ansc 320 complete final exam
What is puberty?
"Process" of acquiring reproductive competence
What is puberty?
"Process" of acquiring reproductive competence.
In order for SRY to be functional, the ___ must be functional.
"Y"
(male endocrine) Pulsatile LH is vital:
(High levels of testosterone is need for spermatogenesis) -Must be restricted to the testes -Blood is 500 times lower -Avoid negative feedback on GnRH/LH & FSH ------ Leydig cells become refactory(don't respond enough because something else is doing the work for it) from constant exposure (-Results in reduced testosterone) (-Major cause with implant exposure)
After puberty....
*Estrous Cycle -Continue throughout the female life. -Pregnancy, lactation, season (only some animals), nutrition, disease, anestrus, or menopause (humans). *After the pubertal transition females -Exhibit the cycle of estrus & reproductive receptivity. -Potential chance for pregnancy. *Copulation -generally occurs early in estrus before ovulation.
Describe equine PGF protocol
*Mare must be cycling* -Give 2 injections 14-18 days apart -Appointment breeding at day 5, 7, 9, and 11 (lower fertility, more convenience) -Most mares in heat within 6 days and ovulate in 7 to 10 days, but wide variation -Acceptable pregnancy rate with teasing (?) -Inexpensive
When is puberty in the female determined? (hint: 3 different criteria) Which one is the most applicable from a practical standpoint?
- Age of first ovulation (when 1st oocyte is released) - Age of first estrus (easier to see and first time sexually receptive) - Age at which the female can support pregnancy without deleterious effects)
When is puberty in the male determined? (hint: 5 different criteria) Which one is the most valid criterion?
- Age when behavioral traits are expressed - Age of first ejaculation (complex process) - Age when sperm first appear in the ejaculation - Age when sperm first appear in the urine - Age when the ejaculate contains a threshold of sperm
What are the changing features in peripuberal bulls?
- Body conformation - Increased aggressiveness and sexual desire -Rapid growth of the penis and testicles - Separation of the penis from prepuce so extension is possible
Puberty is Associated with Changes in Feedback Sensitivity of Hypothalamus to ______.
- Estradiol
What are the four periods of the estrous cycle?
- Estrus (in heat) - Metestrus (ovulation) - Diestrus - Proestrus
What factors affect age at puberty?
- Genetics - Metabolic/Nutritional Status (extremely influential) - Environmental (seasonal breeders) - Social cues (group housing)
What happens during metestrus?
- Ovulation - CH ---> CL formation (increase in progesterone) - Metestrus bleeding -----> Noticed 35-45 h after estrus capillary breakage (decreasing estrogen) present in 90% of heifers (never given birth) present in 45% of cows (birthed at least one calf)
What happens during proestrus?
- Progesterone declines - Recruitment and rapid follicle growth - Estradiol increases -----> Prepare for estrus, mating
Sertoli Cells
-"Nurse cells" -Nourish developing sperm -Somatic cells (IN THE TESTIS) -Essential for testis and spermatogenesis -Activated by FSH & Testosterone
What is the pregnancy percentages for cows and heifers using the co-sync with CIDR for timed AI program?
-60% cows -50% heifers
Describe what a CIDR is/does
-A plastic rod impregnated with progesterone -Acts like corpus luteum; jump starts estrous cyclicity; acts as a jumper cable to anestrous animals
GnRH
-Activated from Anterior Pituitary gonadotroph cells -Release of gonadotropins (LH & FSH)
(male endocrine) Endocrine requirements
-Adequate GnRH -FSH and LH form the anterior pituitary -Steroid hormones from the testes
Estrous
-Adjective. -Estrous Cycle.
(male endocrine) Male has tonic/pulse secretion that is constantly occurring:
-Almost instantly stimulate an LH release -Can happen from 4 to 8+ per 24 hours -Last for about 10 minutes -Constant inhibin production helps with the longer half-life of FSH
Describe equine altrenogest protocol
-Altrenogest (regumate) is an oral progestogen, which is given in the feed daily at some expense -Altrenogest for 10 days and PGF on day 10 for cycling mares -Altrenogest for longer may be used to speed onset of normal cycling -Mares are usually in heat by day 5 after regumate ends -Breed every other day while in heat -Acts like corpus luteum
Thermoregulation of scrotum
-Androgen controlled -Smooth muscle -Thinner skin (low insulation) -(-6) degrees Celsius lower than core body temperature -When outside temperatures are cooler testes are closer to the body/ lower in warmer temperatures
What is the definition of detrimental factor in terms of puberty age? What are examples of some of these?
-Any factor that slows growth rate and reduces mature size of an animal *Nutritional stress *Heat stress *Poor sanitation *Poor health
Lactational Anestrus
-Any type of nursing -At least 2 nursing sessions a day are needed for this state to be maintained. *Threshold effect not continuum -Not total responsible for anestrus and the LH suppression seen with suckling. *Visual *Olfactory *Auditory *Not just suckling or milking
Follicular
-Before ovulation -Increase estrogen, progesterone, follicle growth -FSH controls emergence
Proestrus
-Begins when progesterone declines with luteolysis. -2 to 5 days in length -Characterized by major endocrine transition (Controlled by FSH and LH) Developing follicles are present
Estrous
-Begins/ends with estrus -Short follicular phase -Ovulation begin and end -Long luteal phase -Luteolysis: uterine
Menstruation
-Begins/ends with menses -Long follicular phase -Ovulation at middle -Luteal phase 50% -Luteolysis: ovarian
Metestrus
-Between ovulation and formation
Fatty Acid Hormones
-Biologically active lipids -Not produced by endocrine gland -Act at production site -Rapidly degraded in mammals
What are the dopamine protocols used in canines?
-Bromocriptine: (20ug/g BW; 2x/day; orally; 21 days) -Cabergoline: (5ug/kg BW; 1x/day; orally; 7-10 days)
PGF2alpha Functions
-CL regression (apoptosis) -Inhibits P4 -Luteolysis promotes uterine tone/contractions/ovulation -Affects metabolic activity of sperm -Causes epididymal contractions
Types of Cyclicity
-Categorized based on frequency of occurrence in a year. -Polyestrous. -Seasonally polyestrous. -Monoestrus.
Oocyte
-Cell in ovary that undergoes meiotic division -2 degrees of maturation: cytoplasmic and nuclear
Hormones
-Chemical substances produced by endocrine glands or tissue that is carried through the blood to elicit change in a cellular activity -Catalyst -Can act on same that produced it
Steroid Hormones
-Cholesterol is a precursor -Soluble in organic solvents -Not water soluble -Can be given orally (E, P, T)
Vagina
-Copulatory organ -Site of semen depostization in most species -Pheromone production -Birth canal -Site of expulsion of urine -Consists of vestibules and cranial vagina
Progesterone Sources
-Corpus Luteum (large and small luteal cells) -Placenta
Seasonally polyestrous
-Cycle continuously but only during a give time of the year. -Short-day vs long-day breeders. -Horses, sheep, goats, deer, and elk.
Polyestrous
-Cycle continuously throughout the year until pregnant. -Cattle, swine, rodents.
Describe the EAZI-breed CIDR program
-Day 0-Day 6 or 7: Give CIDR -Day 6: Give PG -After day 7: Heat detect/breed AI -After heat detect: insert bull**
Describe MGA + Prostaglandins
-Day 0: Feed MGA (0.5 mg/hd/day) -Day 14: End MGA -Day 14-31 to 33: DO NOT BREED -Day 31-33: Inject PG -Between day 31-33 and last interval: Heat detect/breed AI -After last interval: insert bull**
Describe the modified select sync program
-Day 0: GIve GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Between day 7 and day 10: Heat detect/breed AI -Day 10: Breed AI with GnRH those not showing heat -After last interval: insert bull**
Describe the co-sync with CIDR for timed AI program
-Day 0: Give GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Between day 0 and day 7: Give CIDR -Day 9: Give GnRH; Time breed @ injection (52-60h); take CIDR out -After day 9: Insert bull** -No heat detection
Describe the Select Sync program
-Day 0: Give GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Between day 7 and last interval: Heat detect/breed AI -After last interval: Insert bull**
Describe the co-sync program
-Day 0: Give GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Day 9: Give GnRH -Day 9: Time breed @ injection (52-60h)
Describe the Ov-Sync program
-Day 0: Give GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Day 9: Give GnRH -Time breed 16 hrs after GnRH -Works on a Monday, Monday, Wednesday schedule
Describe the prostaglandin Two Shot Method
-Day 0: Give PG -Day 11-14: Give PG -After day 14: Heat detect/breed AI -After 3rd interval: insert bull *Insert bull only after cows fail to show signs of estrus after heat detection*
With the onset of puberty in males and females, there's a ______ hypothalamic sensitivity to ______ feedback to testosterone/estrogen
-Decreased -Negative
Endocrine glands
-Ductless -Secrete into bloodstream, lymph system, or other directly -Travel to target to regulate
Blastocyst
-Early development
Time frame for fertilization
-Embryonic genome activation (EGA): 2-3 DAYS -Compacitation: 4-5 days -Blastocyst: 7-9 days
Hormones produced by the ovaries
-Estrogen -Progesterone -Prostaglandin E2
Ovarian Steroid Hormones
-Estrogen -Progesterone -Testosterone
What is the success and failure of estrous synchronization dependent on?
-Estrous synchronization protocols -Management systems (pastures, facilities) -Animal variation *Management is the biggest*
AP Hormones
-FSH -LH -Prolactin -ACTH
Describe the importance of FSH in terms of male endocrinology
-FSH: receptors on sertoli cells; response to FSH; sertoli cells will produce ABP -Important for producing tight junctions -Important for aromatase function; converts testosterone to estradiol -Promotes production of inhibin; via actions on sertoli cells
Clitoris
-Female homologue of the penis -Contains erectile tissue -Well supplied with sensory nerves
Isthmus Junction
-Fertilization takes place -The stretch of fallopian tube between the isthmus and ampulla
Epididymis: Head & Body
-Finishing shops
Phases of the Cycle
-Follicular phase -Luteal phase
How do estrous synchronization protocols work?
-For non-cycling cattle -Postpartum anestrus cows and prepuberal heifers
CRH
-From AP -Release of ACTH
Describe the modified two shot method
-Give PG on day 0 and day 11-14 -Day 11: Give PG if cow isn't in heat after 1st PG -In between giving PG, heat detect/breed AI -After last interval, insert bull *Same info on bull as earlier flashcards*
Estrogen Sources
-Granulosa cells- antral follicles -Placenta -Sertoli cells
Cortical reaction
-Hardening of ZP -Prevents the binding of multiple sperm
Testis
-High speed manufacturing
Low progesterone
-Higher estrogen -Positive feedback to hypothalamus and AP -Massive amount of GnRH and LH
Placental Hormones
-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG) -EcG (equine) -Placental Lactogen -Steroids (E/P) -Relaxin
Progesterone Functions
-Inhibition of mating behavior --inhibits estrogen, oxytocin/ oxytocin receptor --reduces PGF2alpha -Maintenance of pregnancy -Mammary Growth
Menstrual cycle
-Is the events that occur between two successive menstrual periods -Ranges from 24 to 35 days usually 28 -Menses is the sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior "menstrual period" -Follicular phase and luteal phase are equal -Changes in endometrial thickness in response to estradiol and progesterone
What are some other key things to note about being careful with nutrition?
-Keep good body condition (not too thin, not too fat) -Good protein/energy ratio -Minerals
(male endocrine) LH influences the Leydig cells:
-Leydig comparable to the thece interna -Produce progesterone which is convert to testosterone -Occurs less than 30 min post LH secretion
LLC
-Long light cycle (seasonal polyestrus-spring) -Hypertrophy -Granulosa cells -Oxytocin not stimulated by FSH
Diestrous
-Longest stage of estrus -Fully functional CL and high levels of progesterone -Last 10 to 14 days in polyestrous females -No sexual receptivity Disease, pregnancy, and nutrition causes this to go longer.
Uterus
-Luteolysis and control of cyclicity -Sperm transport -Retains and nourishes reattachment embryo development -Maternal contribution to placenta -Retains/nourishes fetus during gestation -Expulsion of fetus/placenta
Gestational Anestrus
-Major clue that pregnancy has occurred -Elevated progesterone from CL and placenta inhibit system. *Prevents GnRH and thus LH and FSH *No preovulatory surges *Can be induced by injection of GnRH -Progesterone declines rapidly at parturition -Remains anestrus during involution (return of repro tract to pre-preg state)
Testosterone Functions
-Male mating behavior -Anabolic growtH -Spermatogenesis -Maintenance of male duct system -Accessory Sex gland function
Estrogen Functions
-Mating behavior -Cyclic changes -Secondary sex characteristics -Mammary Growth
Epididymis
-Maturation of sperm (motility/fertility) -Sperm storage -Head = Caput -Body = Corpus -Tail = Cauda
Oxytocin Functions
-Milk ejection -Parturition -PGF2alpha synthesis -Pre-ejaculatory movement of sperm -Facilitates CL regression
Describe the One Shot Method for prostaglandins
-Most common protocol for dairy in heat -Between day 0 and day 5: heat detect/breed AI -Day 5: Give PG -After day 5: heat detect/breed AI -After day 10: insert bull *Only insert bull if there are cows/heifers left over that are not showing signs of estrus yet after heat detection; use as a back-up, last try type thing*
Seasonal Anestrus
-Most likely developed as away to prevent offspring birth during harsh times of the year *Increase survival -Similar to puberty transition -Controlled by photoperiod. *photoperiod is the amount of light exposure that takes place during a given day ( a lot of silent ovulation) -Silent ovulations generally occur before complete resumption of cyclicity. *Progesterone primes the brain for full estrous cycle.
Nutritional Anestrus
-Negative energy balance (Dairy cattle is an example) -Young or primiparous(animal that has its first offspring) animals are more susceptible (because they are still growing they are more susceptible) -Milk production can impact
How does the menstrual cycle differ from the estrus cycle?
-No defined period of sexual receptivity -Period of endometrial sloughing "menses" -Begins and ends with menses not ovulation
Estrus
-Noun. -Behavioral segment of the cycle. -Sexual reproductivity. -Heat. -Some species will use the term "season" for an entire mating season.
Monoestrus
-Once cycle per year. -Receptivity usually is longer to increase the chance of pregnancy. -Dogs, wolves, foxes, and bears. -Domestic dogs usually have 3 cycles ever 2 years but classified here.
Trophoblast
-Outside membrane covering blastocyst -prevents CL destruction
Anestrus
-Ovarian activity is minimal -Insufficient GnRH- (revert back to pre-pubertal state if in anestrus.) -True Anestrus *Insufficient hormonal stimuli. *Improve nutrition, remove offspring, or eliminate stress and disease. -Apparent anestrus Failure to detect estrus
PGE2 Sources
-Ovary -Uterus -Embryonic membranes
PGE2 Functions
-Ovulation -Stimulates CL to produce progesterone
Describe ES protocols used in sheep and goats
-PGF protocols don't usually work as well in ewes (shorter cycle, 14-16 days), but do work well in does -Progestin protocols (intravaginal CIDR or progestin impregnated sponges) work well in both ewes and does -People/practices have moved away from sponges
Fatty Acid Hormones
-PGF2alpha -PGE2
Myometrial Contractions
-PGF2alpha + Oxytocin -Removal of progesterone block -Ferguson reflex: High estrogen to progesterone
Testis supported by....
-Pampiniform plexus -Cremaster muscle
Metestrus
-Period between ovulation and a functional CL -Also 2 to 5 days in length (proestrus) -Early on both estrogen and progesterone are low -Massive cell remodeling called luteinization
Luteal Phase
-Period from ovulation to corpora luteum regression. -80% of the cycle Ovarian structure (CL) -Progesterone is dominant hormone -metestrus -disestrus- 80 % of estrus cycle in livestock.
What are the different types of reproductive cyclicity?
-Polyestrus (cow, queen, pig, rodents) -Seasonally polyestrus (mare: long day, ewe, doe, elk, nanny: short day) -Monoestrus (dog, wolf, fox, bear) -----> Domestic canids have ~3 estrous cycles every two years; Estrus lasts several days
Causes of anestrus
-Pregnancy -Lactation -Presence of offspring -Season- sheep and horses have big season impact. -Stress -Pathology
When can anestrus occur?
