomes: give skin durability ---Bacteria & fungi can colonize skin surface, but dryness & acidity keeps then from proliferating: ---protective acidic film = _____, contains antimicrobial chemicals ---immune cells: dendritic cells in epidermis protect against pathogens that enter
Marfan syndrome
Genetic disorder of the connective tissue. ---tend to be tall and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers and toes. They also typically have flexible joints and scoliosis - • Need certain percent of collagen & elastin to withstand force of heart (aorta) • -Heart ejects blood w/ massive force, aorta may rupture • Marfan syndrome: aneurysm Very tall, issue w/ connective tissue, involve irregularity in fibroblast & production of elastin & collagen
A
Hair and nails are composed of hard keratin while the stratum corneum is mostly soft keratin. The difference is _______. A) hard keratin is compact and crosslinked B) soft keratin contains adipose tissue C) hard keratin contains minerals D) soft keratin contains crosslinked fibers --hair & nails made of keratinized dead epidermal cells
dermal papilla
Hair bulb grows around the ___________, vascular connective tissue that supplies blood to the hair
Hair bulb
Hair root ends in dermis / hypodermis w/ swollen base called: ________________-
Terminal
Hair that is longer, coarser & more heavily pigmented than vellus, forms eyebrows & eyelashes, covers scalp, pubic hair, male facial hair
C
Hair that serves to retain heat and shade the skin from UV radiation is found on the ______. A) head, arms, and legs B) all of the body C) scalp D) hair does not play this role in humans
dense regular connective tissue
Highly organized fibers Mainly fibroblasts Location: Tendons and ligaments Elastic tissue (e.g., in vocal cords) -resist stress
Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: surface = dead cells packed w/ keratin -*no blood vessels*, depend on diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue
Hair matrix
Located above dermal papilla, region of actively dividing cells , hairs growth center, all cells igher are ded
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Soft tissue visualization fMRI - functional moment-to-moment change --Functional MRI is a type of MRI that allows us to examine changes in blood flow to local parts of brain, which provides an indirect measure of brain activity
B
Melanocytes: A) drift upwards into the stratum corneum as they are replaced B) deposit pigment in the interstitial spaces in the epidermis C) replicate more frequently in dark skinned people D) freely release melanin into the interstitial spaces
Cortex
Middle layer of the hair --consists of elongated keratinzied cells
Mammary glands
Milk-producing gland of women in breasts in pregnancy & lactation -modified apocrine sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
Modified apocrine (sweat) glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Multilayers, w/ goblet cells Function: secrete & propel mucus Location: respiratory tract from nasal cavity to bronchi, male urethra
stratified squamous epithelium keratinized
Multiple cell layers Location: epidermis, palms & soles Functions: Resist abrasion & water loss, resist penetration by pathogens
stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized
Multiple cell layers with cells becoming increasingly flat toward the surface without a superficial layer of dead cells Location: tongue, esophagus, vagina, anal canal Function: resist abrasion resist penetration by pathogens
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Muscular Tissue: _____________ Muscle fibers Striations Voluntary _____________ Cardiocytes (myocytes) Striations Intercalated discs Involuntary ___________ Fusiform myocytes Non-striated Involuntary , contraction
First degree burn
Only epidermis -redness, slight edema, pain ex) sunburn
Cuticle
Outer layer of hair --Composed of multiple layers of thin, scaly surface cells that overlap like roof shingles facing opp. direction -resist pulling on the hair
dense irregular connective tissue
Random arrangement of fibers Resists stress Location: Most of dermis, Protective capsules around liver, kidneys, spleen, fibrous sheath
Psoriasis
Recurring reddened plaques covered w/ silvery scale -sometimes disfiguring, maybe caused by autoimmune response
loose connective tissue
Reticular - supports lymphatic organs -lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow Areolar - abundant, binds epithelia to deeper tissue, allow passage of nerves & blood vessels thru other tissues -underneath all epithelia, surround blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, trachea,
Sebaceous glands
Secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis -abundant on scalp & face
peritoneum
Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Cavity: ___________ Parietal and visceral. Peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal fluid. Retroperitoneal position -outside of peritoneum. Intraperitoneal - surrounded by peritoneum. Serosa - visceral peritoneum divides and wraps around organ
exocrine secretions
Serous glands - secrete thin, watery fluids Mucous glands - secrete mucin that absorbs water to form mucus Mixed glands - secrete a mix of watery and mucous secretions Cytogenic glands - release whole cells (e.g., ovaries release egg cells)
solitus, inversus, perversus
Situs__________- - normal arrangement Situs _____________ - reversed position of organs Situs____________ - one organ atypically positioned or on occasions, organ missing.
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Skin = body's largest & heaviest organ: 2 layers: __________: stratified squamous epithelium _________: deeper connective tissue layer ________: connective tissue layer not part of skin
thoracic cavity
Superior to the diaphragm - Mediastinum - Pericardium Pericardial cavity Pericardial fluid - Pleura Pleural cavity Pleural fluid
D
The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion: The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion: A) asymmetry, brightness, color, and diameter. B) aspect, brightness, color, and distance. C) aspect, border irregularity, color, and distance. D) asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter. E)area, border irregularity, color, and density.
