anatomy chapter 6 practice test

56) The femur can withstand ________ times the bodyʹs weight without breaking. A) 3 B) 5 to 10 C) 8 D) 10 to 15 E) 30

10-15

122) A sample of bone has lamellae that are not arranged in osteons. Is the sample more likely from the epiphysis or from the diaphysis? (Module 6.5C) A) epiphysis B) diaphysis

122: epiphysis

38) Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50

2

88) The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events? A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 4,2,1,3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4

4,2,1,3

57) ________ bone does not contain capillaries, but receives nutrients through its canaliculi. A) Lamellar B) Osteonic C) Woven D) Compact E) Spongy

57: Spongy

58) ________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long

58: spongy

72) Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the A) osteoblasts. B) osteocytes. C) osteoid. D) osteogenic cells. E) osteoclasts.

72: osteoclasts

34) Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) an organic framework is formed. C) bony matrix is dissolved. D) osteoid is calcified. E) fractured bones regenerate.

Bone matrix is dissolved

69) During appositional growth, A) bones grow longer. B) bones grow wider. C) bone is replaced by cartilage. D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E) osteoblasts are overwhelmed by osteocytes

Bones grow wider

95) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroid hormone. C) parathyroid hormone. D) growth hormone. E) testosterone.

Calcitonin

37) ________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone. A) Water B) Calcium carbonate C) Collagen fibers D) Fluoride E) Calcium phosphate

Calcium phosphate

40) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) central canals. B) lacunae. C) canaliculi. D) medullary cavities. E) foramina.

Canaliculi

74) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model. C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoblasts model.

Cartilage model

48) ________ are stronger than steel when stretched. A) Lamellae B) Collagen fibers C) Mesenchymal cells D) Hydroxyapatite cells E) Lacunae

Collagen fibers

109) A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture. A) Colles B) Pottʹs C) simple D) greenstick E) transverse

Colles

111) A ________ fracture produces shattered bone fragments. A) comminuted B) compression C) greenstick D) transverse E) displaced

Comminuted

110) The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture. A) transverse B) spiral C) compression D) compound E) Pottʹs

Compression

54) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of compact bone? A) The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteocytes. C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients. D) It is the site of hematopoiesis. E) It contains osteons.

It is the site of hematopoiesis

89) Which of the following statements about Marfanʹs syndrome is false? A) It results in short, stubby fingers. B) It results from a mutation. C) It affects connective tissue genes. D) It affects epiphyseal cartilages. E) None of the answers is correct.

It results from short stubby fingers

36) The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a A) Volkmannʹs canal. B) lacuna. C) trabecula. D) Haversian canal. E) Venetian canal.

Lacuna

The medullary cavity of the bones contain A) compact bone B) osteons. C) cartilage D) marrow E) periosteum

Marrow

31) Which of the following best matches osteocyte? A) stem cell B) dissolves matrix C) mature bone cell D) secretes organic matrix E) produce blood cells

Mature bone cell

28) Fat is stored within the A) medullary cavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongy bone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis.

Medullary cavity

87) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteoprogenitor C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte

Mesenchymal

25) The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the A) diaphysis. B) epiphysis. C) osseophysis. D) metaphysis. E) medullary cavity.

Metaphysis

30) The opening in the diaphysis through which blood vessels provide oxygen to osteons is named the ________ foramen. A) metaphyseal B) medullary C) epiphyseal D) nutrient E) articular

Nutrient

71) During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone. A) osteolysis B) ossification C) appositional growth D) deposition E) perforation

Ossification

32) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) chondrocytes.

Osteoblasts

49) ________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels. A) Osteoblasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteogenic cells D) Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts

39) The lacunae of osseous tissue contain A) blood cells. B) osteocytes. C) chondroblasts. D) bone marrow. E) capillaries.

Osteocytes

42) The most abundant cell type in bone is A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) osteolytes. D) osteogenic cells. E) osteocytes.