-Pregnancy -Parturition -Uterine involution (uterus shrinks back to normal size) -Lactation -Offspring present -Season of the year -Stress -Pathological conditions -----> uterine infections, persistent corpora lutea, mummified fetus
Diestrus
-Preparing uterus for pregnancy
State how the dog is different
-Proestrus, Estrus, Diestrus, and Anestrus -Begins with proestrus -Wild canines have one per year (Feb to May) -Domestic canines have 2-4 per year -Ovulate a primary oocyte -anestrus usually occurs for 20 weeks in non-pregnant female
Cat stages
-Proestrus, Estrus, Postestrus, Diestrus, and Anestrus -induced ovulators Copulation is required for ovulation -Postestrus is the period between estruses in a cat that was not induced to ovulation
What are other testosterone effects?
-Promotes sertoli cell function -Direct effect on germ cells
Describe what prostaglandin based protocols do/how they work
-Prostaglandin F2-alpha regresses the corpus luteum -Protocols DO NOT have ANY induction capabilities
Who tends to use the prostaglandin One Shot Method?
-Purebred producers (a few commercial producers -Dairy producers
Who tends to use the modified select sync program?
-Purebred producers (a few commercial producers) -Dairy producers
Who tends to use the modified two shot method?
-Purebred producers (a few commercial producers) -Dairy producers
Who tends to use the select sync program?
-Purebred producers (a few commercial producers) -Dairy producers
Nuclear Maturation
-Reduces maternal copies of chromosomes from 4 to 2
Follicular phase
-Relatively short, 20% of cycle. -Ovarian structure (developing follicles) -Estrogen (Estradiol) is dominant hormone. -Proestrus -Estrus
Dilation
-Relaxin -PGE2
Photoperiod
-Retina up the suprachiasmatic nucleus -Second nerve superior cervical ganglion -Pineal gland receives these signals and secretes melatonin. -Melatonin is only synthesized at night where these signal inhibit this secretion (control resumption or ending estrus) high level in sheep, low in horse.
What are the management practices used in swine protocols?
-Riding in truck (gilts) -Put next to a boar (gilts) -Weaning of piglets (sows): sows will come back into heat in 5-6 days
Oviduct
-Salpinx -Transport of ovum and sperm -Environment for fertilization (isthmus junction) and early embryo development
What are the fundamental requirements for onset of puberty?
-Secretion of GnRH at appropriate frequency and quantities to stimulate gonadotropin release from AP - Promote gametogenesis, steroidogenesis & development of reproductive tissues
Cervix
-Secrets mucus during estrus (lubrication, prevent microbial contamination) -Site of semen deposition during natural mating in sows -"sperm filter" -Birth canal
Accessory Sex Glands
-Seminal vesicles, prostate, cowper's gland (bulbourethral gland) -Final alterations and packaging -Secretes fluid to urethra
Parenchyma
-Seminiferous tubules -A gland or organ supported by a connective tissue network
Estrus
-Sexual receptivity -Increase in LH, E, and PGF2alpha
SLC
-Short light cycle(seasonal polyestrus-fall) -Hyperplasia -Increasing number -Stimulated by LH to produce progesterone
Testes Production
-Spermatozoa -Fluids -Testicular capsule -LH/FSH
Alpha-fetoprotein
-Steroid-binding -Osmoregulation -Binds to estridiol
Estrogen in PLACENTAL HORMONES
-Stimulates endo, myo, and mammary growth -ER & OTR formation -Uterine tract motility -Maternal behavior -Mucus -Motility, transport, birth
Testosterone Functions
-Substrate for estrogen production
Describe ES protocols used in canines
-Successful protocols utilize dopamine agonists. A few use a GnRH scheme. Neither are common.
Describe the notes mentioned on figure 10-4
-Sum of all cellular transformations in developing germ cells in seminiferous tubules -All happening in seminiferous tubules -Start with immature cells along membrane and mature as they get closer to lumen
Nurse Cells
-Support for germ cells -Intiate meiosis
Cremaster muscle
-Supports testes -Courses length of spermatic cord -Aids in temperature control -Contracts/relaxes -Non-sustainable contractions
Broad ligament
-Supports the tract -Connective tissue: 1.Mesovarian 2.Mesosalpinx 3.Mesometrium
Spermatic cord
-Suspends/supports testis -Pathway to lymphatics, nerves and vasculature to/from testis -Houses vas defrens -Testis Temperature control
Oxytocin Sources
-Synthesized in hypothalamus in supraoptic and PVN, stored in PP -Synthesized in CL
Pampiniform plexus
-Testicular vein surround testicular artery forming PP -Contains many small veins -Counter current exchange forms single vein; which runs through epididymis -Vas defrens -Suspensory ligament
Manufacturing Complex
-Testis -Epididymis (head/body/tail) -Accessory sex glands -Penis
Hormones produced by testes
-Testosterone
Testes Hormones
-Testosterone -Inhibin -Activin
What are the FSH effects on sertoli cells?
-Testosterone to Estradiol conversion -Inhibin -ABP (androgen binding protein) -Tight junctions
Describe protocols used in swine
-The resistance of the CL to regression by PGF until day 12 post ovulation eliminates the possibility of a 2 injection protocol as used in the cow
Testosterone Sources
-Theca cells of follicle
Factors influencing Fetal Growth
-Thyroid (bone&muscle) -Insulin, IGF (energy substrate/placental growth) -GH, IGF (fetal growth)
FSH effects on Sertoli cells
-Transduce signal of FSH and Testosterone to produce factors essential for germ cells to mature into spermatozoa -Inhibin -ABP -Tight junctions
Testicular Capsule
-Tunica vaginalis (parietal/visceral) -Tunica Dartos (albuginea) -Tunica vasculosa
PGF2alpha Source
-Uterine endometrium -Vesicular glands
Estrus
-Visible behavior symptoms "sexual receptivity". -Controlled by estradiol. -Approaching sexual receptivity (Increased locomotion, vocalization, nervousness, and mounting attempts) -standing estrus (Actual receptive period. Not the entire time) -Lordosis (Mating posture)
Vestibule
-Vulva -Secretory activity changes with endocrine status -Thickens at estrus -Protection and prevention of microorganism
External Genitalia
-Vulva, labia, anus --External opening to reproductive tract --Forms closures to prevent foreign material entry
Epididymis: Tail
-Warehouse and Shipping
Peptide/Protein Hormones
-Water soluble -Denatured by strong acids, bases, and heat -Cannot be given orally (FSH, LH, PR, OT) (Inhibin, Activin, Relaxin, HCG)
How many days out of the year do you have to get a beef cow pregnant, and what does it mean in terms of breeding?
-We have 35 days to breed, and we need to breed in the 1st or 2nd heat.
What is something important to note about nutrition?
-You can change hormones in a heart beat -Do NOT change nutrition, keep it the same; allow it to be the constant. -Change hormones, not nutrition
Lack of cyclicity, acyclicity, or menses is called
-amenorrhea -Similar to anestrus
How long does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take in mares?
1 hour
Normal Fertilization of ICSI
1 polar body and 1 male and female pronuclei
How long does Stage 2 (Expulsion of the Fetus) take in polytocous [producing many young at a time] animals?
1-3 hours
What is the average length of Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) in mares?
1-4 hours
How long does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take in swine? Why?
1-4 hours; due to the diffuse placentation
What is the body condition score range for dairy cattle?
1-5
What is the body condition score range for beef cattle?
1-9
What are the two GnRH products we discussed?
1. Cystorelin 2. Fertagyl (more expensive, Dr. Schrick likes more)
Two types of "Hand" made clones
1. Embryo Splitting 2. Nuclear Transfer
What are the two types of synchronization?
1. Estrus (heat) sync 2. Ovulation sync
What are the two methods of synchronization?
1. Hormonal induced 2. Management induced
What is something important to note about the diagram that shows all the different factors influencing reproductive success?
1. It doesn't always work 2. There is nothing in the diagram about sperm in terms of issues and mishandling
What are the two prostaglandin products we discussed?
1. Lutalyse 2. Estrumate
What are the 3 anestrous issues?
1. Prepuberal 2. Postpartum 3. Other... nutritional
What are the three estrous synchronization protocols?
1. Progestin based protocol 2. Prostaglandin based protocol 3. GnRH based protocol
What are the three phases of spermatogenesis?
1. Proliferation 2. Meiosis 3. Differentiation
What are the progestin products?
1. Sponges 2. Melegestrol Acetate (MGA) 3. PRID (Progestin Releasing Intravaginal Device) 4. CIDR (Controlled Intravaginal Drug Release)
IVF Cycle goals
1. Suppress LH Surge 2. Stimulate follicle growth 3. Trigger Oocyte Maturation 4. Retrieve MANY mature oocytes -10-20
What are the two sources of prostaglandin F2-alpha in the female?
1. Uterus 2. Iris of eye
Route to produce GnRH...
1.Daylight 2.Retina 3.SCN 4.Hypothalamus via optic nerve 5.SCG 6.Pineal gland 7.Melatonin 8.GnRH
Positive Feedback
1.During menstruation, before ovulation, estrogen in secreted from the ovary 2.Estrogen stimulates GnRH from the hypothalamus and LH from the AP 3.GnRH stimulates LH from the AP 4.LH causes the ovary to release more estrogen- This causes an increase in GnRH/LH levels in the blood
Phases of Estrous
1.Estrus 2.Metestrus 3.Diestrus 4.Proestrus
Movement of Sperm
1.Seminiferous tubules 2.Rete testis 3.Vas efferntia 4.Caput 5.Corpus 6.Cauda 7.Vas defrens
Negative Feedback
1.The ovary (during menstruation) secretes progesterone in response to LH 2.Progesterone inhibits the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus and LH from the AP 3.Decreased GnRH reduces LH secreted from the AP
What percentage of clones will be transgenic?
100%
Fluid volume in hydroallantoic pregnancy
116 L
If embryo transfer occurs after Day ____, then the outcome was not successful (no MRP).
12
How long does estrus last in the cow?
12-18 hours
When does placentation occur in a sow?
12-20 days
When does placentation occur in an ewe?
18-20 days
Assessing fertilization after ICSI
18-20 hours after
What is the success rate of breeding a cow during the first and second signs of heat?
1st: 50% 2nd: 70%
2 cell theory
2 cell 2 gonadotropin
What is the average length of Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) in swine?
2-12 hours
What is the average length of Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) in sheep & cattle?
2-6 hours
Combined infertility percent
20%
The human ovum contains ____ autosomal chromosomes and ____ X sex chromosome.
22, 1
A fertilized egg contains ____ pairs (2 x 22 = 44) of autosomal chromosomes & one pair of sex chromosomes (__ or __)
22, XX or XY
The human sperm contains ____ autosomal chromosomes & _____ X or Y chromosome.
22,1
When does ovulation occur?
27-30 hours after LH surge
Average Menstruation
28 days
Abnormal Fertilization of ICSI
3 or 4 pronuclei or no pronuclei
When does placentation occur in a cow?
30-35 days
Mammary Development
32 days
How many layers are present in the hemochorial placentation and why?
3; the fetal side has invaded the maternal side.
How many cotyledons do you typically see in a deer?
4-6
Female Infertility percent
40%
Male infertility percent
40%
How much do OT receptors increase in a women at term?
40-100x
How long does normal postpartum last for beef cattle?
45 days +/- 25 days
PCG (Primordial Germ Cell) migration begins by the _____ week of gestation in the cow & human to genital (gonadal) ridge.
4th
How long does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take in sheep [Cotylendonary placenta]?
5-8 hours
When does placentation occur in a mare?
50-60 days
How many layers are present in epitheliochorial placentation?
6
In 1975, there were approximately 125 M babies born worldwide; of these, ______ had chromosomal or biochemical disorders or major birth defects.
6 M
How many cotyledons do you typically see in a.cow?
70-120 (each 5-6 cm. across at the end of pregnancy)
What is the average length of Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) in women?
8-14 hours
How many cotyledons do you typically see in a sheep?
90-100
>90%
>_____% of fatty acid hormones will be deactivated when they pass through the lungs. (This is why fatty acid hormones must act immediately)
What is leptin?
A 16-kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite/hunger and metabolism. Most important adipose-derived hormones.
The Differences Between Zonary, Cotyledonary, Discoid and Diffuse Placentas
A = Diffuse B = Discoid C = Cotyledonary D = Zonary
Progesterone
A CL produces what hormone in order to maintain pregnancy?
Heart
A boar's prostate is shaped like what?
Progesterone
A corpus luteum must form in order to produce/release what hormone?
What is a Freemartin?
A female born twin to a bull (fraternal or dizygotic)
Estrogen & inhibin
A follicle needs LH & FSH in order to produce what 2 hormones?
The "Ferguson Reflex" is facilitated by what?
A high E:P ratio
Sperm
A high number of sertoli cells usually indicate a high number of what?
Receptor; Response
A hormone travels to find its specific __________, then there is a __________.
Large
A large volume of the ejaculate with lower concentration of sperm is indicative of __________ accessory glands.
FSH
A negative feedback loop for inhibin allows what also to decrease?
GnRH & LH
A negative feedback loop for testosterone allows what two hormones also to decrease?
GnRH
A negative feedback loop of estrogen leads to a negative feedback loop for what?
GnRH
A negative feedback loop of progesterone leads to a negative feedback loop for what?
What is diffuse placentation?
A placenta made up of villi that spread over almost the whole surface of the corion (compare to Cotylendonary)
GnRH, LH, FSH
A positive feedback loop of estrogen allows what three other hormones to increase?
What purpose does the amnion serve?
A protective cushion
What is the conclusion drawn from the sheep embryo ruminant MRP study?
A signal protein produced by conceptus around day 12 signals the uterus and this interaction maintains the CL of pregnancy.
Monotocous
A single large dominant ovulatory follicles.
What is the difference between a cow and a sow female reproductive tract?
A sow has more well-developed uterine horns. This is because they are a litter-bearing species.
What is a cotyledon?
A specialized area on fetal placental membrane (the chorion)
Muscular vascular
A stallion has what type of penis?
H
A stallion's prostate is shaped like what?
Hexagons, pentagon
A typical steroid has three __________ & one __________.
Mitotic divisions
A-spermatogonia: A1 A2 A3 A4 Stem cells divide continually for a constant source
What main hormones that we study for reproductive success are in the protein chemical class?
ACTH, Prolactin
Resort abortion
Abortion occurs but farmer won't notice until next heat cycle
What is the estimated cost of the One Shot Method for PG?
About $3.00
3 inches
About how long is the female human reproductive tract?
In males, the LH surge center is _________.
Absent
What hormone stimulates the fetal adrenal gland to release fetal cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What does ACTH stand for? What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of ACTH and others?
Adrenocorticotropin Chemical class = protein Target: Adrenal cortex Function: Glucocorticoid release Milk synthesis
When does attachment occur?
After a 2-3 week "free living' period
When is puberty in the female determined? Which one is the most applicable from a practical standpoint?
Age of first ovulation (when 1st oocyte is released) Age of first estrus (easier to see and first time sexually receptive) Age at which the female can support pregnancy without deleterious effects)
When is puberty in the male determined? Which one is the most valid criterion?
Age when behavioral traits are expressed Age of first ejaculation (complex process) Age when sperm first appear in the ejaculation Age when the sperm first appear in the urine Age when the ejaculate contains a threshold of sperm
The Jost Paradigm
Alfred Jost, 1947, Sequential Three Step Process Mammalian Sex Development
Interstitial compartment
All cells & materials outside the seminiferous tubules (like blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatics, nerves, Leydig cells, etc.) are where?
Seldom with deficiencies in the reproductive world is it _____ or ______.
All or none
What is the term for the fused chorion and allantois?
Allantochorion or chorioallantois
Fluid volume in normal pregnancy
Allantoic fluid: 10-15 L Amniotic fluid: 2.5-7.5 L
What placental membrane is a fluid-filled sac that contains blood vessels connecting fetal and placental circulation?
