Anatomy Exam #1

According to the Frank-Starling law

as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.

In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n)

bacterial infection

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic; proteins

Which of the following receptors is found in the heart and when stimulated by epinephrine it will increase heart rate?

beta 1

Which of the following can result in a decrease in clotting time?

decrease blood calcium levels, liver disease, decrease vitamin K levels

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma

electrolytes

The external layer of the heart wall is the

epicardium

If an individual's erythrocytes exhibit surface antigen D, the person is said to be Rh negative.

false

TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4.

false

The audible heart sounds are caused by the contraction of the atria and ventricles.

false

The coronary sinus is a modified vein that collects venous blood from all areas of the heart and drains it directly into the left atrium of the heart

false

What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormone(s) due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood?

humoral stimulation

As the exercise progresses, muscular activity __________ venous return. This increases the _________ on the right ventricle.

increases; preload

During which event of the cardiac cycle are all four valves closed while both the atria and ventricles relax?

isovolumetric relaxation

Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because

it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle

Oxygenated blood flows from the __________ to the __________ before being pumped into the systemic circulation.

left atrium; left ventricle

The wall of the __________ is much thicker than any other chamber in the heart which allows for stronger contractions to pump blood through the systemic circulation.

left ventricle

In cases where the spleen is removed which organ takes over responsibility of removing old red blood cells?

liver

What organ makes most all of the plasma proteins?

liver

A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a

long half-life

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a

negative inotropic agent

In regards to red blood cell homeostasis which of the following is monitored by chemorectors and when levels are low results in the production of EPO.

oxygen levels

Hormones display _________ effects when one hormone allows the activity of a second hormone.

permissive

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

repolarization of ventricles

During erythropoiesis, the developing cell is referred to as a __________ during the final stage before becoming a fully mature erythrocyte.

reticulocyte

The cells of the ___________ act as the heart's pacemaker, which establishes the pace for cardiac activity.

sinoatrial (SA) node

The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the

tendinous cords

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

thrombin

Which of the following has the longest half-life?

thyroid hormone

The __________ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.

tricuspid

Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion.

true

TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary.

true

TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.

true

The P wave of the ECG coincides with ventricular filling.

true

__________ hormones are not attached to a carrier protein and are able to exit the blood and bind to cellular receptors.

unbound (free)

In cardiac muscle, after the plateau phase and at the beginning of repolarization,

voltage-gated potassium channels open

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a

white blood cell differential count

Aproximately how long do red blood cells live before being removed from circulation?

3-4 months

What might happen if the fibrous skeleton was missing?

All four heart chambers would contract nearly simultaneously.

What antibodies are individuals with type A negative blood born with?

Anti B

What are the primary blood vessel types and their functions? Check all that apply.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; Veins carry blood back to the heart; Capillaries are the sites of exchange between the blood and the lungs or body cells.

What is the correct order of mechanical events associated with cardiac muscle contraction?

Calcium entry into the sarcoplasm, calcium binds to troponin, muscle contracts, closing of calcium channels, calcium released from troponin, muscle relaxes

Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

Given that cardiac output equals ____________, there are only two ways to change it: change the heart rate or change the stroke volume.

HR x SV

What is the correct order of spread of the action potential through the heart's conduction system?

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers/cell gap junctions

Check all that are functions of the blood in the body.

Transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells; Transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs; Regulates body temperature; Helps maintain normal body pH levels; helps guard against infection.

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.

a, c, d, f

What are the primary variables influencing stroke volume (SV)? Check all that apply.

afterload; venous return or preload; contractility or inotropic agents

Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output?

an increase in afterload

Hormones from the hypothalamus control hormone secretion from what part of the pituitary and by what hormones from the hypothalamus? Check all that apply.

anterior pituitary; releasing hormones; inhibiting hormones

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

aortic semilunar valve