Anatomy Exam 3
carotid sinus
Respond to blood pressure, Carotid Body responds to partial pressures of O2/CO2, supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve
hypoglossus muscle
Retracts and pulls down side of tongue
ventricular fibulation
SA node, AV node all going at once (uncoordinated contraction)
Conduction system of the heart
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
Isotropic
The same in all directions (light can pass through)
the descending aorta becomes
Thoracic aorta then abdominal aorta
The Azygous vein drains ?
Thorax and lower body into SVC
posterior and anterior leg muscles (Tom, Dick, and Harry)
Tibialis Posterior, flexor digitorum longus, tibial artery, tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus
The largest muscle of the upper back is the:
Trapezius
small cardiac vein
Vein that travels along side the right marginal artery.
the jumping muscle
Gastrocnemius
Palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva
Conjunctiva that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and the anterior aspect of the globe to protect the eyeball from debris
adventitia/serosa
Connective tissue layer of the digestive tract
What are the thinnest blood vessels?
capillaries
moderator band (septomarginal trabecula)
carries a portion of the cardiac conduction system, the right bundle of the AV bundle, to the anterior wall of the right ventricle prevents over expansion of right ventricle
hepatic artery proper
carries oxygen rich blood to the liver
deltoid origin: Insertion:
Origin: clavicle and scapula Insertion: humerus
Deltoid (origin, insertion, action)
Origin: clavicle, scapula Insertion: humerus Action: abduction, flexion and extension of arm
The middle ear is made up of
Ossicles (MIS), auditory tube, tensor tympani and stapedius muscles
superior mesenteric artery supplies (P-D-S-L)
Pancreas, Duodunem, Small intestine, large intestine
When contracted, the soleus assists in the action of ____________ of the foot, while the tibialis anterior assists in the action of ______________ of the foot.
Plantar flexion, Dorsiflexion
what connects the basilar artery and internal carotid arteries
Posterior cerebral and posteriorcommunicating arteries
Right Coronory Artery
RIP (Right give to intervent posterior)
gonadal arteries branch to ___ in males and ___ in females
testicular arteries, ovarian arteries
Layers of blood vessels
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
Venules lack
tunica media
unencapsulated vs encapsulated receptors
un: tactile discs (merkel), root hair plexus {Free nerve end} en: tactile corpuscle, pacinian, bulbous corpuscle
types of tactile receptors
unencapsulated and encapsulated
extensor carpi ulnaris
extends and adducts wrist
rectus femoris
extends leg at knee
A muscle that flexes the knee would originate on the:
femur or coxal bone
Myocyte = Muscle _____ = Muscle ____
fiber, cell
2 parts of the pericardium
fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
the _____ band of the right ventricle Prevents _____ of the thin-walled right ventricle
moderator overextension
The endomysium is a layer of connective tissue that:
surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and therefore binds each muscle fiver to its neighbor, and supports capillaries that supply individual fibers.
skeletal muscle facia
surrounds grouping of muscles
nocireceptors respond to
pain
Fusiform
parallel muscle with an expanded midsection
serous pericardium layers
parietal and visceral
Which of the following muscles were used to perform a punch if we are discussing movement at the level of the SHOULDER joint?
pectoralis minor
Pericardial fluid located in the ______ _____ lubricates the space to reduce _____
pericardial cavity friction
Between the parietal and visceral layers
pericardial cavity with pericardial fluid
Layers of the heart (outer to inner)
pericardium (fibrous, serous), epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
The gastrocnemius acts to do the following:
plantar flex ankle, flex knee
the posterior leg muscles do this action
plantar flexion
muscles involved with plantar flexion are in the ____ of the leg and muscles involved with dorsiflexion of the the foot are are in the ____ of the leg
posterior anterior
Functions of the fibrous pericardium
prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum
abduction of shoulder muscles is also called _____
protraction
phasic receptors
rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off
the only leg flexor that starts at hip joint is ____ _____
rectus femoris
Which of the following adducts the scapula?