Allantois
In females, E2 is bound to ______________ and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
Alpha fetal protein (AFP)
small luteal cells
Also called thecal-lutein cells Contain lipid droplets No secretory granules Small luteal cells increase in number -Contribute to size (5x)
large luteal cells
Also granulosal-lutein cells From granulosa cells Contain secretory granules full of hormones -Oxytocin in CL for the cycle -Relaxin in CL for pregnancy Large luteal cells rarely multiple -CL size based on increase in volume (3x)
Peptide/Protein Hormones
Amino acids Mr determines classification Peptide = smaller than 50 amino acids Protein = greater than 50 amino acids (H2O soluble) Denatured by strong acids, bases and heat (effectiveness depends on administration [IV, IM or SC]
What is transferred across the placenta to the fetus to make proteins and fat in farm animals ?
Amino acids and fatty acids
If the oocyte is fertilized by an x-sperm, what do we have?
An XX configuration ; female
If the oocyte is fertilized by a y-sperm, what do we have?
An XY configuration ; male
ZP2
Anchor -Contact between egg and sperm
What is the branch of reproductive physiology that deals specifically with the study & treatment of male animals (including humans?)
Andrology
When normal estrous cycles do not occur
Anestrus
LH and FSH come from where?
Anterior pituitary
What structure controls the function of the gonads?
Anterior pituitary
What structure releases LH and FSH?
Anterior pituitary
What unique characteristic does the amnion have in reference to the fetus?
Anti-adhesion properties (fluid contained within -- fetus cannot stick to things inside)
In farm animals, ____________ do not cross the placenta; the newborn gets these from the first milk (colostrum).
Antibodies
Stigma
Apex of the ovary
Peptides
Are peptides or proteins released in the hypothalamus?
No
Are steroid hormones soluble in inorganic solvents?
What is the estimated cost of the EAZI-breed CIDR program?
Around $11
What is the estimated cost of using the co-sync program?
Around $13
What is the estimated cost of using the ov-sync program?
Around $13
What is the estimated cost for co-sync with CIDR for timed AI program?
Around $21
What is the estimated cost of MGA + Prostaglandins?
Around $5.00
What is the estimated cost for the modified two shot method?
Around $6.00
What is the estimated drug cost for the PG Two Shot Method?
Around $6.00
What is the estimated cost of the modified select sync program?
Around $8-13
What is the estimated cost of the select sync program?
Around $8.00
How long is the human female reproductive tract?
Around 3 inches
Decreases
As ejaculate number in a day increases, the relative number of sperm per ejaculate does what?
When does the amnion rupture?
At birth (This is NOT "breaking of water")
Vestibule
At estrus, what vaginal structure thickens to protect the vagina during copulation & prevents microorganisms from getting into vasculature?
Consider noninvasive placentation an _______________.
Attachment
In what species does the left side of the reproductive tract develop but the right side atrophies?
Avian
Organ donor goal and example
Avoid issues with tissue rejection example: alter carbohydrate molecules on pig cells so human antibodies don't recognize them as foreign
Why does hastening the onset of puberty in females network as well as it does in males??
B/c physiological demand of pregnancy/parturition/lactation limit the benefits.
What are the patterns of hormone concentrations?
Basal, Episodic and Sustained
CL "vigor"
Based on the follicle prior to ovulation Number of luteal cells Vascularization
In what species do we see obligatory delayed implantation?
Bat, bear, seal, armadillo, badger and weasel
Differentiation
Becoming spermatozoon after metamorphosis; become sperm we expect to be there
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in farm animals occurs __________ attachment.
Before
Testicular descent typically occurs _______ parturition.
Before
When to retrieve oocytes?
Before ovulation 34-36 hours after trigger shot of hCG
Luteal Phase
Begins at ovulation -Formation of CL or luteinization -Begins with hemorrhagicum Production of progesterone Lasts until luteolysis Includes diestrus and metestrus
What is proestrus?
Begins w/ CL destruction and terminates at the beginning of estrus, lasts ~2-5 days
Describe the PGF response in the mare
Better if you know when the last estrous cycle occurred, but there can be wide variation in response time
Vitrification
Better survivability Most used Plunge into liquid nitrogen Don't lose anything after thawing (quality remains the same)
Where does the contact between mother and conceptus occur for metabolic exchange?
Between the chorion and endometrium
ZP3
Binds sperm
Fatty Acid Hormones
Biologically active lipids Do not fit classical hormone definition Typically act at production site Few cases where site of action is another tissue/organ Rapidly degraded in mammals
Testicular Sperm Extraction
Biopsy to remove sperm from testes if there is no sperm in the ejaculate
Which species are bicornuate and have highly developed uterine horns?
Bitch, queen and sow
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in farm animals is coincident with what?
Blastocyst elongation
What stage does the oocyte need to be in for embryo splitting?
Blastocyst or Morula Stage
Due to the common blood supply in Freemartin, the female is exposed to the males testosterone and AMH. What does this AMH do?
Blocks the Mullerin duct development in the male AND the female
Anterior Pituitary
Both GnRH & CRH (as well as others) target organ/tissue is where?
CHANGES WITH A DOMINANT FOLLICLE
Both LH and FSH basal levels increase due to GnRH inhibition removal. Begins the hormonal changes -Recruitment -Selection -Dominance
What is an example of obligatory delayed implantation?
Breeding in the fall with implantation in the spring
What could happen if a cow is too fat?
Breeding issues
What is a double-layered connective tissue that suspends the reproductive tract in females & houses the vascular supply, the lymphatic drainage & nerves?
Broad Ligament
Cowper's glands
Bulbourethral glands are also known as what?
Fibroelastic
Bulls, boars, & rams have what kind of penis?
How does IFN-t prevent destruction of the CL?
By binding to uterine IFN-t receptors and diminishing or inhibiting pulsatile uterine PGF2a secretion.
What is the most common progestin product?
CIDR's (Controlled Intravaginal Drug Release)
To achieve myometrial contractions what must change?
CL environment
How is the CL of pregnancy maintained in cats and dogs?
CL maintained whether or not pregnancy occurs (pseudopregnancy)
What must happen in order for cyclicity to carry on?
CL must be destroyed as long as pregnancy does not occur
There is no ______ gland in birds. What does this lead to?
CL-endocrine; No progesterone --> no pregnancy --> lays egg
ACTH
CRH's principle function is the release of what (that is important for parturition?)
What is an advantage/disadvantage of calving early in terms of estrous synchronization?
Calves are older when weaned
Yes
Can peptides/proteins be denatured by strong acids, bases & heat?
What is the hypophyseal portal system and what does it do?
Carries RH to AP without dilution in systemic circulation Peptide hormones have a short half-life Allows rapid response
The maternal ________ has a very different presentation in the gravid state than in the non gravid state.
Caruncle
In what species does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take the longest?
Cattle (6-12 hours)
What is the general function of releasing hormones of the hypothalamus?
Cause release of trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
What are adipocytes?
Cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat 2 types- White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue
What organs are associated with the germ layer Ectoderm?
Central nervous system, sense organs, mammary glands, sweat glands, skin, hair and hooves
What must occur simultaneously with myometrial contractions?
Cervical dilation
Cervix
Cervix
Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis
Checks for genes associated with specific conditions Classified as affected, unaffected or carrier
What are oxytocin sources? What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of oxytocin?
Chemical class = Neuropeptide (octapeptide) Target: Mammary gland - myoepothelial cells Uterus -- myometrium & endometrium Testes -- Smooth muscle of epididymal tail, vas Deferens and Ampulla Function: 1. Milk ejection 2. Parturition 3. PGF2a synthesis 4. Pre-ejaculatory movement of sperm
What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of Prolactin?
Chemical class = protein Target: Mammary cells Corpus lute Testes Brain Function: Lactation Maternal behavior Corpus luteum function
What is the chemical class, source and the principal function of the Ovarian Hormone progesterone?
Chemical class = steroid Source: Corpus luteum (large and small luteal cells) Placenta Function: Inhibition of mating behavior Maintenance of pregnancy Mammary growth
What is the chemical class, source and the principal function of the Ovarian Hormone estrogen?
Chemical class = steroid Source: Granuloma cells -- Antral Follicles Placenta Sertoli cells Function: Mating behavior Cyclic changes Secondary sex characteristics Mammary growth
What is a pheromone?
Chemical factor either secreted or excreted that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Various types exist (i.e., alarm pheromones, sex pheromones)
What are hormones?
Chemical substances produced by endocrine glands or tissues that are carried in the blood to a target organ/tissue which elicits a change in cellular activity (i.e., physiological response) after finding receptors. Messenger. Acts as a catalyst. Can act on same cell/tissue that produced it. Paracrine and autocrine. Works through specific receptors.
Men and fertility preservation
Chemo or other treatments affecting sperm
Get pregnant
Chickens do not need a corpus luteum because they don't need to do what?
What is the precursor for steroid hormones?
Cholesterol
What is cloning genetically superior animals dependent on?
Choosing traits that are highly heritable
Superficial Implantation (Placental Attachment)
Chorion lies opposed to the uterine wall
What are the four placental membranes?
Chorion, yolk sac, amnion and allantois
What are the three steps of the Jost Paradigm?
Chromosomal (genetic) sex : The presence or absence of a Y chromosome Gonadal sex : Presence or absence of testis determining factor (TDF) [XY = testis, XX = ovaries] Phenotypic sex (secondary sex differentiation) : Determined by hormonal products of gonads
What organs are associated with the germ layer Mesoderm?
Circulatory system, skeletal system, muscle, reproductive systems, kidney, urinary ducts
What are the pieces and parts of the female Avian reproductive tract from the outside in?
Cloaca, Vagina, Uterus (aka Shell Gland), Isthmus, Magnum, Infundibulum, Oviduct, Ovary (follicles = egg yolks)
Who is Snuppy?
Cloned dog 1:1000
Who is Ralph?
Cloned rat
Which protocol should be used? -Commercial, semen is inexpensive, can NOT heat check
Co-sync with CIDR for timed AI
Recruitment
Cohort of small follicles grow and begin producing estrogen
Who tends to use MGA + Prostaglandins?
Commercial producers with replacement beef heifers
A ________ blood supply is present at the time of testis formation and before ovarian formation in a Freemartin.
Common
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in farm animals is signaled by ___________ product(s).
Conceptus
What is an embryo in the uterus called?
Conceptus
How is the CL of pregnancy maintained in primates?
Conceptus signal act directly on CL
What does the removal of the progesterone block allow for?
Contractility
What is a placentome?
Cotyledon and caruncle together
Rudimentary cotyledons in placenta
Cotyledons tried to form but were unsuccessful
The human ovary is similar to a ______ but smaller.
Cow
What species have convex cotyledonary attachment?
Cow and giraffe
What species have cotyledonary placentas?
Cow and sheep
What is the average length of estrous cycles in different species?
Cow, Sow, Mare: 21 days Ewe: 17
Which species have 2 uterine horns, 1 uterine body, 1 cervix and 1 vagina?
Cow, mare, bitch, queen, sow
Boar
Cowper's gland is typically a small & ovoid, dense structure except in what male where It is very large?
3 follicular waves are more common in what species?
Cows
What is diestrus?
Creation of a functional CL, lasts ~13 days
Ethical issue of therapeutic cloning
Creation of embryo that is then destroyed
How do you get high genetic merit in clones?
Crossing your best clonal lines
Spontaneous
Cyclic ovulators woman, cow, ewe, sow, mare
Other Factors (present in luteolysis)
Cytokines: -Immune products -Secreted from macrophages and lymphocytes -Inhibit progesterone (mainly because getting rid of P4 producing cells) -Trigger apoptosis (through activity of macrophages or phagocytosis) Cell death: Necrosis (Death due to damage) Apoptosis (Programmed cell death)
There is a genetic deficiency of 5a-reductase that converts testosterone to _______.
DHT
In terms of GnRH based protocols, which follicles work and which do not?
DO work: big follicles DO NOT work: small follicles
Who tends to use the ov-sync program?
Dairy producers: most common in dairy heifers who want timed sync.
When to transfer embryos
Day 5-6
Facultative breeder
Day length
When is the bitch receptive to the male?
Declining estrogen, rising progesterone
Female fertility issues
Decreased Ovarian Reserve Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Endometriosis Uterine Factors Fertility Preservation
Atresia
Degeneration of follicles in the cohort via loss of the antrum Over 90% of follicles undergo
What determines uterine type?
Degree of fusion
Most embryos implant shortly after entering the uterus, however some undergo what?
Delayed Implantation
When is there a tonic secretion of LH?
Diestrus, CL formation , follicle growth and turnover
What is dystocia?
Difficult birth
What organs are associated with the germ layer Endoderm?
Digestive system, liver, lungs, endocrine glands, pancreas, thyroid gland, most other glands and the primordial germ cells
What stage of labor takes the longest?
Dilation of the Cervix (Stage 1)
Which stage of labor is associated with dystocia ?
Dilation of the Cervix (Stage 1)
What ploidy status is needed to make an embryo?
Diploid
In what type of placenta does the endometrial epithelium grow over the placenta?
Discoid
Spermatogenesis
Disruption of scrotal cooling mechanisms severely compromises what?
Carbohydrates
Do carbohydrates or proteins tend to have a longer half-life and larger % in blood after injected?
Problem with therapeutic cloning
Does not allow cloned embryo to establish pregnancy. Harvest those stem cells and use for regeneration of tissues.
Boar
Does the bull or boar have a higher level of sperm production?
Yes
Does transcription take awhile?
What species have zonary placentas?
Dog, cat and seal
What is the most important thing in Stage 1 (Expulsion of the Fetus)?
Don't mess around, get the fetus OUT
What is an example of Estrogen affecting the development of duct differentiation in females?
Double ER KO results in sex reversal of ovary to testis-like structure and increased SOX-9.
What is the only cost considered with the modified two shot method?
Drug cost
What is the only cost put into consideration for the One Shot Method?
Drug cost
What is the only cost put into consideration for the two shot method?
Drug cost
What is it called when there are two cervices?
Duplex
In males, testosterone enters fetal brain and is converted to ______.
E2
What causes the embryo to implant in facultative delayed implantation?
E2
____ prevents surge center development in males.
E2
What induces an LH surge during estrus?
E2, LH required to induced ovulation which occurs right after estrus
Proliferation
Early spermatogonia cells go through mitosis; go from few to many cells
What are the three germ layers?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm
Vasa Efferentia
Efferent Ducts are also known as what?
Uterine Quiescent
Egg arrested in metaphase of the second meiotic division
How are placentas classified?
Either morphologically by distribution of villi on the chorionic surface or by the degree of separation between maternal and fetal blood (microscopically)
Interstitial Implantation (Placental Attachment)
Embryo invades endometrium and develops in the endometrium
Cells that can be used in nuclear transfer
Embryonic, fetal, and/or somatic
The placenta is a __________ organ.
Endocrine
What type of gland is most important for reproduction purposes?
Endocrine
What type of glands are ductless?
Endocrine
What type of glands secrete chemical agents (i.e. hormones) directly into the bloodstream, lymph or other?
Endocrine
What type of glands secrete hormones that travel via blood to target organ/tissue/cells where they regulate specific physiological activities?
Endocrine
What is the most important organ that the endoderm germ layer is associated with?
Endocrine glands and the primordial germ cells
Invasive Placentation
Endometrial epithelium and possibly other endometrial layers are eroded by conceptus [...Fetal tissues erode the maternal tissues and gain a more direct access to the maternal bloodstream...]
Noninvasive Placentation
Endometrial epithelium is retained (or breached only sporadically or transiently)
The exposure of the Freemartin to testosterone results in what?
Enlarged clitoris and brain sex
CRH--ACTH--CORTISOL
Enzymes that metabolize progesterone to estradiol
What does the placental P4 upregulate?
Enzymes the convert P4 into E2.
Androgen
Epididymus function is __________ dependent
What hormone is legal to use in other countries to induce estrous behavior, but illegal in the US?
Estradiol 17
Positive
Estradiol is one of the few examples of what kind of feedback loop?
What receptors does P4 block the formation of?
Estradiol receptor (ER) and Oxytocin receptor (OTR)
Slow
Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, DHT, & cortisol are all examples of a slow or rapid response?
What is the dominant hormone in estrus? What type of changes occur?
Estradiol; behavioral changes and changes in report tract
The mechanism involved with MRP in ruminants involves inhibition of ___________ receptor and oxytocin receptor formation.
