Anatomy Final Exam Review Mastering Chapters 1-9
transverse plane
A cross section is the same as a __________.
grey
A decrease in the production of melanin in a hair results in hair that is __________.
comminuted
A fracture in which the bone fragments into three or more pieces is a __________ fracture.
foramen
A round or oval opening through a bone is a __________.
the PCL, fibular collateral ligament, and lateral meniscus
A severe medial blow to the knee usually tears __________.
an endocrine gland.
A structure that secretes hormones into the blood is
T11 or T12
A thoracic vertebra without a transverse costal facet must be __________.
one of the cervical vertebra c3-c7
A vertebra that has a bifid spinous process, transverse processes with foramina, superior facets directed superoposteriorly, and a small vertebral body is __________.
long bones
Achondroplasia most significantly affects__________.
they have the most free radicals of any organelle they provide the instructions for protein synthesis they are thought to have arisen from bacteria they are enclosed by two membranes they contain maternally inherited DNA they generate ATP * they provide the instructions for protein synthesis
All of the following are true of mitochondria EXCEPT __________.
the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna
An example of a syndesmosis that is amphiarthrotic, allowing a large amount of movement, is __________.
mole
An increase in melanin that is located in the basal layer of the epidermis and the upper dermis is a __________.
the neck
As you examine the femur, where would you guess the most frequent fracture site from osteoporosis occurs?
during the second year of life
At which approximate age does the anterior fontanelle close?
connective
Bone and cartilage are examples of tissues in this category.
nerve cells
Cells that gather information and control body functions are __________.
dynein
Ciliary movement is generated when adjacent doublets grip one another with side arms made of __________.
acetabulum
Congenital dislocation of the hip is a common birth defect in which the __________ fails to form completely or the ligaments of the hip joint are loose.
areolar connective tissue and reticular connective tissue
Connective tissue proper includes which of the following tissue types?
the foot is lifted so its superior surface approaches the shin
During dorsiflexion, __________.
collagen fibers predominate
Fibrocartilage is distinguished from other types of cartilage by the following characteristic.
True
Fibrosis involves the proliferation of a fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue. true or false
angular
Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction are all examples of __________ movement.
according to the shape of the cells in their apical layer
How are stratified epithelia named?
proximal phalanx of digit 4
Identify the bone indicated by the arrow.
13.5%
If a woman was burned on her entire anterior right upper limb and her entire anterior right lower limb, approximately what percentage of her body was burned?
coronal; transverse
If you wanted to see a section through both lungs at the same time, you could make a cut in the __________ or the __________ plane.
respiratory structures
In the thoracic region, the __________ form(s) from the inner tube of the body.
surviving chondrocytes secrete more extracellular matrix
In what way does healing of cartilage occur in adults (a person who has stopped growing)?
anaphase
In which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers, moved by motor proteins, pull chromosomes toward opposite poles?
Increased blood flow to the area
Inflamed tissue is often warm to the touch because of
day 28
Limb buds emerge in the human embryo about
carrying a large loaf in front
Lordosis may result from __________.
thin, tapered transverse processes; spinous process is blunt, rectangular and posterior-facing
Lumbar vertebrae have which series of characteristics?
ABCD(E)
Melanoma is recognized clinically by the __________ rule.
mesenchyme cells
Osteoblasts originate from what type of precursor cells?
deep surface of the wall of the abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum covers the __________.
most types of white blood cells ingesting bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
Phagocytosis is exemplified by __________.
diaphysis
Primary ossification centers occur in the __________ of long bones.
epithelial
Pseudostratified columnar is one of the tissues of this category.
true
Ribs 1-7 attach to the sternum directly by costal cartilage and are called __________ ribs.
sternoclavicular joint and carpometacarpal joint 1
Saddle joints are located in which joints?
short
Sesamoid bones are examples of __________ bones.
7
Skin is our largest organ, accounting for about __________ percent of total body weight.
are types of cartilaginous joints
Symphyses and synchondroses __________.
superior
The __________ border of the scapula is its shortest border.
peritoneal
The __________ cavity surrounds the viscera in the abdominopelvic cavity.
acetabulum
The __________ is the region of fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
sternoclavicular
The __________ joint is the only bony articulation of the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton.
papillary
The __________ layer of the dermis includes dermal papillae.
sacrotuberous
The __________ ligament connects the sacrum to each ischial tuberosity.
head
The __________ of a rib articulates with the superior and inferior costal facets on the bodies of most vertebrae.
axial
The __________ region of the body consists of the head and trunk.
popliteal
The area of the lower limb that refers to the posterior side of the knee is the __________ region.
torsion
The arrangement of the fibers and minerals in an osteon function to resist ________.
the dens of the axis plus the atlas
The articulation of which structures enables the head to be shaken from side to side (that is, to indicate "no")?
parietal
The bulk of the cranial vault is formed by the __________ bone(s).
secondary
The cervical and lumbar curvatures of the spine are the __________ curvatures.
helps stabilize the ankle joint
The fibula ______.
secretion and absorption
The functions of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue include which of the following?
right upper
The gallbladder and a portion of the transverse colon lie in the __________ quadrant.
cartilaginous
The general structural type of joint between intervertebral discs is __________.
dehydration
The immediate threat to life from serious burns is __________.
vertebral arch
The laminae and pedicles together form the __________.
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical
The levels of structural organization in order of decreasing complexity are __________.
squamous
The longest sutures of the skull include the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and __________ sutures.
surgical neck
The most frequently broken part of the humerus is the __________.
nuceloplasm
The nuclear envelope encloses a jelly-like fluid called __________ in which the chromatin and nucleoli are suspended.
distal
The olecranal region is __________ to the acromial region.
is a specialized part of the rough Er
The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope __________.
cutaneous
The plexus of blood vessels that nourishes the deeper dermis and the hypodermis is the __________ plexus.
stretching
The primary role of transitional epithelial tissue is __________.
ipsilateral
The right nostril and right ear are __________.
liver, stomach, and transverse colon
The right upper quadrant contains all or portions of which of the following organs?
produce steroid hormones and aid in drug detoxification
The role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to __________.
to prevent molecules from passing between cells
The role of tight junctions is __________.
greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
The sites of attachment for muscles of the rotator cuff are the __________.
separates the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae and ends in the acromion
The spine of the scapula __________.
medial
The sternal region is __________ to the axillary region.
keratinized
The type of stratified squamous epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis is __________.
epiphyseal and greenstick
The types of fractures that are common in children are __________.
xiphisternal joint
The xiphoid process fuses with the body of the sternum at the __________.
contains an additional layer (stratum) has a ticker stratum granulosum and stratum corneum than thin skin
Thick skin __________.
endoderm
This develops into the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
throclea of the humerus
To which surface does the trochlear notch of the ulna articulate?
Right upper quadrant and left upper quadrant
Use the illustration to identify the abdominal quadrants in which the stomach is located.
annulus fibrosis of intervertebral discs and menisci of the knee
What are two locations in the body where fibrocartilage is located?
On day 6, the trophoblast layer erodes inward until the entire blastocyst is imbedded in the uterine wall. This process takes close to 1 week.
What happens during the process of implantation?
A quick way to determine how much of the skin's surface has been burned.
What is the "Rule of Nines"?
surfaces that form joints
What is the function of the bone markings illustrated on this rib: head and facets?
increased flexibility
What is the function of the curvatures of the vertebral column?
it secretes synovial fluid
What is the function of the synovial membrane of a synovial joint?
It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure and functions in growth and repair of cartilage.
What is the importance of the perichondrium that surrounds cartilage?
Vitamin D is required for the uptake of calcium from the diet, and thus is important to healthy bones.
What is the importance of vitamin D synthesis in the epidermis?
it allows organs to slide with little friction against each other and against the cavity walls
What is the purpose of the serous fluid that is located between visceral and parietal serosa?
It assesses cell size before DNA synthesis.
What is the role of checkpoint 1 in the cell cycle?
secrete mucin
What is the role of goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue of the upper respiratory tract?
it provides the largest number of cells needed as building blocks for the embryo
What is the significance of the early cell division called cleavage?
mitosis occurs in both layers
What is true of both the stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum?
synthesis of DNA in preparation for cell division
What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
coronoid
When the forearm is flexed, the __________ fossa of the humerus articulates with the coronoid process of the ulna.
the coxal bones
Which bones are the components of the pelvic girdle?
clavicle articulating with the sternum
Which bony articulation attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton?
all types of cartilages consists of 60-80% water
Which characteristic is a similarity among all types of cartilage?
microtubules
Which cytoskeletal element forms the mitotic spindle?
a child falling
Which history is least consistent with the diagnosis of nursemaid's elbow (radial head subluxation)?
thyroid hormone
Which hormone modulates the effects of growth hormone to ensure that the skeleton remains proportional?
Ovaries
Which listed organ is included in both the reproductive system and the endocrine system?
specialized contacts
Which of the following are characteristics of epithelia in general?
it acts as a receptor to bind specific molecules arriving from outside the cell
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?
attacks and eliminates specific foreign molecules
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the inflammatory response?
Directional terminology refers to the body in this position
Which of the following is true regarding the anatomical position?
between the sternum and rib 1
Which of the following locations is a cartilaginous joint?
The female pelvis has a wider pelvic inlet and a broader pubic angle than the male pelvis.
Which of the following statements describes an important distinction between a male and a female pelvis?
Appendix
Which of the following structures is located COMPLETELY in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?
ligamentum flavum
Which of the vertebral ligaments contains elastic connective tissue, thus adding to the resilience of the vertebral column?
golgi apparatus
Which organelle works with the rough ER to package and ship new proteins to appropriate sites within the cell or for sectioning out of the cell?
nail matrix
Which part of the nail is the active growing area?
8-12
Which ribs are considered false ribs?
diaphragm
Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
synovial
Which type of joint predominates in the upper limb?
Adequate levels of folate are associated with preventing neural tube deficits.
Why are pregnant women encouraged to consume 400 mcg of folic acid (folate) daily?
they have no anterior attachment
Why are the inferior two pairs of ribs considered floating ribs?
The heavy boots used in skiing transfer twisting forces to the shaft of the tibia and fibula.
Why would skiing be less likely to cause an ankle fracture than playing basketball or football?
Lanugo
__________ are the fine hairs covering the fetus during month 5 of development.
felxion
__________ is bending that decreases the angle between bones.
pronation
__________ is the movement allowed at the proximal radioulnar joint in which the forearm is rotated so the palm faces posteriorly.
mitosis
__________ is the series of events during which replicated DNA of the original cell is parceled out into two new cells.
opposition
__________ is the special movement that allows humans to grasp objects by touching the thumb to the tips of other fingers.
cholesterol
__________ is the substance that makes the plasma membrane more rigid and less permeable to water and water-soluble molecules.
ventral body cavity
composed of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs
the pelvic cavity contains
at conception
the prenatal period begins
soles of the feet turn medially and toes point inferiorly
what is clubfoot
temporal lobe
what region of the brain is located in the middle cranial fossa?
posterior rotation of the sternoclavicular joint
when you abduct your arm, movement at the sternoclavicular joint includes __________.
melanocyte
which cell produced pigments responsible for skin color
lamella
A __________ is a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction.
third
A burn that consumes the entire thickness of the skin and appears white, red, or black is a __________-degree burn.