rhomboid minor
left and right gonadal vein draining differences
right drains directly to inferior vena cava left drains to left renal vein then into vena cava
splenius capitis function
rotates head, bends head to one side, or extends neck
great cardiac vein
runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery
middle cardiac vein
runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery
flexion of knee
semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, sartorius
tactile receptors are found in the ____, barorecptors are found _____, and proprioceptors are found _____
skin within body end of nerves, (body position without looking)
otoliths
small crystals in the fluid-filled vestibular sacs of the inner ear that, when shifted by gravity, stimulate nerve cells that inform the brain of the position of the head
olfaction is the sense of ___, which is accomplished with the help of olfactory ______. This sense is sent to CN #___ or _____ _____, then to the olfactory bulb to the _____
smell olfactory epithelium 1, olfactory nerve tract
sympathetic vs parasympathetic neurons of the heart
symp: increase heart rate and force of contractions para: decrease heart rate and force of contractions
3 types of mechanoreceptors
tactile receptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors
gustation is the sense of _____, which is accomplished with buds aka ____ cells as well as hairs aka _____. This sense travels from the _____ --> Thalamus --> _____ cortex of ______
taste gustatory microvilli tongue --> thalamus --> gustatory cortex of insula
tendon vs ligament
tendon: muscle to bone ligament: bone to bone
flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexes and adducts wrist
Sternoclediomastoid
Flexes and laterally rotates the head
biceps brachii
Flexes and supinates forearm
utricle and saccule
detect linear acceleration and the effects of gravity
Muscles that open the mouth
digastric and mylohyoid
The perimysium is a layer of connective tissue that:
divides the muscle into a series of internal compartments, each containing a bundle of muscle fibers called a fascicle
the anterior leg muscles do this action
dorsiflexion
deep palmar veins
drain into radial and ulnar veins from the digital veins
Posterior vein of the left ventricle
drains the area supplied by the circumflex artery Parallels the posterior left ventricular branch
Mechanoreceptors respond to
touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
What does acetylcholine do in skeletal muscles
triggers release of Na+
Cava foramen
where the inferior vena cava passes through
tonic vs phasic receptors
*Tonic receptors* show slow or no decline in action potential frequency. *Phasic receptors* adapt quickly by decreased frequency.
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
- unipennate: 1 grouping to point - bipennate: 2 groupings come to point - multipennate: 3+ groupings to point
vena caval foramen
-T8 -Inferior vena cava -Right phrenic nerve
abdominal aorta branches (Chris Stop, I really gotta itch)
-celiac trunk -superior mesenteric artery -inferior mesenteric artery -renal artery -gonadal artery -right and left common iliac arteries
12 cranial nerves
1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal
collateral arteries
Are connections, or anastomoses, between the branches of the coronary circulation. Protects the heart from ischemia. Are formed by arteriogenesis or angiogenesis.
lacrimal fluid
Basic Liquid that lubricates the eye.
Which muscle moves the arm and forearm
Biceps brachii
muscultaneous nerve
C5-C7
which cranial nerve passes through esophegeal hiatus
CN X
Chemoreceptors respond to
Chemical interaction (smell and taste)
Which of the following abducts the arm?
Deltoid and supraspinatus
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the:
Descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
inferior mesenteric artery supplies (the shi-De artery)
Descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
extensor carpi radialis longus
Extends wrist and abducts hand
muscles that adduct the arm
Lady double major: Latissimus dorsi teres major pectoralis major
celiac trunk
Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen.
cephalic vein
Large vein on the outermost side of the upper arm
extortion of eye
Lateral or temporal rotation of the eye around its anterior-posterior or torsional (Z) axis. Opposite of INTORTION.
ciliary zonule
Ligament that holds the lens in place
intortion of eye
Medial or nasal rotation of the eye around its anterior-posterior or torsional (Z) axis. Opposite of EXTORTION.
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart
Vastus lateralis origin: Insertion:
O: Femur(greater trochanter & linea aspera) I: tibia (tibial tuberosity)
Vastus intermedius origin: Insertion:
O: femur I: tibia
Vastus medialis origin: Insertion:
O: femur (linea aspera) I: tibia (tibial tuberosity)
Rectus femoris... origin: Insertion:
O: os coxa I: Tibia (tibial tuberosity)
internal carotid artery
Ophthalmic artery (supplies the eyes), Anterior cerebral artery (supplies frontal and parietal lobes) Middle cerebral artery (supplies the midbrain)
Metarterioles
Short vessels that link arterioles and capillaries
The myofibril is as long as the entire cell (T or F)
T
pectoralis minor and serratus minor both do this action
abduction/protraction of scapula
gluteus medius
abducts and medially rotates thigh (good for walking)
tonic receptors
adapt slowly or not at all
medial thigh muscles _____
adduction
genoglossus muscle
allows for the tongue to protract or stick out
gap junction in cardiac muscle
allows the cardiac muscle to communicate with itself, and allowing them to be controlled by the autonomic system. its self stimulating system
inversion of the ankle is accomplished by:
anterior leg muscles, posterior leg muscles
Venoconstriction of veins shifts blood toward _______ side of the circulation
arterial
both ventricles contract ____?