Estrogen
αFP
Estrogen is produced in the ovary which binds to __________ where it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.
Despite the lack of gonadal influence in the duct differentiation of females, several other factors do play a role. What are these factors?
Estrogen produced by fetal ovaries, estrogen receptors (Era and ERb), growth factors & other hormones may play a role in complete development.
(ovarian) Steroid hormones
Estrogen, progesterone, & testosterone are all examples of what kind of hormones?
What are the steroid hormones of the ovary?
Estrogens, progestins and androgens
What two types of cycles do mammals have?
Estrous cycle (b/w periods of estrus) Menstrual cycle (begins and ends with menses)
When is there a surge of FSH?
Estrus, secondary surge during metestrus
How to treat Hydrops
Euthanasia Abort fetus, often causes mother to die too
What does "sexually indifferent" mean in the early embryo?
Even though the chromosomal sex is determined, you cannot visually tell the sex yet.
When is sperm made?
Every 3-4 days
Hydrops
Excessive accumulation of allantoic or amniotic fluid in the uterus during the latter half of gestation
What type of glands have ducts?
Exocrine
What type of glands secrete externally (not into the bloodstream)?
Exocrine
Parturition (Labor)
Expulsion of the fetus and placenta from the uterus
What could happen if a cow is too thin?
Extended anestrus period
If there is no DHT or DHT Rc then there is no what?
External genitalia
Glyco-proteins
FSH & LH are what kinds of proteins?
Estrogen, LH
FSH can upregulate its own receptor to increase __________ synthesis & upregulate _____ receptors to prepare for ovulation.
What type of delayed implantation inhibits FSH and E2?
Facultative delayed implantation
Why IVF?
Failed IUI Infertility Male factor or Female tubal factor
Human Infertility
Failure of a couple to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse
What is cryptorchidism?
Failure of testes to descend, producing T4, but no sperm
True/False Puberty is the same as sexual maturity.
False
True/False Minimizing age at puberty for females is more advantageous than for males.
False Males than females (sperm can be used for AI) -reduces reproductive "down time" -reduces generation interval
True/False The first surges after puberty are associated with estrus.
False ( this is not always the case)
T/F: Most schemes do not need to rely on follicle palpations/ US and behavior to determine when to breed
False, they DO rely on follicle palpations and such
T/F: It is easy to get MGA
False; it is hard to obtain
degraded
Fatty acid hormones typically act at the production site & are rapidly __________ in mammals
What is melegestrol acetate (MGA)
Feed additive
Free Martin (female/male twin)
Female exposed to male testosterone and AMH blocks mullerian duct development
In birds, what are the female and male genotypes?
Females = ZW Males = ZZ
What is the result of extra "X"s within a male?
Feminization and impaired spermatogenesis (deviate from normal)
Hypothalamus --> CRH --> AP --> ACTH --> Adrenal Gland --> Fetal Cortisol
Fetal Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis
What hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Fetal corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
From the innermost region of the fetus to the outermost region of the mother, how do the tissues order?
Fetal endothelium, fetal connective tissue, fetal (chorionic) epithelium, maternal (endometrial) epithelium, maternal connective tissue, maternal endothelium.
Vulva Vestibule Cervix External Uterine Bifurcation Oviduct
Finish labeling the 9 parts of the female anatomy Labia --> __________ --> __________ --> Cranial Vagina --> __________ --> Uterine Horn --> __________ -->Ovaries
Magnum, Uterus, Cloaca
Finish the hen's reproductive system: Ovary --> Infundibulum --> __________ --> Isthmus --> __________ --> Vagina --> __________
Who is Dolly?
First clone of an adult animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer of mammary cell -277 attempts
Who is Dewey?
First clone of deceased white tail buck
Blastocoel
Fluid filled cavity in a blastocyst
What does FSH stand for? What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of FSH?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone Chemical class = glycoprotein Target: Ovary = granuloma cells Testes = Sertoli cells Function: 1. Follicle growth 2. Estrogen production 3. Sertoli cell function 4. Spermiogenesis
Estrogen
Follicles produce what hormone in females?
Menstrual cycle- follicular phase
Follicular phase produce estradiol is 14 days long 9 proliferative phase 5 menses
FDA statement on cloning food animals
Food products derived from animals clones are safe for human consumption
Women and fertility preservation
Freezing eggs due to aging
Source of sperm collection
Fresh ejaculate from partner Frozen Frozen testicular biopsy
Selection
From the cohort surviving follicles are selected and may become dominant (Litter baring species a group is select not in mono-ovulatory animals)
The placenta converts glucose to __________, which can be stored in allantoic fluid in farm animals.
Fructose
In a freemartin, the placental membranes of the fetuses ______.
Fuse
What two things do ovaries produce?
Gametes & Hormones
How brain and behavioral sexual differentiation proceeds:
Genetic Sex sets stage for gonadal sex which once forms makes a sex steroid production from the gonads which determines the brain structure and behavior (masculine or feminine)
What is Pharming?
Genetically modified farm animals used to benefit human health
Nuclear Maturation
Germinal Vesicle Breakdown Chromatin condenses and segregates Extrusion of 1st polar body Mitosis occurs and arrests in Metaphase 2
The testes descend during _______________.
Gestation
What is the best way to select the best protocol?
Get the protocol that matches the producer
Primates/Humans
Give an example of a female animal with a simplex uterus, where there are no uterine horns
Mare
Give an example of a female animal with high uterine horn fusion (short horns & large body)
Cow
Give an example of a female animal with moderate uterine horn fusion (mod. length horns & small body)
HcG Functions
Glycoprotein -LH like- involved with establishment of pregnancy in women (stimulates egg release) -Supports/maintains CL
FH
Glycoprotein -Target: ovary-granulosa cells/ testes-sertoli cells -Functions: follicle growth, estrogen, sertoli cell function, and spermatogenesis
LH
Glycoprotein -Target: ovary-theca cell and corpus leuteum/ testes-leydig cells -Functions: ovulation, CL formation, progesterone production, testosterone production
Activin
Glycoprotein Source: granulosa follicle Function: stimulate FSH secretion
Inhibin
Glycoprotein Sources: granulosa cells- antral follicle Function: Inhibits FSH secretion
LH
GnRH allows levels of what hormone to change?
receptor, G-protein, phospholipase C (PLC), DAG, & IP3, calcium, endoplasmic reticulum, DAG, PKC, secretory granules, LH
GnRH binds to its _________which recruits __________ and activates __________. The reduction of PLC yields two products _________ & _________. IP3 then binds to its receptor, where _________ is released into the cytoplasm of the __________. Next, __________ & the addition of calcium from outside of the membrane facilitate the activation of __________. Then with the help of __________, there is a fusing with the membrane & _________ is dumped through the plasma membrane.
How do GnRH based protocols work?
GnRH helps induce ovulation/luteinization
Neuropeptide
GnRH is considered what kind of peptide?
Hypothalamus, Anterior pituitary , gonads
GnRH is produced & released by the _________. Then is is released into the _________ where LH & FSH are released to the _________.
In females, duct differentiation occurs without what?
Gonadal influence Ex. Jost experiment -- castrates had female duct development
Positive Loop
Gonadal steroids -estridiol
What does the hormone GnRH stand for?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone Releases LH and FSH
Protein
Greater than 50 amino acids is known as what?
Rapid growth and regression of the ______________ occurs after the testes descend.
Gubernaculum
Hormone potency
Half-life, receptor density, & hormone receptor affinity affect what?
Diffuse Placenta
Has the least invasive attachment, chorionic villi distributed over entire surface of chorionic sac. It is not smooth, it has folds. It sends fingerlike projections out to fit within the folds of the endometrium. "Like a zipper" -- interlocking projetions
What is another common name for estrus?
Heat
What is an environmental stressor that can affect the estrous cycle?
Heat stress: affects the oocytes
2 follicular waves are more common in what species?
Heifers
What type of Estradiol to Progesterone ratio promotes myometrial excitability (contractions)?
High E:P
Problems with Cloned offspring
High mortality Large offspring Hypothermic Lung dysmaturity Metabolic disorders
Livers, progesterone, steroids
High producing dairy cows have larger __________, & lower __________ concentrations. This may lead to them metabolizing __________ at a faster rate which may impair fertility.
What is the average age at puberty for females and males, respectively, in holsteins? Brahman?
Holstein: 8.5 months, 9.0 months Brahman: 19 mo, 17 mo
Endocrine, blood
Hormones are chemical substances that are produced by __________ glands or tissue that is then carried in the __________ to target organ/tissue which elicit a change in cellular activity after binding to its receptor.
Endocrine
Hormones come from what type of gland?
Who is Prometea?
Horse that is genetically identical to surrogate mother.
Vein --> artery
How does testosterone move in the circulatory system?
In what species do we see hemo-chorial placentation?
Human
What species have discoid placentas?
Human, primates, rabbits, rodents and bats
Which species has 2 different types of labia? What are they?
Human; minora and majora
Name a species where antibodies are passed through the placenta.
Humans
Parturition is poorly understood in _____________.
Humans
In what species does Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) take the longest?
Humans (8-14 hours)
Why does the human female reproductive tract have a different orientation than that of a cow?
Humans are bipedal.
What species have a simplex system?
Humans, primates
Hormones
Hypothalamic Nuclei are responsible for releasing what?
GnRH comes from where?
Hypothalamus
What are the two most important structures in the brain that regulate reproduction?
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Why not drain fluid with hydroallantoic pregnancy?
Hypovolemic shock which causes death
Nature's Clones
Identical twins
Proestrus
If pregnancy not maintained... -CL regression -Decrease in progesterone, increase in estrogen -CL terminates at the beginning of estrus
What is one way dystocia can be caused in this stage of parturition?
If the cervix doesn't want to properly dilate; fetus is experiencing strong myometrial contractions and is stuck (MUST GET OUT)
Lumen Spermiation
Immediate transfer into cervix-- travel through uterus-- undergo capacitation-- enter/reside in oviduct-- acrosomal reaction-- fertilize ovum -Essential for meiosis -Induced by FSH
Consider invasive placentation an ______________.
Implantation
Obligatory Delayed Implantation
Implantation is delayed several months; little embryonic growth (embryonic diapause)
Outside to inside
In a general model for receptor structure, is the message delivered inside to outside the cell membrane or outside to inside?
Corpus cavernous
In a penile cross-section, what is the center spongy erectile tissue of the penis known as?
Corpus spongiosum
In a penile cross-section, what is the urethra surrounded by?
Tunica albuginea
In a penile cross-section, what layer surrounds the outer boundary of the penis?
Outside
In animals (other than the mare) where is the cortex of the ovary?
Inside
In animals (other than the mare) where is the medulla of the ovary?
Rectogenital pouch
In animals, what separates the reproductive system & the rectum in females?
Clotting
In humans, the seminal vesicles & prostate are useful in the what of ejaculate?
Perineal Raphe
In humans, what is the area between the vulva & anus known as?
Testis
In males, what structure is responsible for producing spermatozoa, testosterone, inhibin, estrogen, & some proteins?
4-6° C
In most mammals, testes must be how many degrees cooler than body temperature for proper sperm production?
Cowper's gland
In the boar, what is responsible for the gelling of ejaculate?
Cervix
In the cow/ewe there are cilia in what reproductive structure?
Dorsal Erection Canals
In the cross section of the penis, what are the two holes on the opposite side of the urethra called?
Puberty
In the female, it takes ~2 months before pulse frequency of LH is high enough to achieve what?
Testis
In the male reproductive system, what is known as the sperm "manufacturing & assembly plant?"
Estrogen
In the male's brain, testosterone aromatizes to what hormone?
Cowper's glands
In the ram, bull, & stallion, what glands are small & buried under the bulbospongiosus muscle?
How do the sow and mare diffuse placentas vary?
In the sow the projections appear as one finger-like projection into the endometrium while with the mare it appears as several finger-like projections in a cluster.
Seminal vesicles
In the stallion, what is responsible for the gelling of ejaculate?
Mares
In what females, is the ovary inverted where the cortex is on the inside & the medulla is on the outside?
Extracellular
In what receptor domain is the carbohydrate a tangled mess?
Transmembrane
In what receptor domain is the carbohydrate in a snake like pattern?
What does an increase in cervical stimulation do?
Increase Oxytocin
What does an increase in pressure do?
Increase cervical stimulation
Application of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Increase efficiency
Describe what happens to spermatozoa as they go from myoid cells/basement membrane to the lumen
Increase in maturity as they get closer to the lumen
What happens when there is a tonic release of LH
Increase of testosterone
Prolactin Production
Increase rate of casein and alpha-lactation synthesis
When does progesterone increase in the estrous cycle? Decrease?
Increase: During diestrus (formation of functional CL) Decrease: Ovulation and Estrus
How many Embryos should be transferred?
Increased implantation rate with less embryos transferred
Negative feedback
Increased secretion of one hormone inhibits secretion of another hormone (Inhibin on FSH secretion)
Positive feedback
Increased secretion of one hormone stimulates increased secretion of another hormone (Estrogen on GnRH)
As follicular growth increases, Estradiol:
Increases
What happens with gonadotropin during pregnancy?
Increases
What does the increase in mucus secretion in the female reproductive tract do?
Increases lubrication in the cervix vagina
What does E2 do with regards to fetal coritsol?
Increases myometrial contractions and the secretion of mucus by the female reproductive tract.
What does an increase in myometrial contractions do?
Increases pressure.
The early embryo remains sexually ____________.
Indifferent
Facultative Delayed Implantation
Induced by lactation and suckling
What type of ovulators are queens?
Induced ovulators
Risks of Human Cloning
Inefficiency of procedure Cloned fetuses die in late gestation or early birth Death of mother Complication with offspring
Problems with cloning
Inefficient Death of embryos and fetuses throughout pregnancy Large offspring Death of offspring
The vast majority of Freemartin are ________.
Infertile
Granulosa cells
Inhibin & activin primarily come from what portion of the ovary?
Negative
Inhibin, progesterone, estradiol, & testosterone are all examples of what kind of feedback loops?
What does inhibin do?
Inhibits the production of FSH
Artificial Progesterone (change livestock managent) we can give it these ways
Injectable Transdermal Oral Implants
With regards to MRP in ruminants, the conceptus secretes large amount of the protein ___________ from day 13-21 after ovulation.
Interferon-tau (IFN-t)
What type of implantation (placental attachment) do we see in humans?
Interstitial Placentation
What are two types of placentation?
Invasive and noninvasive
Longer
Is a greater potential for biological activity achieved through a shorter or longer half-life?
Males
Is minimizing age at puberty for advantageous for males or females?
No
Is the cremaster muscle capable of sustained contractions?
Yes
Is the tunica dartos capable of sustained contractions?
Who is Millie?
Ist cloned cow in the US -1:95 attempts
Why is the X chromosome larger than the Y?
It allows the larger "x" chromosome to absorb more dye and sort sperm based on fluorescence. This is called sexed sperm and is available in beef cattle and even humans.
What is the purpose of the yolk sac in mammals?
It atrophies but is a source of blood cells and primordial germ cells.
What is the disadvantage of an AI technician, especially in Tennessee, in terms of estrous synchronization?
It can be very hard to find an AI technician here, not as many in the area
What did Jost discover with his experiments with reference to testosterone (injection, pellets, testis graft) into the females before sexual differentiation?
It caused male type development of external genitalia and Wolffian duct system in both sexes.
Why is colostrum so vital?
It contains antibodies.
What is the chorion's purpose?
It encloses the embryo and all other extra-embryonic membranes and provides an attachment to the uterus.
How do you administer MGA?
It goes into the feed; into fat
How is a sow's ovary different?
It has multiple follicles (resembles a bundle of grapes)
Why is the mitochondrial DNA different in nuclear transfer?
It ignores the importance of cytoplasmic inheritance
What is the important takeaway when studying cow cervices?
It is NOT a straight pathway.
In an XX male, what happens to SRY?
It is added to the "X"
During the free living period, how is the blastocyst being nourished?
It is being bathed in uterine secretions
What was the original dogma concerning nuclear transplantation?
It is biologically impossible, and only embryonic cells can be used
What happens to SRY in XY females?