Osteocytes

60) The trabeculae of spongy bone A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. B) are organized along stress lines. C) are composed mostly of cartilage. D) will collapse under stress. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis

are organized along stress lines.

59) In compact bone, the osteons are A) arranged in concentric lamellae. B) lined up perpendicular to the long axis. C) arranged in an irregular pattern. D) separated by medullary spaces. E) lacking in the diaphysis.

arranged in concentric lamellae

97) Which is greater? A) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased B) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is decreased

blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased

86) Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A) roof of the skull B) carpal bones C) femur D) clavicle E) both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

A rib is an example of a .......... bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid

flat

A rounded hole through a bone is termed a A) ramus B) foramen C) linea D) tubercle E) facet

foramen

a.... is a rounded passageways for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves A) line B) fissure C)ramus D) process E) foramen

foramen

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) fossa B) sulcus C) facet D) fissure E) line

fossa

the expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is serrated form the shaft by a narrower neck is termed a A) facet B) diaphysis C) head D) tubercle E) condyle

head

A projection at an angle on a bone is termed a A) trochlea B) canal C) condyle D) crest E) ramus

ramus

Bones that develop within tendons are called..... bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) wormian E) tendon

sesamoid

that carpal bones are examples of ......... bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

short

a chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a A) meatus B) fissure C) sinus D) sulcus E) facet

sinus

Small, oddly shaped bones that dill gaps between bones of the skull are called ........ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon

sutural

which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A) Body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) temperature regulation

temperature regulation

which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilages

tendons

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the A) ramus B) trochanter C) tuberosity D) tubercle E) condyle

trochanter

a......... is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley. A) tuberosity B) fossa C) trochanter D) trochlea E) meatus

trochlea

A small rough bump on a bone where a tendon attached is called a A) tuberosity B) ramus C) condyle D) diaphysis E) process

tuberosity

what part of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna

vertebra

98) The intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low is that calcium is A) released. B) excreted. C) conserved. D) absorbed quickly. E) absorbed slowly.

Absorbed quickly

85) When testosterone is increased in males at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly E) are hardly affected.

Accelerate rapidly

216 Test Bank for Visual Anatomy and Physiology, 3e 91) Excessive growth hormone after puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) acromegaly. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism.

Acromegaly

121) Define osteon. (Module 6.5A) A) An osteon is the functional unit of spongy bone. B) An osteon is the functional unit of compact bone. C) An osteon is the structural unit of spongy bone. D) An osteon is functional unit of trabecular bone. E) An osteon is the nest that an osteocyte occupies.

An osteon is the functional unit of compact bone

123) Define appositional growth. (Module 6.6A) A) Appositional growth is a decrease in bone diameter due to the addition of bone matrix at the endosteum of the medullary cavity. B) Appositional growth is a decrease in bone diameter due to the pulling of the epiphyses by muscles during physical activity. C) Appositional growth is an increase in bone diameter due to the pulling of the epiphyses by muscles during physical activity. D) Appositional growth is a decrease in bone diameter due to the addition of bone matrix at the boneʹs outer surface. E) Appositional growth is an increase in bone diameter due to the addition of bone matrix at the boneʹs outer surface.

Appositional growth is an increase in bone diameter due to the addition of bone matrix at the boneʹs outer surface.

6) Where is articular cartilage found, and how is it nourished? (Module 6.3C) A) Articular cartilage is found in the medullary cavity and is nourished by the nutrient artery. B) Articular cartilage is found down the length of the diaphysis and is nourished by the nutrient artery. C) Articular cartilage is found at both metaphyses and is nourished by the metaphyseal artery. D) Articular cartilage is found covering both epiphyseal portions of articulating bone and nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid within the joint. E) Articular cartilage is found in the medullary cavity and is nourished by the rich vascular red bone marrow.

Articular cartilage is found covering both epiphyseal portions of articulating bone and nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid within the joint.