at the same time
The atrioventricular valves are open during ____ _____
atrial systole
Top of the heart is called
base
venous anastomoses
bed formed between two veins
Quadratus Lumborum
bilateral action: extends vertebral column unilateral action: laterally flexes vertebral column
all special senses use ____ neurons
bipolar
coronary arteries
blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
Vertebral artery supplies the ____ and _____, the right & left vertebral arteries join and become _____ artery
brain, spine Basilar
Thermoreceptors respond to
changes in temperature
The AV valves are supported by ____ ____ so that they do not blow back up into the atria during ventricular contraction
chordae tendineae
vascular portion of eye
choroid, ciliary body, iris
transverse abdominis
compresses abdomen
desmosome in cardiac muscle
connects two adjacent cardiac cells
neurogenic
controlled by nervous system
fibrous portion of eye
cornea, sclera
in order for a muscle to move a bone, it needs to ____ a _____
cross a joint
3 types of arteries
elastic, muscular, arterioles
AV valves are formed from folds of ______
endocardium
visceral layer of pericardium is called ______
epicardium
3 layers of the heart
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg ____ and muscles of the medial compartment of the leg _____
evert, invert
tensor fasciae latae
flexes and abducts thigh
Coracobrachialis
flexes and adducts arm
Illiopsoas
flexes hip, laterally bends vertebral column
flexor carpi radialis
flexes wrist and abducts hand
Which action is performed by most of the muscles located on the anterior compartment of the forearm?
flexion
Adduction at the wrist involves contraction of the:
flexor carpi ulnaris & extensor carpi ulnaris
aqueous humor
fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens
AV valves are formed from
folds in the endocardium
_____ produces tears and ____ drains the tears
fornix, lacrimal punctum
Interatrial septum contains the _____ _____ which (during fetal stages) was called ____ _____ and allowed fetal blood to bypass the lungs
fossa ovalis foramen ovale
interarterial septum contains _____
fossa ovalis which results from closure of opening during developmental stage
____ _____ has the highest resolution in the eye
fovea centralis
smooth muscles are joined by _____ _____ and move as _____ _____.
gap junctions, whole unit
Myogenic
generated within muscle tissue
____ is muscle that sticks the tongue out and ____ is the muscle that brings the tongue in
genioglossus, styloglossus
What Bone FEATURE does Gluteus Maximus insert on?
gluteal tuberosity
Coronary sulcus
groove that marks border between atria and ventricles
Anisotropic
having different properties in different directions (light can't pass through)
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
sternocleidomastoid insertion and origin
insertion: mastoid process origin: sternum and clavicle
cardiac muscles contain ____ discs and the two types of connections present are ____ and ____ junctions.
intercalated desmosomes gap
COLLATERAL CIRCULATION
internal carotid artery and vertebral artery supply blood to the brain (Cerebral arterial circle)
trabecular carneae muscle
internal ridges in both ventricles
eversion of the ankle is accomplished by:
lateral muscles of leg
gluteus maximus movement
laterally rotate, abduct, and extend thigh at hip
the ___ ventricle is Six to seven times more powerful than the ___ ventricle
left right
vastus medialis pulls the patella _____
medially
The heart is located in the
mediastinum
the retina is pigmented with _____ and contains ____ and ____ photoreceptors
melanocytes rods, cones
trabeculae carneae
muscular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles
retina of eye is made up of
neural tissue and pigments
2 types of excitable cells
neurons and muscle cells
capillaries are typically as wide as ______
one RBC
aortic hiatus
opening in diaphragm for the aorta to pass from the heart to the abdomen
The optic nerve crosses at the ________ and then forms the _____
optic chiasm optic tract
Biceps brachii origin: Insertion:
origin: scapula insertion: radius
the walking muscle
soleus
great sephenous vein
superficial foot, leg, and thigh most commonly harvested veins
circumflex artery
supplies the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle
Rotator Cuff (SITS)
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
rotator cuff muscles (SITS)
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
arterial anastomosis
surgical connection between two arteries
endolymph of cochlear duct
the long processes of hair cells of the spiral organ extend into this
stapedius
the muscle attached to the stapes; tensing the stapedius decreases vibration
arteries are ____ than veins because they bring blood ____ the heart
thicker, away
serous pericardium
thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart
all general senses use ____ neurons
unipolar
CN VIII to temporal pathway
vestibulocochlear nerve, mesencephalon, thalamus, temporal lobe
esophageal hiatus
where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm
macula
yellowish region on the retina containing only cones