It is deleted or mutated.
Where does the fluid in the amnion come from?
It is produced by the fetus.
In an XY female, what happens to SRY?
It is removed from the "Y"
What is a unique purpose of the amnion very early in gestation?
It is taut -- so much fluid that it cannot be palpated. This is good, because if it was palpated at this stage damage could be caused.
Why is the placenta so vascular?
It needs O2, nutrients and a mechanism to exchange waste
Why is reproductive cyclicity important?
It provides the female with repeated opportunities to get pregnant.
What did Jost discover with his experiments with reference to secondary sexual development?
It was female, irrespective of genetic sex. The Mullerian ducts (F presentation) persisted, external labia and clitoris developed in both sexes.
How does environment play a role in reproduction?
It's the main factor to whether or not reproduction is successful
Third Ventricle
Just above the medulla oblongata lies what?
The __________ ________ has the ability to either lay eggs or give birth to live young.
Komodo dragon
What do you need a lot of to induce ovulation?
LH
What stimulates testosterone production?
LH
What is the summary of the molecular size of hormones largest to smallest?
LH & FSH --> Prolactin --> Inhibin --> Oxytocin --> Estradiol --> Testosterone, Progesterone, PGF2a
corpus luteum
LH + __________ = progesterone
What main hormones that we study for reproductive success are in the glycoprotein chemical class?
LH and FSH
Which hormones are the largest reproductive hormones because they travel from the hypothalamus to reproductive tract.
LH and FSH
G-protein, adenylate cyclase, cAMP, transcription, mRNA, cholesterol, mitochondria, testosterone
LH binds to its receptor where __________ is recruited & __________ is activated. ATP is converted to __________ which then binds to a Protein Kinase A. Phosphorylation events lead to _________ (DNA --> _____.) Via new protein synthesis, __________ is converted to pregnenolone in the __________. Pregnenolone is then converted to the final product of _________ via steroid synthesis.
What three primary reproductive hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?
LH, FSH and Prolactin
Dog do not have ______ anestrus
Lactational- because after birth, the dog already goes into anestrus.
When does estradiol increase in the estrous cycle?
Large spike in E2 during estrus and ovulation
What are the follicular waves controlled by?
Length of luteal phase
Paramesonephric
Length of uterine horns is dependent upon the degree of fusion between what ducts in the fetus?
Low CAP-score
Less likely to conceive within 3 IUI cycles -IVF recommended
Peptide
Less than 50 amino acids is known as what?
In the testes, the hormone LH attaches to what type of cells?
Leydig
Testosterone Source
Leydig cells
Testosterone is produced by what type of cells?
Leydig cells
What produces testosterone?
Leydig cells
Dilation of the cervix results from what two things?
Loss of collagen and loosening or separation of collagen fibers
What does the dominant follicle secrete?
Lots of estradiol
Pre Implantation Genetic Selection
Lower chance of incorrect chromosome composition Transfer embryos known to be genetically normal
What does LH stand for? What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of LH?
Lutenizing Hormone Chemical class = glyco-protein Target: Ovary = theca interna cell and corpus luteum Testes = Leydig cells Function: 1. Ovulation 2. CL formation and Progesterone production 3. Testosterone production
_________ must be prevented to maintain pregnancy.
Luteolysis
Describe the structure of LH and FSH.
Made of 2 amino acid chains Alpha chains are the same Beta chains differ and give specificity Need both chains for biological activity Also relevant for TSH
Jost concluded that sex was assigned by the presence or absence of a genetic factor(s) that determines the fate of the gonads. How did he refer to these states?
Male = induced state Female = default state
What is the average age of puberty in bovine? humans?
Male and female: 11 mo (7-18 mo range) Male: 13 yrs Female: 12 yrs
What is the average age of puberty in bovine? humans?
Male and female: 11 mo (7-18 mo range) Male : 13 years Female : 12 years
Surge center
Males lack what area in the hypothalamus?
Blastocyst
Mammalian blastula where some cell differentiation has occurred (cell stage)
What is the most important organ that the ectoderm germ layer is associated with?
Mammary glands
Slow Cool
Managed ice crystal formation -mediate formation to keep embryo from being affected -Now used just for sperm
Klinefelter's Syndrome (47 XXY)
Many types of presentations Have an extra "X" chromosome Develop as male with female type development (very feminine) Frontal baldness absent Tendency to grow fewer chest hairs Breast development Female-type pubic hair pattern Small testicle size Wide hips Long arms and legs Narrow shoulders Poor beard growth
Which species has a larger uterine body than others?
Mare
Which species shows an inverted presentation of the ovary?
Mare
Which species are bicornuate and have poorly to moderately developed uterine horns?
Mare and cow
In what species does placentation occur the latest?
Mares
In what species does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take the shortest?
Mares (1 hour) or swine (1-4 hours)
In what species does Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) take the shortest?
Mares (1-4 hours)
The End of the Luteal Phase
Marked transition between the luteal phase and follicular phase Luteolysis -Disintegration or decomposition of the corpus luteum Controlled by: CL -Oxytocin -Progesterone Uterus -Prostaglandin-F2α (local) -Except in the dog
_________ have a very short gestation period and do not develop umbilical cords.
Marsupials
Which species have a septum through their vagina?
Marsupials, opossum
Which species have two vaginas?
Marsupials, opossum
Which species have two cervices?
Marsupials, opossum, rabbits, mice
How does the dam know she is pregnant?
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy (MRP)
What is a caruncle?
Maternal specialized regions on uterus to which the cotyledons attach
There are similarities in _________ and ________ of onset of parturition between humans and domestic animals.
Mechanisms and timing
What is a modified amino acid hormone?
Melatonin
What does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin- extremely important for seasonal breeders
Best phase for nuclear transfer?
Metaphase 2
Which species have each horn open to a different cervix?
Mice and rabbits
Which species have two cervices, but one vagina?
Mice, rabbits
Embryo Splitting
Microblade divides embryo
The testes descend in the Bull and Ram _________, Boar and Human __________ and Stallion before or just after birth.
Mid-gestation, last quarter of gestation
Placental membranes start in the horn of initial pregnancy but will eventually do what?
Migrate into the other horn
What does the progestin based protocol do?
Mimics the corpus luteum
Which protocol should be used? -Registered producer, semen is expensive, can heat check
Modified two-shot method
In what species does Stage 2 (Expulsion of the Fetus) take the shortest?
Monotocous species
Concerns with Cloning
Morals Ethics Human Cloning
Pharmaceutical Protein goal and example
More biologically active proteins example: human blood clotting factor as component of milk in sheep
Trophectoderm biopsy
More common More cells to work with and less threat to embryo
Hormonal induced synchronization
More common; similar to what is shown in the estrous cycle
Spermatozoa Production (beginning)
Most immature germ cells located at the periphery of the seminiferous tubules Move toward the lumen Developing germ cells are connected by ntercellular bridges Entire cohorts are connected through spermatid stage
Blood
Most of male accessory sex gland secretions are also found where?
Transgenics and Cloning
Most straightforward way to insert genetic modification
What concentric secretory layer is also known as the mucosal epithelium?
Mucosa
Who is Idaho Gem? And why was this clone important?
Mule from fetal cells. Important because mules are sterile.
Polytocous
Multiple large dominant ovulatory follicles (sheep are classified as this)
What are myoid cells?
Muscle like cells; contract and push things along
Ischiocavernosus muscles
Muscles associated with the pelvic urethra & the penis are known as what?
What concentric layer has a double layer of smooth muscle, & the ability to contract & expel a fetus in females?
Muscularis
What influences cervical dilation?
Myometrial contractions
What does expulsion of the fetus require?
Myometrial contractions and cervical dilation
"STEAP" 1. Spermatic cord 2. Testes 3. Epididymus 4. Accessory sex glands 5. Penis
Name the 5 main structures of the male reproductive system
Primordial --> Primary --> Secondary --> Antral
Name the four types of follicles in female animals
Human
Name the male: Seminal Vesicles + Prostate: ++ Body Cowper's +
Ram
Name the male: Seminal Vesicles + Prostate: Disseminate Cowper's ++
Bull
Name the male: Seminal Vesicles ++ Prostate: Body & Disseminate Cowper's +
Stallion
Name the male: Seminal Vesicles +++ Prostate: ++ Body & (+/-) Disseminate Cowper's +
Boar
Name the male: Seminal Vesicles +++ Prostate: Body & Disseminate Cowper's +++
Cat
Name the male: Seminal Vesicles - Prostate: ++ Body Cowper's ++
Dog
Name the male: Seminal Vesicles - Prostate: ++ Body Cowper's -
Ca2+ & cAMP
Name the two "Second messengers" relevant to this class
Lumen -> Endometrium -> Myometrium -> Perimetrium
Name the uterine layers from the lumen (inner) to the perimetric (outer.)
What is something important to note about GnRH based protocols?
Need to be used with other hormones
What type of feedback is it called when LH levels drop?
Negative feedback
Which feedback loop do males use?
Negative feedback loop
High progesterone in the CL (functional CL)
Negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
What are some key things to note about canine protocols?
Neither protocol is super effective; it is better to have them show signs on their own than to interfere
Endocrine glands, hormones, target tissues
Neural/chemical communication that occurs in the body between cells & tissue occurs in what three places?
Episodic
Neuronal control Is an example of what type of hormone concentration?
Oxytocin Target
Neuropeptide -Mammary gland- myoepothelial cells -Uterus- myometrium and endometrium -Testes- smooth muscle of epididymal tail, vas defrens and ampulla
What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and principal function of GnRH?
Neuropeptide (decapeptide) Anterior pituitary (gonadotroph cells) Release of gonadatropins (FSH and LH)
Timeline of Female XX Chromosomal Pair
No TDF --> Ovaries develop --> No AMH --> Mullerian system develops --> Paramesonephric ducts become the oviducts, uterus, cervix and part of the vagina.
Hypoplastic placenta
No cotyledons form which causes development to stop
What are characteristics of the human female reproductive tract?
No horns (in a normal scenario) Body opens to oviducts (no bi-corniate) Fimbria are well developed
What is a fundamental difference in the hypothalamus of the male?
No surge center
Male Endocrine
No surge center (Female has basal level and a preovulatory surge) Endocrine requirements Endocrine regulation of the testis mitotic divisions of spermatogonia meiotic divisions creating haploid spermatids morphological transformation from spermatids to spermatozoa Male has tonic/pulse secretion that is constantly occurring LH influences the Leydig cells: Pulsatile LH is vital (High levels of testosterone is need for spermatogenesis) Estrogen production
Are nuclear transfer clones true clones? Why?
No, Nuclear DNA identical but Mitochondrial DNA is different
Can Freemartin-ism occur in humans?
No, because of the way placentation occurs.
In humans, the uterus is small in the ______________ state.
Non-gravid
What causes XX Males and XY Females?
Nondisjunction while crossing over during meiosis
In what type of placentation do the chorion and endometrium make physical contact via interlocking microvilli?
Noninvasive placentation
This type of placentation should be consider a contact of interlocking villa only.
Noninvasive placentation
Cotyledonary Placenta
Noninvasive, chorionic villi restricted to specialized areas called cotyledons
Cauda (tail)
Normal functioning sperm ready for ejaculation is found where?
What stimulates myometrial contractions?
OT binding OTR or PGF2a release from uterus (which is facilitated by a high E:P ratio)
What are the two types of delayed implantation?
Obligatory and Facultative
British form of estrous/estrus
Oestrus or oestrous
Steroids
Of steroids and proteins/peptides, which can be given orally?
Peptides/proteins
Of steroids and proteins/peptides, which is H2O soluble?
Where is SRY found in birds?
On the "Z" chromosome
Where is SRY located?
On the short arm of the "Y" chromosome
Receptor, cytoplasm, adenylate cyclase, cAMP, kinases
Once a hormone attaches to its __________, it goes through the cell membrane into the __________. Here, __________ is activated which will then convert ATP to __________. Protein __________ are then responsible for new protein synthesis.
Receptors
Once bonded, hormone __________ initiate a series of intracellularly events to bring about a physiological response.
Turner's Syndrome (Monosomy XO) side effects
Only one "X" chromosome -- but not a lethal outcome Short stature Low hairline Shield-shaped thorax Widely-spaced nipples Shortened metacarpal IV Small finger nails Brown spots (nevi) Fold of skin on neck Constriction of aorta Elbow deformity Poor breast development Rudimentary ovaries Gonadal streak (underdeveloped gonadal structures) No menstruation
Embryo
Organism in the early stages of development which has not yet acquired anatomical form making it recognizable as a species
Female Gonads
Ovaries
What tubes are highly responsible for providing the optimal environment for fertilization & early embryo development to occur in females?
Oviducts
Which type of synchronization is the most common?
Ovulation
What is different about ovulation in mares vs. cows, sows, ewes and humans?
Ovulation can occur at any point on the ovary in cows, sows, ewes and humans, but in mares, it must occur at the Ovulation Fossa.
Ovulation Fossa
Ovulation only occurs at what one ovarian location in mares?
When is there a GnRH surge?
Ovulation, CL formation
Posterior Pituitary Hormone
Oxytocin
Concentrations of what hormone change little during initial stages of labor but increase greatly as labor proceeds and during the expulsion of the fetus?
Oxytocin (OT)
Pressure on the cervix by the fetus triggers the release of what and from where?
Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus, PVN & corpus luteum; Posterior-pituitary; Hypothalamic portal system
Oxytocin is produced in the _________, _________ & _________, stored in the _________, & does not go through the _________.
Reproductive
PGE2 & PGF2α are what kind of hormones?
What is a common side effect of PGF protocol in the mare?
PGF will cause bronchioles to close/make breathing difficult; asthma like
What synthesis does P4 block the formation of?
PGF2a
What are myometrial contractions stimulated by?
PGF2a (Prostaglandin F2 alpha) & OT (oxytocin [which also stimulates PGF2a production)
Testicles sometimes stray from the normal path of descent. In humans, they have been found under the skin of the _______ of the penis and in front of the ______
Penis, anus
What is dihydrotestosterone-dependent responsible for?
Penis, scrotum, ASG
What does Dr. Edwards describe the cotyledons as?
Pepperonis
1/2 lives
Peptide hormones have short what?
What type of hormones can not be given orally?
Peptide/protein hormones
What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and principal function of CRH and others?
Peptides Anterior pituitary Release of ACTH
In Mares, the medulla is _____________.
Perforated
The reproductive tract is surrounded by the __________ that is continuos with the broad ligament.Peritoneum
Peritoneum
What is the connective tissue lining of the abdominal cavity that completely surrounds the reproductive tract?
Peritoneum
Acrosin (produced in head of sperm)
Permits penetration through ZP
In embryo removal studies in sheep after d 12 extended CL lifespan the CL did what?
Persisted beyond normal range for non pregnant animal
Ethics behind cloning companion animals
Personality not replicable
Examples of Pharming
Pharmaceutical Proteins Organ donors
Sperm Capacitation
Physiological changes spermatozoa undergo in order to have the ability to penetrate and fertilize an egg (ZP3-1)
What is estrus?
Physiological events occurring b/w successive periods of sexual receptivity.
Fetal-maternal interactions result in changes in maternal ______________ (endocrinology, immunology, metabolism) to maintain pregnancy.
Physiology
What species have diffuse placentas?
Pig, horse, camel, whale and dolphin
In what species do we see epithelial-chorial placentation?
Pig, horse, ruminant (some)
Placenta
Placental lactose, relaxin, and certain steroids are hormones known to be found where?
What are "placental scars"?
Places where the endometrium is undergoing repair; they are not permanent; sites of previous placental attachements; zones of uterine repair
Relaxin
Polypeptide Source: CL Functions: cervical dilation, pelvis expansion --stimulates uterine growth in pigs
In what species does Stage 2 (Expulsion of the Fetus) take the longest?
Polytocous species
Where is oxytocin stored?
Posterior pituitary
Fetus
Potential offspring that is generally recognized as a member of a given species
What is a potential theory for why ACTH stimulates fetal adrenal gland to release fetal cortisol?
Potentially an overcrowding stress signal
Long-term Interruption
Pregnancy- Resumption occurs after parturition, involution, and lactation. Disease- Resumption occurs after inflammation and disease state is eliminated. Nutrition- Resumption when nutrient levels rise.