29) ________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A) Yellow bone marrow B) Articular cartilage C) Red bone marrow D) Spongy bone E) The medullary cavity

Articulate cartilage

78) When estrogen is increased in females at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) are hardly affected

Become narrower

50) The central canal of an osteon contains A) bone marrow. B) osteocytes. C) concentric lamellae. D) blood vessels. E) lacunae.

Blood vessels

125) Define endochondral ossification. (Module 6.7A) A) Endochondral ossification is the formation of hyaline cartilage. B) Endochondral ossification is the formation of elastic cartilage. C) Endochondral ossification is the formation of fibrocartilage. D) Endochondral ossification is the replacement of a cartilage model with bone. E) Endochondral ossification is bone formation within connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilage model.

Endochondral ossification is the replacement of a cartilage model with bone.

70) The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epimysium. D) perimysium. E) perichondrium.

Endosteum

73) What structure allows a bone to grow in length? A) lacunae B) epiphyseal cartilages C) periosteal bud D) metaphysis E) trabeculae

Epiphyseal cartilages

27) The articular cartilage of a typical long bone covers portions of what part of the bone? A) metaphysis B) diaphysis C) epiphysis D) nutrient foramen E) medullary cavity

Epiphysis

103) Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a A) sprain. B) fracture. C) hematoma. D) callus. E) displacement

Fracture

90) Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) rickets. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism.

Gigantism

107) In a ________ fracture, one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent. A) compression B) comminuted C) Pottʹs D) greenstick E) Colles

Greenstick

77) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A) grow longer. B) grow wider. C) become shorter. D) become more porous and weaker. E) become thicker.

Grow longer

46) In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of A) calcium carbonate. B) hydroxyapatite. C) calcium apatite. D) carbonite. E) osteocyte.

Hydroxyapatite

118) Describe the functions of osteocytes. (Module 6.4B) A) Osteocytes are stem cells that form osteoblasts. B) Osteocytes are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix. C) Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix. D) Osteocytes are cells that remove the bone matrix. E) Osteocytes are cells that form cartilage.

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

47) Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are important in A) osteogenesis. B) bone resorption. C) releasing hydrochloric acid. D) derived from macrophages. E) releasing hydroxyapatite

Osteogenesis

44) ________ cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts, are located in the endosteum and inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteogenic E) Osteoblast

Osteogenic

33) ________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullary cells D) Osteogenic cells E) Squamous osteons

Osteogenic cells

117) Describe the functions of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts. (Module 6.4A) A) Osteogenic cells are stem cells that form osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix. B) Osteogenic cells are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix. Osteoblasts are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix. C) Osteogenic cells are stem cells that form osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are cells that remove bone matrix. D) Osteogenic cells are cells that remove bone matrix. Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix. E) Osteogenic cells are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix. Osteoblasts are cells that remove the bone matrix.

Osteogenic cells are stem cells that form osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix.

45) ________ is the organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone. A) Collagen B) Hydroxyapatite C) Lamella D) Osteocyte E) Osteoid

Osteoid

53) The structural units of mature compact bone are called A) lacunae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae.

Osteons

55) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal

Parallel

101) A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture. A) compression B) Pottʹs C) displaced D) greenstick E) Colles

Potts

41) The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

Protein-crystal

52) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A) spongy B) trabeculae C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular

Spongy

112) Describe the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton. (Module 6.1A) A) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull. The appendicular skeleton consists of the remaining bones of the skeleton. B) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull and vertebral column. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the thorax, limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle. C) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle. D) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, and pectoral girdle. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, and pelvic girdle. E) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, pectoral and pelvic girdles. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs.

The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle.

120) If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity in a bone, how will bone mass be affected? (Module 6.4D) A) The bone mineral content will increase and thus bone mass will increase. B) The bone mineral content will increase and thus bone mass will decrease. C) The bone mineral content will decrease and thus bone mass will decrease. D) The bone mineral content will decrease and thus bone mass will increase. E) The bone mineral content will decrease but bone mass will not change.

The bone mineral content will decrease and thus bone mass will decrease.

