Anatomy Chapter 5
What is a pacinian corpuscle?
They are nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to deep pressure touch and high frequency vibration.
What is the role of lamellated granules in the stratum granulosum?
They secrete a waterproofing glycolipid into the extracellular space that slows water loss across the epidermis.
Following their production in red bone marrow, dendritic cells circulate to what primary layer of the skin?
epidermis
Which layer of the integument contains the stratum basale?
epidermis
Which primary layer of the skin contains lamellated granules that aid in waterproofing?
epidermis
What layer of skin develops from the ectoderm?
epidermis (including stratum corneum, hair follicle, stratum spinosum...)
The proximal nail fold is also called the nail's
eponychium
Which of the following is an accurate description of sweat?
filtrate of blood, released by exocytosis, contains metabolic wastes.
where the epithelial root sheath meets the connective tissue root sheath
glassy membrane
epithelial cells in the hair bulb that proliferate to form the hair shaft
hair matrix
Thick skin __________.
has a thicker stratum granulosum and stratum corneum than thin skin contains an additional layer (stratum)
The subpapillary plexus
nourishes the dermal papillae and epidermis.
Functions of keratin in the skin include __________.
producing antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals
Since both hair and skin contain keratin, the hair shaft is most comparable to what part of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis contains keratohyalin granules and lamellated granules
stratum granulosum
The thickness of skin is determined by the presence of the ______________ and the thickness of the _________________
stratum lucidum; stratum corneum
The coarse hairs in the skin of the perineum and axillary regions are all ________ hairs.
terminal
Holocrine secretion involves
the bursting of the glandular epithelial cell.
A partial-thickness burn involves
the epidermis and papillary layer of the dermis
The epidermis is a keratinized ________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
Apocrine sweat glands are involved with
-secretion of pheromones -produce a sweat that is viscous and sometimes milky -function in perceived attractiveness and mate selection
Average length of active phase of a hair follicle in the scalp?
4 years
Which statement is FALSE concerning the skin's role in protection? The epidermis is waterproof, preventing unnecessary water loss. Cells in the dermis produce pigments that protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The skin protects the body from invading microorganisms. The skin insulates the body's deeper organs.
Cells in the dermis produce pigments that protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
The outermost layer of the hair is called the _________________.
Cuticle
Temperature regulation
Dermal blood vessels
Body stocking; considered as our "hide"
Dermis
Create fingerprints; are "sweat films;" friction ridges
Epidermal ridges
What is the fate of melanin above the stratum basale in dark-skinned people? It becomes lighter. It is digested by lysosomes. It occupies keratinocytes throughout the epidermis. It mingles with keratohyalin granules.
It occupies keratinocytes throughout the epidermis.
Which of the following statements is true concerning skin pigmentation?
Melanin may be yellow, brown, or black, which contributes to differences in skin pigmentation among different groups of people.
The cells responsible for producing and adding pigment to the epidermis are the ____________.
Melanocytes
Which embryonic layer forms the hypodermal and dermal layer of the skin?
Mesoderm
For safety, many times before surgery the hospital staff and anesthesiologist or anesthetist request that a patient_____________.
Nail polish can interfere with the evaluation of the oxygenation of hemoglobin, whether one is simply looking at a nail bed or using a pulse oximeter (a device that determines the level of hemoglobin oxygenation through the nail beds).
The _________________ is an example of dense irregular connective tissue.
Reticular dermis
Dense irregular connective tissue; 80% of dermis
Reticular layer
Ducts from the ____________ glands empty into hair follicles.
Sebaceous
As a certified nursing assistant, you are charged with watching the skin health of your patients. You should make sure that patients who have poor circulation and are confined to bed change their position____________.
Since decubiti can form within 2 to 3 hours, this is an optimal regimen.
Identify tissue types that make up the layers of the skin from superficial to deep
Stratified squamous epithelium; areolar connective tissue; dense irregular connective tissue
The thick cells of the palm and foot have a thicker layer of ______________.
Stratum corneum
Blood vessels supplying superficial dermis and epidermis
Subpapillary plexus
What explains male pattern baldness?
Terminal hairs are replaced by vellus hairs. Hair growth cycles shorten. Hair shafts may not reach the surface.
Why can humans dissipate heat so well, compared to other animals?
Why can humans dissipate heat so well, compared to other animals? Humans have more extensive dermal blood vessels than any other animal.
Basal cell carcinoma
a malignant cancer, but it is typically not aggressive. It is very slow-moving and can be successfully removed in almost all cases. It originates and spreads from the stratum basale into the dermis and hypodermis.
When doctors make incisions on the body based on the lines of cleavage of the skin, these cleavage lines are based on the arrangement of collagen fibers in which layer of the skin?
dermis
Any condition involving absence or loss of hair is called
alopecia
The type of sweat gland that begins to function at puberty and is involved in sexual signaling is
apocrine
What is the ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma?
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter
least malignant and most common of the skin cancers where cells of the stratum basale proliferate, invading the dermis and hypodermis, and causing tissue erosions there; mostly dome-shaped, shiny nodules on sun-exposed areas of the face
basal cell carcinoma
The cells in the skin that store the most melanin granules are
basal keratinocytes
Which primary layer of the skin provides a pink undertone to Caucasian skin?
dermis
Modified sweat glands that line the external ear canal are __________ glands
ceruminous
In the thick skin of the palm, the layer of the epidermis directly deep to the stratum corneum is the stratum ________.
contain glycolipids that are secreted from cells in the stratum granulosum.
single layer of flattened, overlapping cells; prevents hair from matting
cuticle
Nutrients enter a hair follicle through the
dermal papilla
Diffusion of chemicals from a transdermal patch must reach what layer of the skin to be effective?
dermis
Identify the layer of the skin that contains most of the sensory receptors.
dermis
Visible stretch marks on the skin surface are actually the result of microscopic tears in collagen fibers in which layer?
dermis
When a blister forms due to friction, liquid pools between the epidermis and what other layer of the integument?
dermis
If you were to have liposuction, you would have tissue removed from which layer?
hypodermis
Which tissue layer deep to the integument acts as a shock and thermal insulator?
hypodermis
The only cell type found superficial to the stratum spinosum in the epidermis is the
keratinocyte
Light-skinned people have less melanin in the superficial layers of their epidermis because
keratinocytes in their deeper layers rapidly digest melanin
Most aspects of skin aging are caused by "photoaging." Characteristics of photoaged skin include __________.
liver spots and decreased amount of collagen in the dermis
In the thick skin of the palm, the layer of the epidermis directly deep to the stratum corneum is the _________________.
lucidum
region of thickened nail matrix
lunula
What are the current hypotheses proposed for the evolution of skin color?
protecting the level of vitamin D protecting the level of folic acid preventing damage to DNA
a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around a hair bulb
root hair plexus
oily product that helps make skin smooth and hair glossy
sebum
sebaceous gland is classified as a ________ gland.
simple alveolar
The type of skin cancer that arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum is
squamous cell carcinoma
As a person balds, a terminal hair is replaced by
vellus hair
Languno hair is replaced in a fetus by
vellus hair
The "cheesy" layer on the skin of a newborn is
vernix caseosa