Oocyte Maturation
Prepares the oocyte for fertilization -Coincides with estrus in the cow Changes focus on the nucleus & cytoplasm Nuclear Maturation -Important to reduce number of maternal copies of chromosomes from 4 to 2 Cytoplasmic Maturation -Redistribution of organelles, cytoskeletal and metabolic alterations, changes in protein synthesis
Requirements for Luteolysis
Presence of oxytocin receptors Presence of a critical level of oxytocin -Threshold PGF2α synthesis by the endometrium -Rapidly metabolized by the lungs -Must have a critical number of pulses (5 per 24 h) Initial oxytocin comes from the brain
Interferon-tau is effective in what?
Preventing destruction of CL
What does the biochemical signal sent do?
Prevents the destruction of the corpus luteum
What does AMH do?
Prevents the formation of the Mullerian duct system
What will affect which prostaglandin product you get?
Price; both products work well
What are the two classifications of reproductive hormones?
Primary and secondary
Zonary Placenta
Primary region of exchange is a band near the middle of the conceptus. There is a transfer zone and a pigmented zone. The pigmented zone is where cells are undergoing necrosis. The transfer zone is where nutrients are being exchanged.
Discoid Placenta
Primary region of exchange is a central disc
Which species have 1 vagina, 1 cervix, 1 uterine body and no uterine horns?
Primates, humans
What are the pros and cons of bulls in terms of estrous synchronization?
Pro: Decrease the number of bulls Con: Need bull power
What are the pros and cons of labor in terms of estrous synchronization?
Pro: Less labor calving Con: Give shots, must monitor/watch
What are the pros and cons of breeding/calving season in terms of estrous synchronization?
Pro: Uniformity Con: things can go wrong during season *Usually an advantage of estrous synchronization*
What are the pros and cons of genetics in terms of estrous synchronization?
Pro: Uniformity, value added Con: Bad weather
What are the pros and cons of the expense in terms of estrous synchronization?
Pro: get good quality for value Con: Drugs cost money, can be pricey
A mutated or deleted SRY gene causes what problems?
Problems with continued differentiation --> no functional TDF --> Presents as female but genetically a male
Spermatozoa Production
Process is called spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis goals: -Continual supply of gametes -Genetic diversity (crossing over) allows for mammels to be highly adaptable -Maximize reproductive efficiency -Provide an immunologically protect site for this process Occurs in the seminiferous epithelium or tubules
Meiosis
Process of achieving haploid state
What is spermatogenesis?
Process of producing spermatozoa
Autocrine
Produced cells that are released & binded to the same cell are known as what?
Paracrine
Produced cells that are released to neighboring cells are known as what?
Cloning
Producing a genetic replica of an existing individual
Conceptus
Products of conception; embryo or fetus and associated membranes
______ is essential for pregnancy maintenance in all placental mammals.
Progesterone
Dominance
Progression and growth increase estradiol production Begin producing inhibin Also stop growth of other follicles via interactions with hormones (Blood supply is very important)
Spermatozoa Production (3 major phases)
Proliferation phase: -Mitotic divisions -Creates a large number of B spermatogonia -Must have stem cell renewal through reversion of some spermatogonia Meiotic phase: -Creation of primary and secondary spermatocytes -Diversity created via DNA replication and crossing over -End result is haploid spermatid Differentiation phase: -No more cell divisions -Commonly called spermiogenesis -Transformation from spherical undifferentiated spermatid to a highly specialized spermatozoon(single)
Mitosis
Prophase I (Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Dictyate) Metaphase I- start to form spindles Anaphase I- pull chromosomes to other side Telophase I- splitting of cells
meosis
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
What hormone causes the destruction of a corpus luteum in females?
Prostaglandin F2α
What hormone regulates the length of the estrous cycle in most mammalian females?
Prostaglandin F2α
ACTH
Protein -Target: adrenal cortex -Functions: glucocorticoid release and milk synthesis
Prolactin
Protein -Target: mammary cells, CL, testes, brain -Functions: lactation, maternal behavior, and CL function
Placental Lactogen
Protein Source: Placenta -sommatomammotropin (human placental lactogen) Functions: mammary stimulation of dam
Extracellular, transmembrane, & intracellular
Protein hormones can exist in what three domains in relation to the cell membrane?
Who tends to use the EAZI-breed CIDR program?
Purebred beef and dairy producers
Who tends to use the Two Shot method?
Purebred producers (a few commercial producers)
How do you administer dopamine agonists in canine protocols?
Put in feed/water
In what species do we see hemp-epithelial placentation?
Rat and rabbit
What does an increase in Oxytocin do?
Reach maximum pressure
Cytoplasmic Maturation
Rearrangement of cytoskeleton Spindle formation Translocation of cortical granules Redistribution of mitochondria
Density
Receptor __________ depends on these 5 factors: function of cell type, degree the hormone up/down regulates synthesis of its own receptor, regulated by other hormones, animal condition, & nutritional status.
Cycle
Receptor density may change in a female during her ___________.
Stimulation
Receptor numbers regulate the degree of __________ and cellular response.
ANTRAL FOLLICLE DYNAMICS
Recruitment Selection Dominance Atresia Monotocous Polytocous
HORMONES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTION
Recruitment-High FSH, Low LH, & no inhibin or estradiol Selection-Low FSH, Moderate LH, & Low inhibin Dominance-Low FSH, High LH, & High inhibin
These are the 5 reasons in order to perform what in females? "I CRAP" 1. Identify reproductive abnormalities 2. Check ovaries 3. Recover embryos 4. Artificial Insemination 5. Pregnancy check
Rectal Palpation
Progesterone as an Inhibitor
Reduces basal GnRH amplitude and frequency Prevents behavioral estrus Stops the preovulatory LH surge Reduces myometrial tone
What does the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH; also MIS, MIF, MIH) produced by fetal Sertoli cells cause?
Regression of the Mullerian ducts
The cervix ______ during cervical dilation.
Relaxes
What helps the cervix relax so it can dilate?
Relaxin
What stimulates cervical dilation?
Relaxin & Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
Corpus luteum
Relaxin & oxytocin primary come from what portion of the ovary?
What is the most important organ that the mesoderm germ layer is associated with?
Reproductive system
Reflex
Requires stimulation of cervix of vagina felids, rabbits, camelids, and minkLong and frequent copulation periods ensure proper stimuli Camels 1 hr Lions over 100 times
Mediastinum
Rete tubules are found where?
In what species is bidiscoid placenta found in?
Rhesus macaques
In what species do we see facultative delayed implantation?
Rodents and insectivores
Freemartin-ism can result in ___________ reproductive tracts.
Rudimentary
Male Differentiation
SRY-- sertoli cells secrete AMH-- regression of mullerian ducts-- testosterone-- leydig-- wolffian differentiation (male duct system)-- DHT-- sex organs
STUDY FIGURE 10-5
STUDY FIGURE 10-5
Ipsilateral
Same side
_____ _______ possess both ovaries and testes and are capable of self-fertilization.
Sea bass
Obligatory breeder
Seasonal
What are the characteristics of a modified amino acid hormone?
Secreted from the pineal gland Integrates effect of light on reproductive processes Seasonal breeders
Gonadotropin
Secretion of GnRH at appropriate frequency & quantities to stimulate __________ release from the anterior pituitary.
Cervix
Semen deposits where in sows?
Basic semen analysis
Semen volume Sperm concentration Motility Morphology Agglutination WBC count Viscosity Debris
______ can also be used to induce ovulation
Seminal Plasma
Name the four layers of concentric tubes from the outermost to innermost layer
Serosa --> Muscularis --> Submucosa --> Mucosa
In the testes, the hormone FSH attaches to what type of cells?
Sertoli
Granulosa
Sertoli cells are analogous to what kind of cells of ovarian follicles?
FSH & testosterone
Sertoli cells contain receptors for what what two things?
(male endocrine) Estrogen production
Sertoli cells convert testosterone to estrogens (Similar to granulosa cells) Equine and swine males have higher urinary estrogen than pregnant females (Not highly active) Role not well understood but negative feedback does occur (Sertoli cells produce inhibin)
What is SRY?
Sex related to Y gene
Oxytocin
Sexual preparation stimulates release of what from the posterior pituitary which causes contractions?
What species have concave cotyledonary attachment?
Sheep and goats
What is the structure of releasing hormones of the hypothalamus?
Short chain peptides (3-44 amino acids)
How is the CL of pregnancy maintained in ruminants?
Signal aleters PGF2a (prostaglandin) secretion or transport by the uterus
What is it called when there are no uterine horns?
Simplex
Embryo Biopsy for PGS and PGD
Single Blastomere Trophectoderm Biopsy
How many tissue layers separate fetal and maternal blood?
Six
______ of the sex chromosome does not matter when it comes to sex determination.
Size
What is Guevedoces? -
Slang for "huevos a los doce" or eggs (testicles) at twelve
2 Forms of Cryopreservation
Slow cool Vitrification
What factor increases puberty time/rate?
Social cues (i.e. group housing, male exposure)
What occurs during dilation of the cervix?
Softening, ripening or expansion
Steroid Hormones
Soluble in organic solvents Not H2O soluble May be absorbed by GI tract
EcG
Source: Chorionic girdle cells Functions: FSH like- some LH activity, formation of accessory CLs
Steroids (E/P)
Source: Placenta Functions: regulate placental blood flow & maintenance of pregnancy -E/P rise at end of pregnancy
In what species does placentation occur the earliest?
Sow or Ewe
Ampulla
Sperm & ova meet where in the female?
Fertilized Egg
Sperm + Ovum
Male fertility issues
Sperm abnormalities Incorrect 'plumbing' Testicular Sperm Extraction Fertility Preservation
Head (caput)
Sperm are not motile or fertile when they are in what portion of the epididymis?
Body (caput)
Sperm are partially fertile & motile, & can bind to ova when they are in what portion of the epididymis?
Rete fluid
Sperm is diluted in what?
Ductus deferens --> pelvic urethra
Sperm is shipped from cauda --> __________ --> __________
What needs to happen while the eggs are being retrieved?
Sperm needs to be collected
What does testes size equate to?
Sperm production
What stage of parturition takes the longest?
Stage 1 -- Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation
What are the three stages of parturition?
Stage 1 = Myometrial Contractions & Cervical Dilation Stage 2 = Expulsion of Fetus Stage 3 = Expulsion of Placenta
What is lordosis?
Standing heat
What type of hormone can be given orally?
Steroid
What would happen if gonads were removed?
Still crank out GnRH
Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI)
Stimulates the production of 2-3 follicles -Oral meds or injectable gonadotrophins Use catheter to place sperm in uterus
ZP1
Structural integrity of zona plucida
What concentric layer has supportive tissue that varies in thickness; & houses blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves?
Submucosa
What type of implantation (placental attachment) do we see in farm animals?
Superficial
What are the two types of implantation (placental attachment)?
Superficial and insterstitial
Testes produce substances that _________ female organ development (Mullerian ducts).
Suppress
What are the two centers in the hypothalamic nuclei?
Surge and tonic center
What were Jost's experiments?
Surgical castration of fetal rabbits at the "indifferent" stage
Storage of Cryopreserved Gametes and Embryos
Suspended in liquid nitrogen
Management induced synchronization
Synchronization induced by travel/movement; used mostly in pigs
Estrumate
Synthetic form of progesterone
Long, orally, affinity
Synthetic hormones have a __________ half life, and don't degrade as quickly. They may be given _________ or as an implant and have a strong receptor _________.
T/F Chickens only develop the left side of the reproductive tract
TRUE
In some reptiles, sex is determined environmentally by _______________ around oocyte after fertilization.
Temperature
Most species, conceptus must emit a biochemical signal otherwise pregnancy ______________.
Terminates
CAP-Score Test
Test for sperm capacitation
Male Gonads
Testes
The _______ produce hormonal factors to promote secondary development of internal and external male structures.
Testes
In this situation (deficiency of 5a-reducatase), we have testosterone, just nothing to convert it to DHT. What results from this?
Testes and Wolffian Ducts are present. AMH is present, so no Mullerian Ducts develop. External genitalia female and pseudovagina present. At puberty, high testosterone (some DHT) may cause testes descent and development of male secondary sex characteristics (penis).
In an XY = male, the "Y" will cause testis formation, regardless of how many "X"s are present. What are examples of this?
Testes present and genitalia are of male type; even XXXXY
XY Females (Genetic Male)
Testicular feminization XY individuals lack androgen receptors DHT does NOT cause the Wolffian Duct formation and male external genitalia development. AMH is present, so Mullerian Ducts regress. External genitalia develops as female due to no androgen response. Testes are present but do not descend and there is no obvious penis or scrotum.
Pampiniform plexus
Testicular veins surround the testicular artery & form what?
Timeline of Male XY Chromosomal Pair
Testis Determining Factor (TDF) --> Testes develop --> Sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) --> AMH causes leydig cells to differentiate and the degeneration of paramesonephric duct --> Testosterone --> Development of male duct system --> Testosterone --> Dihydrotestosterone --> Development of penis scrotum and accessory sex glands
What did gypsies in Transylvania believe about the placenta and meconium?
That if they were not burned the child could be turned into a vampire.
What are some of the beliefs that cultures around the world have about the placenta?
That it is an older sibling, guardian spirit, magical charm (useful for exorcisms), or medicinal cure (particularly for epilepsy).
Describe the development of extra-embryonic membranes in a Day 16 embryo.
The Chorion is present, the yolk sac is large, the amnion has not yet completely surrounded the embryo and the allantois is just a small cavity.
Describe the development of extra-embryonic membranes in a Day 18 embryo.
The Chorion is present, the yolk sac is reduced in size, the amnion is going to enclose and the allantois cavity has expanded. We also have the presence of the allantochorion (the allantois and chorion fused together) Things are becoming more clear.
Progesterone
The Corpus luteum produces what main hormone?
Retractor Penis Muscle
The Sigmoid flexure is maintained by what?
Ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, & pampiniform plexus
The Spermatic Cord houses what three important features?
What is the conclusion one can draw from the fact that in an XY male, the "Y" will cause testis formation regardless of the number of "X"s but in the XX female, their must be exactly two "X"s and no "Y"s?
The TDF gene is on the Y chromosome in mammals
In birds, what determines sex?
The W chromosome
Which chromosome is largest, X or Y?
The X chromosome is much larger than the Y chromosome
Hormone, receptor
The __________ (primary messenger) is released into the blood stream to search for its specific _________.
Pituitary, Hypophyseal
The __________ stalk & __________ portal system are important for neuronal control of reproductive hormones.
What is amenorrhoea?
The absence of a menstrual cycle in a female of reproductive age. Present during pregnancy and lactation
Puberty
The age at which the female can support pregnancy without deleterious effects is a practical definition of what?
Puberty
The age when the ejaculate contains a threshold number of sperm is a practical definition of what?
What does the allantois do for the chorion when they fuse?
The allantois brings blood vessels to the chorion
What placental membrane has no direct blood supply (non-vascular) and is a fluid-filled sac?
The amnion
FSH, LH, & prolactin
The anterior pituitary gland produces what three primary reproductive hormones?
LH & FSH
The anterior pituitary is responsible for the release of what two follicle stimulating hormones?
Seminiferous tubule
The basal compartment & adluminal compartment make of the two regions of what part of the parenchyma?
Ischial arch
The base/root of penis is attached to what?
Theca interna & granulosa
The basement membrane of the ovary lies between what two layers?
Which species has a smooth surface cervix?
The bitch
What is the difference between a cow and a bitch female reproductive tract?
The bitch tract is much smaller
39°C --> 33°C
The blood from the body enters the pampiniform plexus at _____°C and reaches the testes at _____°C.
Corpus
The body of the Epididymus is known as what?
Which species has the largest oviduct and why?
The chicken, it has the largest follicles the catch (eggs)
At what level does fetal gas exchange occur in farm animals?
The chorion
What placental membrane is outermost?
The chorion
What placental membrane does the allantois eventually fuse with?
The chorion (outermost membrane)
How are antibodies passed to the neonate in animals with superficial placentation?
The colostrum
Fibroelastic
The corpus cavernous is known to be hard in what type of penis?
