Anatomy Chapter 5

What is a pacinian corpuscle?

They are nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to deep pressure touch and high frequency vibration.

What is the role of lamellated granules in the stratum granulosum?

They secrete a waterproofing glycolipid into the extracellular space that slows water loss across the epidermis.

Following their production in red bone marrow, dendritic cells circulate to what primary layer of the skin?

epidermis

Which layer of the integument contains the stratum basale?

epidermis

Which primary layer of the skin contains lamellated granules that aid in waterproofing?

epidermis

What layer of skin develops from the ectoderm?

epidermis (including stratum corneum, hair follicle, stratum spinosum...)

The proximal nail fold is also called the nail's

eponychium

Which of the following is an accurate description of sweat?

filtrate of blood, released by exocytosis, contains metabolic wastes.

where the epithelial root sheath meets the connective tissue root sheath

glassy membrane

epithelial cells in the hair bulb that proliferate to form the hair shaft

hair matrix

Thick skin __________.

has a thicker stratum granulosum and stratum corneum than thin skin contains an additional layer (stratum)

The subpapillary plexus

nourishes the dermal papillae and epidermis.

Functions of keratin in the skin include __________.

producing antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals

Since both hair and skin contain keratin, the hair shaft is most comparable to what part of the epidermis?

stratum corneum

Which layer of the epidermis contains keratohyalin granules and lamellated granules

stratum granulosum

The thickness of skin is determined by the presence of the ______________ and the thickness of the _________________

stratum lucidum; stratum corneum

The coarse hairs in the skin of the perineum and axillary regions are all ________ hairs.

terminal

Holocrine secretion involves

the bursting of the glandular epithelial cell.

A partial-thickness burn involves

the epidermis and papillary layer of the dermis

The epidermis is a keratinized ________ epithelium.

stratified squamous

Apocrine sweat glands are involved with

-secretion of pheromones -produce a sweat that is viscous and sometimes milky -function in perceived attractiveness and mate selection

Average length of active phase of a hair follicle in the scalp?

4 years

Which statement is FALSE concerning the skin's role in protection? The epidermis is waterproof, preventing unnecessary water loss. Cells in the dermis produce pigments that protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The skin protects the body from invading microorganisms. The skin insulates the body's deeper organs.

Cells in the dermis produce pigments that protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

The outermost layer of the hair is called the _________________.

Cuticle

Temperature regulation

Dermal blood vessels

Body stocking; considered as our "hide"

Dermis

Create fingerprints; are "sweat films;" friction ridges

Epidermal ridges

What is the fate of melanin above the stratum basale in dark-skinned people? It becomes lighter. It is digested by lysosomes. It occupies keratinocytes throughout the epidermis. It mingles with keratohyalin granules.

It occupies keratinocytes throughout the epidermis.

Which of the following statements is true concerning skin pigmentation?

Melanin may be yellow, brown, or black, which contributes to differences in skin pigmentation among different groups of people.

The cells responsible for producing and adding pigment to the epidermis are the ____________.

Melanocytes

Which embryonic layer forms the hypodermal and dermal layer of the skin?

Mesoderm

For safety, many times before surgery the hospital staff and anesthesiologist or anesthetist request that a patient_____________.

Nail polish can interfere with the evaluation of the oxygenation of hemoglobin, whether one is simply looking at a nail bed or using a pulse oximeter (a device that determines the level of hemoglobin oxygenation through the nail beds).

The _________________ is an example of dense irregular connective tissue.

Reticular dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue; 80% of dermis

Reticular layer

Ducts from the ____________ glands empty into hair follicles.

Sebaceous

As a certified nursing assistant, you are charged with watching the skin health of your patients. You should make sure that patients who have poor circulation and are confined to bed change their position____________.

Since decubiti can form within 2 to 3 hours, this is an optimal regimen.

Identify tissue types that make up the layers of the skin from superficial to deep

Stratified squamous epithelium; areolar connective tissue; dense irregular connective tissue

The thick cells of the palm and foot have a thicker layer of ______________.

Stratum corneum

Blood vessels supplying superficial dermis and epidermis

Subpapillary plexus

What explains male pattern baldness?

Terminal hairs are replaced by vellus hairs. Hair growth cycles shorten. Hair shafts may not reach the surface.

Why can humans dissipate heat so well, compared to other animals?

Why can humans dissipate heat so well, compared to other animals? Humans have more extensive dermal blood vessels than any other animal.

Basal cell carcinoma

a malignant cancer, but it is typically not aggressive. It is very slow-moving and can be successfully removed in almost all cases. It originates and spreads from the stratum basale into the dermis and hypodermis.

When doctors make incisions on the body based on the lines of cleavage of the skin, these cleavage lines are based on the arrangement of collagen fibers in which layer of the skin?

dermis

Any condition involving absence or loss of hair is called

alopecia

The type of sweat gland that begins to function at puberty and is involved in sexual signaling is

apocrine

What is the ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma?

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter

least malignant and most common of the skin cancers where cells of the stratum basale proliferate, invading the dermis and hypodermis, and causing tissue erosions there; mostly dome-shaped, shiny nodules on sun-exposed areas of the face

basal cell carcinoma

The cells in the skin that store the most melanin granules are

basal keratinocytes

Which primary layer of the skin provides a pink undertone to Caucasian skin?

dermis

Modified sweat glands that line the external ear canal are __________ glands

ceruminous

In the thick skin of the palm, the layer of the epidermis directly deep to the stratum corneum is the stratum ________.

contain glycolipids that are secreted from cells in the stratum granulosum.

single layer of flattened, overlapping cells; prevents hair from matting

cuticle

Nutrients enter a hair follicle through the

dermal papilla

Diffusion of chemicals from a transdermal patch must reach what layer of the skin to be effective?

dermis

Identify the layer of the skin that contains most of the sensory receptors.

dermis

Visible stretch marks on the skin surface are actually the result of microscopic tears in collagen fibers in which layer?

dermis

When a blister forms due to friction, liquid pools between the epidermis and what other layer of the integument?

dermis

If you were to have liposuction, you would have tissue removed from which layer?

hypodermis

Which tissue layer deep to the integument acts as a shock and thermal insulator?

hypodermis

The only cell type found superficial to the stratum spinosum in the epidermis is the

keratinocyte

Light-skinned people have less melanin in the superficial layers of their epidermis because

keratinocytes in their deeper layers rapidly digest melanin

Most aspects of skin aging are caused by "photoaging." Characteristics of photoaged skin include __________.

liver spots and decreased amount of collagen in the dermis

In the thick skin of the palm, the layer of the epidermis directly deep to the stratum corneum is the _________________.

lucidum

region of thickened nail matrix

lunula

What are the current hypotheses proposed for the evolution of skin color?

protecting the level of vitamin D protecting the level of folic acid preventing damage to DNA

a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around a hair bulb

root hair plexus

oily product that helps make skin smooth and hair glossy

sebum

sebaceous gland is classified as a ________ gland.

simple alveolar

The type of skin cancer that arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum is

squamous cell carcinoma

As a person balds, a terminal hair is replaced by

vellus hair

Languno hair is replaced in a fetus by

vellus hair

The "cheesy" layer on the skin of a newborn is

vernix caseosa