Anatomy Exam

Subdivision of the motor division responsible for controlling involuntary events

Autonomic Nervous System

Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of the brain and spinal cord

CNS

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are two arms of the ________.

autonomic nervous system

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

axon

What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters from vesicles?

axon terminals

Which blood type contains the A antigen only?

blood type A

Which blood type(s) can a person with blood type O receive?

blood type O

Which of these blood types carries no antigens?

blood type O

Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________.

both somatic and sensory

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________.

brain stem

Which of the following is one of the major functions of the pons?

breathing

Ganglia are collections of ________.

cell bodies

What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system?

central and peripheral

Wendy had a few alcoholic drinks, then found walking and maintaining her balance difficult. Which part of her brain was sedated by the alcohol?

cerebellum

Which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke?

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Hemiplegia and aphasia characterize those patients who have experienced a ________.

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

What brain dysfunction results when blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel?

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as ________.

choroid plexuses

What is the final step of hemostasis in which the formation of a blood clot is accomplished?

coagulation

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through all of the following EXCEPT ________.

corpus callosum

The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the

corpus callosum

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.

diencephalon

Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Which type of leukocyte kills parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes?

eosinophil

Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from the outermost to the innermost layer?

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

Which formed element is the most abundant in blood?

erythrocyte

What hormone controls the rate of erythrocyte production?

erythropoietin

A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged?

frontal lobe

The two major groups of white blood cells are ________.

granulocytes and agranulocytes

What stem cell gives rise to all formed elements?

hemocytoblast

What part of a red blood cell binds and transports oxygen?

hemoglobin

Which of the following is a blood clotting disorder?

hemophilia

The process by which bleeding is stopped is called ________.

hemostasis

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.

hypothalamus

Cerebrospinal fluid ________.

is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

Erythrocytes ________.

lack a nucleus and most organelles

In a centrifuged blood sample, the buffy coat situated between the formed elements and the plasma contains ________.

leukocytes and platelets

Jordan works in a hematology lab and processed a blood report showing 22,000 white blood cells/mm3 of blood for a patient. This value is twice as much as normal. He suspects this patient has a bacterial infection leading to ________.

leukocytosis

The hypothalamus is the "emotional-visceral" center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ________.

limbic system

What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain?

longitudinal fissure

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata

What multinucleate cell gives rise to thousands of anucleate fragments known as platelets?

megakaryocyte

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.

meninges

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

Mr. Warren has spinal cord damage that prevents nerve impulses from being carried from the CNS to muscles or glands. What specific type of neuron has been damaged?

motor neuron

How are neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), structurally classified?

multipolar

Impulse conduction is faster in neurons that are ________.

myelinated

Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.

neuroglia

The most numerous of the white blood cells are the ________.

neutrophils

Which of the following cells are classified as granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.

nodes of Ranvier

Which of these neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocytes

What division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest" division?

parasympathetic

The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the ________.

parasympathetic nervous system

In which cerebral lobe is the primary somaticsensory cortex located?

parietal

The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.

perineurium

The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ________ mater.

pia

The hypothalamus regulates the ________.

pituitary gland

The matrix of blood is called ________.

plasma

Life at a high altitude, where less oxygen is available, can lead to a red blood cell disorder known as ________.

polycythemia

If you carry the Rh antigen, you are referred to as Rh ________.

positive

Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral ________.

ramus

Where does hematopoiesis occur to produce new red blood cells?

red bone marrow

A special group of neurons in the gray matter of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the ________.

reticular activating system (RAS)

Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called ________.

saltatory conduction

Blood is ________.

slightly alkaline

What do the ventral roots and dorsal roots fuse to form?

spinal nerves

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear?

sympathetic division

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the ________.

sympathetic nervous system

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________.

synaptic cleft

What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?

thalamus

What pair of cranial nerves extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

vagus

Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis?

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Which of the following is NOT a major region of the brain?

ventral ramus

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

white; gray

The average functional lifespan of an RBC is ________.

100-120 days

Blood normally clots in approximately ________.

3 to 6 minutes

How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord?

31

Place these leukocytes in order from the most common to the least common:1) basophil2) eosinophil3) lymphocyte4) monocyte5) neutrophil

5, 3, 4, 2, 1

Normal blood pH falls in a range between ________ to ________.

7.35; 7.45

A person with type B blood can receive blood from blood type(s) ________.

B, O

Molly has blood type A and her daughter has blood type B. Why can't Molly donate blood to her daughter?

Blood type B contains anti-A antibodies, which will agglutinate with Molly's type A blood.

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________.

Broca's area

Functional nervous system division that carries information from the central nervous system toward effectors

Motor (efferent) division

The spinal cord terminates by vertebra ________.

L3

The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are indicated by ________.

Label A

The Purkinje fibers are indicated by ________.

Label E

The gaps between Schwann cells are indicated by ________.

Label H

What statement best describes the resting state of a neuron?

Neurons are polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell.

Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves

PNS

What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?

Schwann cells

Functional nervous system subdivision that carries information toward the central nervous system from receptors

Sensory (afferent) division

A persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel is known as ________.

a thrombus

Which of the following terms indicates a nerve impulse has been initiated and is being transmitted?

action potential

An important plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is ________.

albumin

A substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies is the ________.

antigen

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into venous blood in the dural sinuses via the ________.

arachnoid granulations