Anatomy Exam 3 - Chapter 26
The average pH for normal urine is about __________.
6.0
Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.
elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
Countercurrent refers to the __________.
exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions
Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high?
facilitated transport
_____ is not reabsorbed in the nephron loop
bicarbonate
ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.
both distal convoluted tubule and collecting system
The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.
capsular hydrostatic pressure
What are the opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus?
capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure
_____ are not secreted by the distal convoluted tubule
chloride ions
Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________.
constriction of the efferent arteriole dilation of the glomerular capillaries dilation of the afferent arteriole
The thick segments in the nephron loop __________.
contain transport mechanism that pump materials out of the filtrate
In which region of the kidney would you find the renal corpuscles?
cortex
To which vessels does blood flow immediately after it passes through the arcuate arteries?
cortical radiate arteries
_______ is the type of transport where two substrates cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient
cotransport
Sympathetic innervation of the afferent arterioles causes __________
decrease in GFR and slowing of filtrate production
Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing __________.
dehydration
What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions?
detrusor
What disorder describes the production of very dilute urine as a result of a lack of ADH production?
diabetes insipidus
Net filtration pressure can be measured as __________.
difference between net hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure
What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate?
distal convoluted tubule
Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?
distal convoluted tubule
In what parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions?
distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
______ is a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney
fibrous capsule
What are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys?
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia
_________ is NOT a waste product normally found in urine
glucose
What is the result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism?
increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop
The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for __________.
making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine
The inner layer of the kidney is the __________.
medulla
After passage through the nephron loop, the filtrate is __________.
more concentrated
When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________.
more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases
Because of the small diameter of the glomerular capillaries, the blood pressure in the efferent arteriole is __________ that of the pressure in the afferent arteriole.
much higher than
What is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?
nephron look and collecting ducts
In what area of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur
nephron loop
this part of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments
nephron loop
Urine production begins in the __________.
nephrons
The difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is the __________.
net filtration pressure
Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________.
peritubular capillaries
Juxtaglomerular nephrons __________.
produce concentrated urine
In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.
proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop
In what area of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed
proximal convoluted tubule
Sixty to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________.
proximal convoluted tubule
What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?
proximal convoluted tubule
Which portion of the nephron contains cuboidal cells covered with microvilli?
proximal convoluted tubule
Which portion of the nephron reabsorbs most of the important nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids as well as any plasma proteins?
proximal convoluted tubule
Aldosterone __________ in the proximal convoluted tubule.
regulates potassium and sodium exchange
________ brings oxygenated blood into the kidney
renal artery
In which region would you find interlobar arteries?
renal column
The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.
renal corpuscle
The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule form the __________
renal corpuscle
The region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the __________.
renal medulla
What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney leading to the ureter?
renal pelvis
The collecting system transports fluid into the __________ and adjusts concentration and composition of _______
renal pelvis urine
The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily caused by the presence of __________.
sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea
________ projects into the renal sinus
the renal papilla
The capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called __________.
the vasa recta
The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?
transitional
The mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of __________.
transitional epithelium
The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________.
trigone
The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________.
trigone
What organic waste is generated from the catabolism of amino acids?
urea
What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
ureter
Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the __________
urethra
Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine?
urinary bladder
In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries?
filtration
What is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced?
filtration
The renal corpuscle consists of the __________.
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
The thin segments in the nephron loop are __________.
freely permeable to water and relatively permeable to ions on other solutes
The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________.
glomerular filtration rate
What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
________ is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
A histological examination of the nephron would reveal simple squamous tissue __________.
in the nephron loop
The fluid in the ascending limb of the nephron loop moves __________ the fluid in the descending limb.
in the opposite direction of
What results from the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?
increased conservation of sodium ions and water
Which organ in the urinary system produces urine?
kidney