E
The __________ layer of the epidermis is absent from most areas of the body. A) stratum corneum B) stratum spinosum C) stratum basale D) stratum granulosum E) stratum lucidum
melanocytes, keratinocytes
The cells of the epidermis include stem cells, Langerhans or dendritic cells, tactile disc cells, ___________________, and ________________
A
The hair root is ______. A) the portion of the hair above the bulb, but still in the skin B) the portion of the hair above the epidermis C) the swollen base of hair in the dermis or hypodermis D) the portion of the hair surrounding the dermal papilla
Hair root
The part of the hair located below the surface of the epidermis.
epithelial tissue
Tissue that covers organs, forms glands, protection, secretion, absorption Found in: epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver. -One or more layers Closely adhered cells Form surfaces Avascular Basement membrane Basal and apical surfaces
Hyaline cartilage
Translucent bluish white cartilage consisting of cells embedded in an apparently homogeneous matrix, -larynx, thin articular cartilage over ends of bones at movable joint, costal cartilage attaches ribs to sternum -ease joint movement, hold airway open during respiration, move vocal cord during speech
stratified epithelium
Two or more layers Named by top layer Stratified squamous Stratified cuboidal Transitional
Apocrine glands
Type of Sweat gland, thicker sweat -ducts open into hair follicle -occur in groin, anal, armpit, areola -scent glands, respond to stress & sexual stim -pheromones -develop as outgrowth of hair follicle
Vellus
Type of hair in babies, children & women, fine, pale hair, but NOT for eyebrows, eyelashes & scalp
Eccrine/Merocrine
Type of sweat gland that is widely distributed in most areas of the body. -simple ducts lead to pores at skin surface -palms soles, body -functions to cool body
transitional epithelium
Umbrella cells in transitional epithelial tissue is protected from constant contact with urine in kidney pelvis, ureter and bladder. Have lipid rafts and proteins uroplakins in cell membrane.
B
What are the three concentric regions of the hair from the outside to the inside? A) Medulla, cortex, cuticle B) Cuticle, cortex, medulla C) Cortex, cuticle, medulla D) Cuticle, hyponychium, medulla
D
What is the most widely distributed sweat gland in the body? A) Ceruminous B) Sudoriferous C) Sebaceous D) Eccrine (Merocrine) E) Aprocrine
d
Which of the following does not interfere with microbial invasion of the skin? A) Keratin B) The acid mantle C) Cerumen D) Melanin E) Sebum
A
Which of the following sequences correctly describes the layers of the integument from the most superficial to the deepest layers? A) Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous B) Dermis, subcutaneous, epidermis C) Subcutaneous, dermis, epidermis D) Epidermis, subcutaneous, dermis
D
Which tissue is found lining the lumen of the esophagus and adult vagina? A) Transitional epithelium B) Simple squamous epithelium C) Stratified columnar epithelium D) Stratified squamous epithelium E) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
B
Which two strata of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer? A) Basale and corneum B) Spinosum and basale C) Corneum and lucidum D) Lucidum and granulosum E) Granulosum and spinosum
nail bed, hyponychium, lunule, eponychium
____: skin underlying nail plate _________: epidermis of nail bed ____: opaque white cresent _________: aka cuticle, narrow zone of dead skin nail matrix = where growth happens
alopecia, pattern baldness
_____: thinning of hair ________________: occurs more often in males b/c affected by testosterone levels
telogen
_________-: Rest phase (resting phase) the final phase in the hair cycle that lasts until the fully grown hair is shed.
abdominal, pelvic
__________ cavity Superior portion Contains most of the digestive organs Spleen, kidneys, and ureters ___________- cavity Inferior portion Distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
anagen
__________: Cells divide, Growth phase in the hair cycle in which a new hair shaft is created
catagen
__________: Club hair forms the brief transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair follicle, generate club hair (easily pulled out by brushing)
endocrine, exocrine
___________ gland secretes hormone into blood ____________ gland uses duct to secrete to body surface or cavity
saggital
____________ - right/left portions Median (midsagittal) plane - equal halves Parasagittal - unequal portions Frontal (coronal) plane - anterior/posterior portions Transverse (horizontal) plane - superior/inferior portions
E
_____________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue. A) First-degree B) Partial-thickness C) Second-degree D) Malignant E) Third-degree
radiopaque, angiography
______________-- visualization of hollow organs _____________ - blood vessels
nail body, nail root, nail fold
_______________:visible part of the nail _____________: extends under skin __________: surrounding skin rises above nail, separated from margin of nail plate by nail groove
elastic cartilage
cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage -external ear, epiglottis -provide flexible support
Nails
clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum -made of thin, dead scaly cells -densely packed, filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin
Transitional Epithelium
function: protect underlying tissue from effects of urine stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
pilus
hair: thin filament of keratinized cells that grows from hair follicle
Nail plate
hard part of the nail, includes free edge overhanging the tip of finger or toe, nail body and root
acne
inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin, -begin at puberty -follicle becomes blocked w/ keratinocytes & sebum, develops into blackhead (comedo) composed of these & bacteria -continued inflammation of follicle results in pus production & pimples
Hair receptors
nerve fibers that wrap around follicle and respond to hair movement
ectoderm
outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin -produce epidermis 2 layers: periderm & basal layer, intermediate layer produces keratinocytes -embryonic germ layer produces eccrine glands
fibrocartilage
resists compression, absorb shock transitional tissue btw hylaine & elastic location: intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cube shape cells Function: secretion and absorption, production of respiratory mucus Location: liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary, bronchioles, Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flattened cells Function: rapid diffusion thru membranes, secrete lubricating serous fluid Location: air sac of lungs -glomerular capsules of kidney -kidney tubule -inner lining of heart -stomach, intestine -pericardium, pleurae
mesoderm
the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm. -produces dermis -mesenchyme
Hair shaft
the part of the hair that is above the skin