Muscular-vascular
The corpus cavernous is known to be soft in what type of penis?
What is the location of the cortex and medulla of the ovary in the Mare?
The cortex is on the inside and the medulla is on the outside. Ovulation can only occur at the Ovulation Fossa.
What is the location of the cortex and medulla of the ovary in Cow, Sow, Ewe and Human?
The cortex is on the outside and the medulla in on the inside. Ovulation can occur at any point of the ovary.
Which species has a cervix with external Os?
The cow
Which species have cervical-annular rings?
The cow and the ewe
Abdominal
The cremaster muscle is continuos with the __________ oblique.
Mediastinum
The dense connective tissue of the __________ helps prevent collapse of rete tubules so sperm can move freely out of testis?
What major events occur in both the first and second trimester with regards to the development of the reproductive system?
The development of male ducts and testes OR female ducts and ovaries
Urethral gland
The disseminate prostate is also known as what?
Prostate
The dog has a prominent __________, whereas the bull does not.
Testis
The dog's orientation of what is different than that of a bulls?
Ampulla
The enlargement of the ductus/vas deferens that opens directly into the pelvic urethra where there is a dramatic increase in mucosa is known as what?
The delivery of the fetus relies on the maturation of what?
The fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis
Cotyledons
The fetal side of caruncles are known as what?
What "triggers" the onset of parturition?
The fetus
Ferguson Reflex
The fetus is applying pressure on the cervix. This sends a signal through the myometrium to the afferent neurons. The afferent neurons send the signal up the spinal cord to the PVN of the hypothalamus. The PVN of the hypothalamus inserts Oxytocin into the blood flow which stimulates myometrial contractions.
Where does the fetal cortisol come from?
The fetus' adrenal gland
What is colostrum?
The first milk
Hormone
The following are sites of __________ production: Pineal, Hypothalamus, Adrenal Cortex, Ovaries, Placenta, Uterus, Pituitary, & Testes
What major events occur in the second trimester with regards to the development of the reproductive system?
The formation of the broad ligament (which is necessary to suspend reproductive tract) and testicular descent in the bull and ram
What is placentation?
The formation or structural organization of the placenta
Excurrent Duct System
The function of what structure is to allow for final maturation, storage, & delivery of sperm to pelvic urethra?
Cowper's glands
The gel fraction of ejaculate comes from what gland?
Seconds, days
The half-life of PGF2 is __________, while the half-life of eCG is __________.
Caput
The head of the Epididymus is known as what?
Upright
The human female reproductive tract sits in what position?
What is the difference between a cow and a human female reproductive tract?
The humans' uterus projects up instead of laying on the pelvic floor, has no horns
Rapid
The hypophyseal portal system allows what kind of response?
Nerve cell bodies
The hypothalamic nuclei are groups of what?
LH
The hypothalamus loses. sensitivity to estradiol over time, which allows what hormone levels to increase?
Oxytocin
The hypothalamus produces _________ & releases it into the posterior pituitary.
Anterior pituitary gland
The hypothalamus' main function is the cause release of trophic hormones form where?
Medulla Oblongata
The hypothalamus, pituitary stalk & anterior/posterior pituitaries lie just in front of what in the brain?
*Perpetuation of species *Provide food *Genetic improvement
The importance of reproduction: *__________ of species *Provide __________ * __________ improvement
Ampulla
The infundibulum leads directly to a thick portion of the oviduct (which occupies ~1/2) called what?
Uterine horns
The intercornual ligament lies between what two important female reproductive structures?
Constrictor vulva muscles
The labia consists of adipose tissue into which are embedded small bundles of smooth muscle known as what?
Plasma membrane
The lipid bilayer makes up what?
Seminal plasma
The liquid, noncellular portion of semen is called what?
Prostate
The male alpaca is known to have a very prominent __________ body in relation to the bull.
What is the difference between a cow and a mare female reproductive tract?
The mare has a larger body of the uterus and the two horns present differently.term-33
Which species has longitudinal folds? What is the benefit of these?
The mare; they are easy to dilate; very pliable so that when mated, the semen makes it to the uterine body
What major events occur in the first trimester with regards to the development of the reproductive system?
The migration of primordial germ cells from the yolk sac. Sex cords develop in gonad, paramesonephric ducts develop (these are relevant for the male and the female) Sex evident from structures.
In drosophila, sex is dependent on what?
The number of "X" chromosomes X or XY or XO = Male XX or XXX or XXY = Female
If the exposure to the male hormones in a Freemartin is high enough, it can result in what?
The ovaries developing as Ovotestis from SRY, AMH and testosterone
Uterotubulal junction
The oviduct/isthmus is connected to the uterus where, which is important for sperm transport?
Caudal vena cava
The pampiniform plexus eventually forms a single vein which runs into what?
Leydig
The parenchyma of males produces testosterone via what cells?
"PEE" Protrusion Erection Ejaculation
The penis & muscles are responsible for what three important functions?
What is metestrus?
The period b/w ovulation and formation of a functional corpus luteum, lasts ~5 days
What is the "Free Living" period?
The period of time that the fetus is not actually attached and can be nourished by uterine secretions.
What is the zone of highly vascular contact between mother and conceptus?
The placenta
Testosterone
The principle function of what hormone in the ovary is to act as a substrate for estrogen production?
Prostaglandin F2α
The principle functions of what fatty acid hormone include luteolysis; promoting uterine tone/contractions/ovulation; affecting the metabolic activity of sperm; & causing epididymal contractions?
Prostaglandin E2
The principle functions of what fatty acid hormone include ovulation & stimulating the corpus luteum to produce progesterone?
FSH
The principle functions of what hormone are to induce follicle growth, estrogen production, Sertoli cell function, & spermioogenesis?
Prolactin
The principle functions of what hormone are to induce lactation, maternal behavior, CL function?
LH
The principle functions of what hormone are to induce ovulation, CL formation, & testosterone/progesterone production?
Estrogen
The principle functions of what hormone in the ovary is *mating behavior*, cyclic changes, secondary sex characteristics, & mammary growth?
Progesterone
The principle functions of what hormone in the ovary is to *inhibit mating behavior*, maintain a pregnancy, & growth of the mammary system?
luteolysis
The process where luteal tissue undergoes regression and cell death. Disintegration or decomposition of the corpus luteum Stop progesterone Regression of CL to form corpus albicans (connective tissue) Follicular development and starts new follicular phase Ischemia: reduced blood flow -Influential in follicle inhibition Not in luteolysis
Oogenesis
The process whereby oocytes develop and eventually become competent to contribute to formation of a zygote after fertilization
Folliculogenesis
The process whereby ovarian follicles develop and eventually become eligible for ovulation
What must be removed for myometrial contractions to occur?
The progesterone block
What is the environmental change that must occur in the CL to achieve myometrial contractions?
The progesterone block must be removed
Half life
The removal of polysaccharide side chains reduce what?
Testosterone
The source of what hormone is theca cells of follicles in the ovary?
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin
The source of what placental hormone (specifically in mares) is chorionic girdle cells & the functions are to act like LH and form accessory CLs.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
The source of what placental hormone (specifically in women) is trophoblasts & the principles functions are to establish pregnancy in women, & maintain corpus luteum?
Prostaglandin E2
The sources of this fatty acid hormone include the ovary, uterus, & embryonic membranes.
Prostaglandin F2α
The sources of this fatty acid hormone include the uterine endometrium, & vesicular glands.
Progesterone
The sources of what hormone are the placenta & corpus luteum in the ovary?
Estrogen
The sources of what hormone in the ovary are granulosa cells (antral follicles), the placenta, & Sertoli cells?
Which species has a cervix with interdigitated prominences?
The sow
Which species has no fornix vagina?
The sow
Pendulous
The spermatic cord is more highly developed in what kind of scrotum?
Hilus
The stem of the ovary that essentially opens up to the ovary is known as what?
However, some XX males show no evidence of an SRY gene at all. What does this lead to?
The suggestion that SRY acts as a negative regulator of the hypothetical Z gene
Cauda
The tail of the Epididymus is known as what?
Far Away
The tail of the epididymus needs to be _______ from the body in order to optimize sperm temperature.
Scrotal temperature
The temperature of what structure in makes can affect respiratory rate in males if it is hot enough?
What major events occur in the third trimester with regards to the development of the reproductive system?
The testicular descent of boars and humans and then later the colt.
Androgen
The tom's penile spines are __________ dependent
Ovulate
The tom's penile spines help the female what?
Cerebrum
The top portion of the brain is known as what?
Extragonadal Reserves (EGR)
The total sperm content of the epididymal duct, the ductus deferent & the ampulla is known as what?
Whether or not antibodies are passed through the first milk (colostrum) or the placenta depends on what?
The type of placentation
What encloses allantoic blood vessels and infiltrates the chorion to form the vascular link between mother and fetus?
The umbilical cord
Bulls & boars
The vesicular glands contribute to a large amount of ejaculate volume in what two males?
Oviduct
The zygote remains where for a few days before entering the uterus due to its high moisture content?
LH
There is a massive surge release (positive feedback loop) of what during ovulation?
What does "silent" ovulation mean?
There is no behavioral change
LH
Theres a surge of what hormone after puberty in females?
Ischiocavernosus muscles
These are short, paired muscles in the root of the penis that enclose the crura that insert broadly on the lateral surface of the penis above the sigmoid flexure & connect the penis to the ischial arch.
Uterus
These are the 5 primary functions of what reproductive structure in females? 1. Sperm transport 2. Luteolysis/cycle control 3. Expulsion of fetus/placenta 4. Environment for preattachment of the embryo & fetus throughout gestation 5. Maternal contribution to the placenta
Why are myometrial contractions important?
They add force.
What happens to the three germ layers previously present in interstitial implantation (placental attachment)?
They are eroded away.
Why does the sow's ovary have multiple follicles?
They are litter-bearing.
Why do mice provide a good model for human pregnancy?
They both have the same type of placenta.
Oxytocin
This hormone's principle functions are milk ejection, parturition, PGF2α synthesis, & pre-ejaculatory movement of sperm.
Steroids
This type of hormone is used to regulate placental blood flow and maintain a pregnancy
With the expansive growth of the conceptus comes expansive growth of _____ germ layers.
Three
How does the conceptus accumulate organic molecules and ions during the "free living" period?
Through active cellular transport and exchanges of CO2 and O2 via simple diffusion
How are antibodies passed to the neonate in animals with more invade or direct contact types of placentation?
Through the placenta
How do the blood vessels formed through the extra-embryonic membranes connect to the fetus?
Through the umbilical cord
What is estrous?
Time period b/w periods of estrus (i.e., sexually receptive to males)
Negative Loop
To Stop: -gonadal steroids (progesterone) -protein hormones (inhibin)
What is one purpose of the allantois?
To collect liquid waste from the embryo
What is the purpose of the yolk sac in birds?
To nourish the embryo
What are the three germ layers important for?
Towards making placental membranes
Nuclear Transfer
Transfer nucleus from one body cell to bag of egg cytoplasm in another cell
Conventional Insemination
Tray with 4 wells: 500,000 sperm per well containing 2 oocytes
HcG Source
Trophoblast
T/F: Schemes involving the injection of hCG (Chorulon; LH) have been used to more accurately predict ovulation time
True
T/F: There is no difference in fertility among follicular waves
True
True/False Availability of energy changes with growth.
True
True/False Seasonal breeders can influence age of puberty.
True
Lutalyse
True progesterone/prostaglandin
Does an Ovary-Determining Gene Exist on the X-Chromosome?
Two X-chromosomes required for normal ovarian development, so normal female phenotype is NOT a default state resulting from absence of SRY. There is not yet a gene discovered.
Bidiscoid Placenta
Two discs form; not as deep as discoid
In embryo transfer studies in sheep the ET after d 12 was _______________.
Unsuccessful
Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Use inverted microscope to collect sperm and place in egg.
Therapeutic Cloning
Using cloning to reprogram one's own cells to generate replacement tissues -avoid tissue rejection
Cornua
Uterine horns are also known as what?
In humans, there must be a medical reason to remove the _________.
Uterus
What is testosterone-dependent responsible for?
Vas deferens
PGF2α
VasoCONSTRICTION, CL regression, ovulation, parturition, & sperm transport are important functions for what reproductive hormone?
PGE2
VasoDILATION, maintaining the CL, ovulation, & implantation are important functions for what reproductive hormone?
XX Males
Very rare sex chromosome disorder Thought to be a result of the unequal crossing over between X and Y chromosomes, possibly translated SRY XX males are infertile and usually hypgonadol
What does 5-Dihydroteststosterone (DHT) converted from T4 by 5a-reductase cause?
Virilization of external genitalia
Which two vitamins are important in terms of nutrition?
Vitamins A and E
What else can be transferred across the placenta to the fetus besides amino and fatty acids in farm animals?
Vitamins and minerals
Preparation of Sperm collection
Wash sperm in gradient Allow time for "swim up" Get best possible sperm for ICSI
What is the placenta highly permeable to in farm animals?
Water and electrolytes
What type of vitamins cross the placenta easier in farm animals?
Water-soluble vitamins (vs. fat-soluble)
What is a precaution to be aware of when dealing with CIDR's?
Wear gloves; progesterone will affect you if exposed
Prolactin, FSH & LH
What 3 gonadotropins stimulate the function of gonads?
Ampulla, Vesicular glands, Prostate gland, & Cowper's glands
What 4 structures contribute to the production of seminal plasma?
Caput (head)
What absorbs rete fluid & then secretes it into the lumen of the epididymal duct in males?
Sigmoid flexure
What allows the penis to be retracted inside the body in bulls & rams?
α
What amino acid chains are the same?
β
What amino acid chains differ & give specificity?
Rabbit
What animal has a duplex uterus & one vaginal canal where each horn opens to a different cervix?
Opossum
What animal has a duplex uterus & two vaginal canals?
Mare
What animal has a soft cervix during estrous which allows semen to be deposited directly into the uterus?
Sow
What animal has interdigitating prominences in the cervix?
Dog/Cat
What animals are known to have smooth cervices?
Hormone receptors
What are known as hormone recognition units?
1. protective sac 2. swamp cooler 3. thermosensor
What are the 3 main functions of the scrotum?
skin --> tunica dartos --> scrotal fascia --> parietal vaginal tunica
What are the 4 layers of the scrotum?
Inhibin Estrogen Progesterone Oxytocin Activin Relaxin
What are the 6 primary hormones that the ovaries produce?
Dorsal/ventral commissures
What are the boundaries of the vaginal opening called?
Rete tubules
What are the channels where sperm is transported out of the testes called?
Follicles
What are the egg yolks of chickens in reference to the reproductive system?
Ovaries
What are the female gonads known as?
Spermatozoa
What are the male gametes?
Sertoli cells
What are the only somatic cells in seminiferous epithelium that act as cellular governors of spermatogenesis?
Mesovarium, Mesosalpinx, Mesometrium
What are the three components of the broad ligament in females?
LH, FSH, prolactin
What are the three main anterior pituitary hormones?
1. vascular/lymphatic/neural connection to the body 2. heat exchange 3. house the cremaster muscle
What are the three main functions of the spermatic cord?
Base/root, shaft, & glans penis
What are the three parts of the penis?
Duplex, bicornuate, simplex
What are the three types of uteri?
Primary & secondary
What are the two classifications of reproductive hormones?
Visceral vaginal tunic & Tunica albuginea
What are the two layers of the testicular capsule?
HCG, & eCG
What are the two main placental hormones?
Seminiferous tubules
What are tubular components of the parenchyma that form high convoluted loops that join rete tubules called?
Uterotubulal junction
What area in females regulates the movement of the embryo into the uterus & prevents polyspermy in swine?
Tonic center
What area in the male's hypothalamus is responsible for secretion of LH at basal like levels?
Superior hypophyseal artery
What artery is important to the hypothalamus & pituitary?
Testicular Artery
What brings blood to the testes?
Hypophyseal Portal System
What carries RH to AP without dilution in systematic circulation?
Sertoli
What cells in males house developing germ cells & contain receptors for FSH & testosterone?
Sertoli
What cells in males produce ABPs, SGP 1/2, transferrin, & inhibin?
Sertoli cells
What cells is activin primarily found in?