43) How would denaturing collagen from the bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? A) The bone would be less flexible. B) The bone would be stronger. C) The bone would be more brittle. D) The bone would be more flexible. E) The bone would be less compressible.

The bone would be more brittle

119) How would the compressive strength of a bone be affected if the ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased? (Module 6.4C) A) The compressive strength would decrease and the bone would become more flexible. B) The compressive strength would decrease and the bone would become less flexible. C) The compressive strength would increase and the bone would become more flexible. D) The compressive strength would increase and the bone would become less flexible. E) The compressive strength would not change but the bone would become more flexible.

The compressive strength would decrease and the bone would become more flexible.

75) Secondary ossification centers occur in A) the diaphysis. B) the periosteum. C) the epiphyses. D) the metaphyses. E) dermal bones.

The epiphyses

115) Describe the function of the medullary cavity. (Module 6.3B) A) The medullary cavity contains compact bone lamella oriented for strength. B) The medullary cavity contains spongy bone oriented along lines of stress. C) The medullary cavity is a fibrous membrane containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerves. D) The medullary cavity contains cartilage that allows long bones to get longer. E) The medullary cavity contains the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow.

The medullary cavity contains the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow.

124) As a bone increases in diameter, what happens to the medullary cavity? (Module 6.6B) A) The medullary cavity increases in diameter because bone matrix is removed by osteoblasts. B) The medullary cavity increases in diameter because bone matrix is removed by osteoclasts. C) The medullary cavity decreases in diameter because bone matrix is added by osteoclasts. D) The medullary cavity decreases in diameter because bone matrix is added by osteoblasts. E) The medullary cavity diameter does not change but fills in with more bone marrow.

The medullary cavity increases in diameter because bone matrix is removed by osteoclasts.

51) The interconnecting struts and plates found in spongy bone are called A) osteons. B) trabeculae. C) concentric lamellae. D) interstitial lamellae. E) lacunae.

Trabeculae

106) A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a(n) ________ fracture. A) compression B) comminuted C) articulated D) spiral E) transverse

Transverse

66) Osteocytes are embedded in a dense matrix of hydroxyapatite. Which of the following describes how osteocytes receive nutrients? A) by osmosis from neighboring osteocytes. B) by diffusion from neighboring osteoblasts cells traveling through lamellae. C) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through canaliculi. D) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through perforating canals. E) by diffusion directly from nutrients stored in the periosteum.

by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through canaliculi.

the most abundant mineral in the human body is? A) sodium B) potassium C) phosphorus D) calcium E) hydrogen

calcium

35) Which of the following is not present in bone? A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibers C) calcium carbonate D) chondroitin sulfate E) hydroxyapatite

chondroitin sulfate

68) In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone? A) osteons B) perforating fibers C) osteoclastic crypts D) circumferential lamellae E) None of the answers is correct

circumferential lamellae

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest B) ridge C) spine D) condyle E) trochlea

condyle

93) The hormone calcitonin A) stimulates osteoclast activity. B) decreases the rate of calcium excretion. C) decreases the rate of calcium absorption. D) decreases the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) stimulates osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts.

decreases the level of calcium ion in the blood.

94) Which of the following is true for parathyroid hormone? A) stimulates osteoblast activity. B) decreases the rate of calcium absorption. C) increase the rate of calcium excretion. D) lowers the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.

inhibits calcitonin secretion.

which of the following is NOT true of the skeletal system? A) it interacts with the muscular system to provide movement. B) it interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels. C) it interacts with the nervous system by providing protection to the spinal cord. D) it interacts with the cardiovascular system by providing blood cells. E) it interacts with the digestive system by absorbing more calcium when needed.

it interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels.

the humerus is an example of a(n) ............. bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

long

76) When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) puberty begins. B) interstitial bone growth begins. C) appositional bone growth begins. D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) the bone becomes more brittle

long bones have reached their adult length.

96) Which is greater? A) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is present B) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent