Animal Nutrition and Feeding
supplement
a feed material high in a specific nutrient
concentrate
a feed that is high in energy or protein
roughage
a feed that is mostly leaves and tender stems of plants; they are also known as forages
fat
a good source of energy;contains the highest amount of energy
protein
a nutrient needed to grow new tissue and repair old tissue; especially important for weight gain, growth, and gestation
nutrient
a substance that is necessary for an organism to live and grow
lipid
nutrient that can be dissolved with ether
balanced ration
one that contains all the nutrients that the animal needs in the correct proportions
temporary pasture
planted to forages for grazing during one season or year
permanent pasture
plants that live from one year to the next
carbohydrates
provide energy; make up about 75 % of an animal's diet
scheduled feeding
providing feed at certain times of the day; commonly used with cattle
omasum
follows the reticulum; small compartment that acts as a filter of materials for the next compartment
lactation ration
given to females who are producing milk
reproduction ration
high in nutrients needed by breeding animals
palatability
how well an animal likes feed; molasses is added to increase this in many rations
calorie
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
amino acids
the building blocks of proteins
feed
what animals eat to get nutrients
free access
allowing animals to eat feed whenever they want; also called free choice
growth
an increase in size of muscle, bones, and organs of the body
feedstuff
an ingredient used in making feed for animals
mineral
an inorganic element found in small amounts in the body; essential in skeleton growth and necessary for body systems to function properly
vitamin
an organic substance needed in small quantities to perform specific functions; they do not provide energy but are essential in using energy
ruminant
digestive system has a large stomach divided into compartments
monogastric
digestive system that has a simple stomach
maintenance
keeping the body at a constant state; no weight gain or loss
rumen
largest section of the stomach; receives ingested food
water
makes up about 75 % of the weight of an animal's body; it also helps with regulating body temperature and promoting biochemical processes
stomach
muscular organ that stores ingested food and moves it into the small intestine
abomasum
secretes gastric juices that kill the microbes that have passed with the food materials from the rumen
pearson square method
simple way to calculate a ration for a specific animal
fiber
the material left after the food has been digested; it is made of plant cell walls and cellulose
nutrition
the process by which animals eat and use food
feed analysis
the process of determining the nutrients in a feedstuff or prepared mixed feed
reticulum
the second segment of the stomach; it has many layer-like projections
ration
the total amount of feed an animal has in a 24-hour period
diet
the type and amount of feed an animal receives in its ration