Primary
What classification of reproductive hormone is responsible for regualting reproductive processes?
Secondary
What classification of reproductive hormone is responsible for regulating other physiological systems but also influencing reproductive processes (ex: IGF-I, GH, TSH, etc.?)
Myometrium
What component of the uterus is important for contraction of the uterus, uterine tone, & expulsion of the fetus at parturition?
Endometrium
What component of the uterus is important for secreting PF2α & material into the lumen to enhance embryo development & sperm viability?
Serosa
What concentric layer is a single layer of squamous (flattened) cells?
Tight junctions
What connects adjacent Sertoli cells?
Intercornual Ligament
What connects the two uterine horns near the External Uterine Bifurcation?
Cremaster muscle
What contracts & relaxes in order to give a "pumping action" on the pampiniform plexus to facilitate blood flow?
Testicular capsule
What covers the testis & is capable of undergoing changes in response to hormones & neurotransmitters?
Size
What determines the classification of amino acids?
Testosterone
What do Leydig cells produce?
"In its normal place"
What does "in situ" mean?
Follicle stimulating hormone
What does FSH stand for?
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
What does GnRH stand for?
Luteinizing hormone
What does LH stand for?
Efferent
What ducts convey newly formed sperm & rete fluid into epididymal ducts?
Corpus spongiosum
What erectile tissue surrounds the penile urethra?
Vestibule
What extends from the external urethral orifice to the labia of the vulva?
Spermatic Cord
What extends from the inguinal ring and suspends the testes in the scrotum?
Mare
What female animal is known to have cervical folds?
Sow
What female does not have a fornix vagina?
Cow
What female has a distinct fornix/crypt?
Oviduct
What female reproductive structure is used as a bi-directional transport of gametes?
Oviduct
What female reproductive structure may also be referred to as the "salpinx?"
Human
What female reproductive tract has a large uterine body, no horns, the body opens to the oviducts, & the fimbria is well developed?
Clitoris
What female structure contains erectile tissue, stratified epithelium & sensory nerves?
Vagina
What female structure has an appropriate mucosal epithelium, but a lacking muscular layer?
Sow
What female, of the ones covered in class, is known for having a grape-like ovary with multiple corpus lutea?
Mare
What female, of the ones covered in class, is known for having a kidney bean shaped ovary?
Cow
What female, of the ones covered in class, is known for having an almond-shaped ovary?
Mare
What female, of the ones covered in class, is known to have a large uterine body?
Sow
What female, of the ones covered in class, is known to have extensively developed uterine horns because it is a litter-bearing species?
Cowper's glands
What gland has high fibrous connective tissue in males?
Cowper's gland
What gland in the male reproductive tract lies just beneath the retractor penis muscle?
Prostate
What gland is near the bladder & pelvic urethra in males?
Cowper's glands
What glands are paired & located on either side of the pelvic urethra near ischial arch?
Vesicular glands
What glands contribute to the milkiness of semen?
Constrictor vulvae
What helps control the closing of the two labia?
Thermosensitive nerves
What helps govern the degree of scrotal sweating & respiratory rate of animal?
Epididymal duct
What highly convoluted duct is surrounded by smooth muscle & is a storage reservoir for sperm?
Estrogen
What hormone has the opportunity to "open the faucet full blast" when progesterone is not present?
Estrogen
What hormone in the males prevents the surge center from developing?
LH
What hormone is primarily found in the corpus luteum of the ovary?
FSH
What hormone is primarily found in the follicle of the ovary?
GnRH
What hormone is produced in the surge center & tonic center of the hypothalamus?
Prostaglandin F2α
What hormone is produced in the uterine endometrium & causes the regression of the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy?
PGF2α
What hormone is responsible for killing the corpus luteum?
Testosterone
What hormone is responsible for male mating behavior, anabolic growth, spermatogenesis, maintenance of the male duct system, & accessory gland function?
Melatonin
What hormone is responsible for the effect of light on reproductive processes (especially seasonal breeders?)
PGF2α
What hormone triggers apoptosis of cells & inhibition of progesterone synthesis?
Oxytocin
What hormone triggers contractions of smooth muscle?
GnRH
What hormone triggers release of LH in the. anterior pituitary?
Prolactin
What hormone's target tissues are mammary cells, corpus lute, testes & the brain?
FSH
What hormone's target tissues are ovary-granulose cells, & testes-sertoli cells?
LH
What hormone's target tissues are ovary-theca international cells, corpus lute, & testes-leydig cells?
Oxytocin
What hormone's target tissues are the mammary glands, myometrium/endometrium, and testes?
Steroid
What hormones have a slow or rapid response?
Bartholin gland
What human female gland is located in the vagina & useful for producing pheromones?
Tonic center
What hypothalamic center regulates the control & release of GnRH?
Testicular artery
What important male structure branches from the abdominal aorta & becomes convoluted after passing through the inguinal canal which serves as a "pulse pressure eliminator?"
Cervical rings
What interlocking finger-like structures are found in the cervix of cows/ewes to prevent direct entry?
Release of gonadotropins (LH & FSH)
What is GnRH's principle function?
Corpus luteum
What is a "yellow-bodied" endocrine gland on the ovary known as?
Duplex
What is a Uterus called if it has two cervical canals that separate each uterine horn into distinct compartments?
Corpus hemorrhagicum
What is a blood clot that forms after blood vessels rupture (occurring after ovulation) known as?
Pampiniform plexus
What is a complex network of spermatic artery & veins that form a countercurrent heat exchanger?
Graafian follicle
What is a mature follicle with LH receptors that is capable of ovulating known as?
Chorion
What is a placental membrane known as?
Parenchyma
What is a specific cellular mass of a gland or organ supported by a connective tissue network that consists of tubular & interstitial compartments (in the male reproductive tract)?
Scrotum
What is a two lobed sac that protects & supports the testes which is necessary for proper temperature regulation?
Fructose
What is a unique secretion that is an energy source for sperm?
Bicornuate
What is a uterus with uterine horns, a uterine body, one vagina, & one cervix known as?
Corpus Albicans
What is a white degenerating corpus luteum called?
Ovary
What is an ovoid, dense structure thats primary functions are to produce hormones & gametes in females?
Vestibular glands
What is another name for Bartholin's glands?
Vesicular glands
What is another name for Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive tract?
Fornix
What is composed of columnar epithelial cells that secrete copious quantities of mucus during estrus?
Posterior pituitary
What is considered an extension of the hypothalamus?
Retroperitoneum
What is development behind the peritoneum known as?
Blood testis barrier
What is formed from the peritubular cells surrounding seminiferous tubule & the Sertoli cell junctional complexes which prevents autoimmune destruction of developing germ cells?
Cervix
What is known as a "sperm filter" in some species?
Uterus
What is known as the "shell gland" in the hen?
Rete fluid
What is produced by the testes that serves as a vehicle for suspension & removal of sperm?
GnRH
What is released in the specialized nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus?
Gubernaculum
What is responsible for testicular descent & important for keeping the testes in the lower portion of the scrotum?
Inhibin
What is specific to inhibiting FSH in males and females?
Puberty
What is the ability to accomplish reproduction successfully or the "process" of acquiring reproductive competence?
Cutaneous bridge/Perineum
What is the area between the vagina & anus called?
Receptor affinity
What is the attraction/strength of a hormone known as?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the brain stem known as?
Vestibular Glands
What is the caudal part in the submucosa of the vestibule that is responsible for secretions during estrus?
Vestibule
What is the caudal vagina also called?
Sella turcica
What is the cavity that houses pituitary called?
Ovarian Medulla
What is the center of the ovary that houses the vasculature, nerves, & lymphatics; & is composed of dense connective tissue?
Mediastinum
What is the central connective tissue core of the testes that houses ducts called rete tubules?
Fatty Acid Phospholipid
What is the chemical class of Prostaglandin F2α & Prostaglandin E2?
External Uterine Bifurcation
What is the connective tissue between the uterine horns known as?
Tunica albuginea
What is the connective tissue that surrounds the testis & send cilia into the parenchyma of the testicle?
Mediastinum
What is the connective tissue-filled center of the testes called that houses rete tubules?
Vulva
What is the external opening of the female reproductive tract?
Ovum
What is the female gamete?
Clitoris
What is the female homologue of the penis?
Uterine artery
What is the important blood vessel that supplies the females reproductive tract with blood?
Cerebrum
What is the lower back portion of the brain called?
Ventral Commissure
What is the lowest boundary of the vulva called?
Progesterone
What is the major Progestin?
Estradiol 17-β
What is the major estrogen?
Penis
What is the male homologue of the clitoris?
Tunica dartos
What is the mesh-like smooth muscle layer that lies just below the scrotum?
Endometrium
What is the mucosa + submucosa of the uterus called?
Myometrium
What is the muscularis of the uterus called?
Cremaster muscle
What is the name of the striated muscle that runs the entire length of the spermatic cord?
Ostium
What is the opening to the ampulla of the oviduct known as?
Tunica Albuginea
What is the outer layer of connective tissue on an ovary that is covered by germinal epithelium?
Cholesterol
What is the precursor of steroids?
Liculogenesis
What is the process where immature follicles develop into more advanced follicles & become candidates for ovulation?
Spermatogenesis
What is the production of sperm called?
Half-life
What is the rate at which a hormone is halfway cleared from circulation?
Perimetrium
What is the serosa of the uterus called?
Ampullary-isthmis junction (AIJ)
What is the site of fertilization between the ampulla & the isthmus known as?
Commissure
What is the site of the labia union known as?
Tunica dartos
What is the smooth muscle layer that lies beneath the scrotal skin that is used to cool the scrotum in the summer by increasing surface area?
Glans penis
What is the specialized distal end of the penis known as?
Penis
What is the sperm "delivery system" of the male reproductive system?
Rectus portion
What is the straight portion of seminiferous tubules that joins rete tubules called?
Urethralis
What is the striated muscle that surrounds the pelvic urethra & is responsible for moving sperm & seminal plasma into the penile urethra?
Infundibulum
What is the terminal end of the oviduct with a funnel-shaped opening made for capturing the oocyte?
Oblique
What is the testicular orientation of a boar & dog?
Vertical
What is the testicular orientation of a bull, ram, rabbit, & human?
Horizontal
What is the testicular orientation of a stallion?
Epididymal transit time
What is the time to go from the epididymal head to tail known as?
Dorsal Commissure
What is the uppermost boundary of the vulva called?
Suburethral diverticulum
What is the vaginal structure that is a blind punch with no known functions that protrudes caudally into the bitch's vestibule?
Pampiniform plexus
What is the venous network that acts as a countercurrent heat exchanger in the male reproductive system?
Sertoli cells
What kind of cells are anchored to the basement membrane in seminiferous epithelium & surround developing germ cells?
Stratified Squamous
What kind of epithelium does the caudal vagina (vestibule) have?
Columnar
What kind of epithelium does the cranial vagina have?
Disseminate prostate
What kind of prostate is distributed along the dorsal & lateral walls of the pelvic urethra?
Colliculus seminalis
What layer lies between the pelvic urethra & urethralis muscle?
Granulosa cell layer
What layer of the Antral/tertiary follicle has FSH receptors and is also known as membrana granulosa?
Theca externa
What layer of the Antral/tertiary follicle has a loose connective tissue that surrounds the follicle?
Theca interna
What layer of the Antral/tertiary follicle produces androgens via LH?
Mesosalpinx
What layer of the broad ligament encloses the ovary in the bitch?
Mesovarium
What layer of the broad ligament houses the blood, lymphatic vessels, & nerves that supply the ovary & forms the hilus of the ovary?
Mesometrium
What layer of the broad ligament is the largest, most conspicuous part & supports the uterine horns & uterine body?
Vulvo-vaginal sphincter
What loosely defined sphincter separates the cranial vagina & caudal vagina (vestibule) & lies just above the connection of the urethra to the vagina?
Ovarian cortex
What main internal component takes of the majority of the middle of the ovary?
Boar
What male does not have noticeable ampullae?
Alpaca
What male has a glans penis has a stiff spiny appendage?
Human
What male has a large prostate body that can lead to benign prostate hyperplasia?
Ram
What male has a urethral process?
Boar
What male has highly developed accessory sex glands when compared to the bull?
Boar
What male has no ampulla, large vesicular glands & a large Cowper's gland?
Ram
What male has no prostate body, but instead a disseminate prostate?
Boar
What male is known for its corkscrew glans penis?
Ram
What male, that we have covered in class, has testicles that make up ~30% of their body weight?
Boar
What male, that we have covered in class, has the largest testicular weight?
Ischiocavernosus
What muscle connecting the sigmoid flexure and urethras muscles lies near the crus penis & looks similar to that of a steak?
Retractor Penis Muscle
What muscle is responsible for erection & retraction of the penis?
Bulbospongiosus muscle
What muscle overlaps the root of the penis, extends down the caudal/ventral surfaces, covers bubourethral glands, & empties the extra pelvic part of the urethra?
Caruncles
What nongalndular & highly vascularized structures are found in the endometrium of ruminants (cow & ewe) & are used as a site of placental attachment?
Cranial vagina
What originates from paramesonephric ducts, has a high secretory activity with the columnar epithelium & fuses with the caudal vagina?
Relaxin
What ovarian hormone is responsible for cervical dilation & pelvic expansion?
Granulosa
What ovarian layer surrounds the follicular fluid of the antrum?
Ovarian Cortex
What ovarian structure houses the oocytes, follicles, CL, & CA in females (with the exception of mares?)
Corpus luteum
What ovarian structure produces progesterone for maintenance of pregnancy?
Inhibin
What ovarian/testicular hormone inhibits FSH secretion?
Activin
What ovarian/testicular hormone stimulates FSH secretion?
Corpus Luteum
What ovary structure produces oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, & activin in females?
Vesicular glands
What paired, lobulated glands are dorsocranial to the pelvic urethra who's secretions also empty directly into the pelvic urethra ?
Aristotle
What philosopher thought that the fetus came from menstrual blood, seminal fluid causes the conversion, semen came from all parts of the body, & testes were pendular weights that kept ducts from becoming plugged?
Placental lactogen
What placental hormone's principle function is mammary stimulation of the dam?
Tail
What portion of the epididymis contains the motile & fertile sperm that is capable of binding to the ova?
Head & Body of the epididymus
What portion of the epididymis is considered part of the "finishing shops?"
Isthmus
What portion of the oviduct has a thinner diameter, but a thicker muscular wall than the ampulla?
Isthmus
What portion of the oviduct has fewer mucosal folds & serves as a sperm reservoir?
Ampulla
What portion of the oviduct has mucosal folds with ciliated epithelium?
Seminiferous tubules
What portion of the parenchyma is composed of contractile peritubular cells, a basement membrane, & seminiferous/germinal epithelium?
Mesosalpinx
What pouch-like serous layer of the broad ligament has a supports the oviduct & helps to orient the infundibulum?
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
What problem in male humans leads to a sweeping of the prostate that surrounds the corpus spongiosum that eventually pinches off the urethra?
Tunica dartos
What relaxes in cold weather to allow maximum surface area for cooling in the testes?
Adluminal compartment
What seminiferous tubule region houses primary & secondary spermatocytes & spermatids?
Basal compartment
What seminiferous tubule region houses sperm & early primary spermatocytes?
Tight junctions
What separates germinal epithelium into the two compartments & prevents large molecular weight materials & immune cells from getting into adluminal compartments?
Placental scars
What shows sites of previous placental attachment on the endometrium of the uterus which indicate zones of uterine repair in animals that have previously delivered?
Corpus cavernous
What spongy erectile tissue makes up the majority of penile interior?
Infundibulum
What structure in females is covered with Cillia known as "fimbriae" which is used to increase surface area?
Vagina
What structure is responsible for the expulsion of urine in females?
Testes
What structure is responsible for the manufacturing/assembly of sperm?
Tail (cauda) of the epididymus
What structure is responsible for the warehouse & shipping of sperm?
Crus penis
What structure lies in close proximity to the ischiocavernosus muscle in the bull?
Ductus/vas deferens
What structure lies parallel to the body (corpus) of the epididymus?
Cervix
What structure provides a barrier during pregnancy & lubrication that is used as a flushing system?
Epididymus
What structure provides the environment for sperm growth in males?
Utero-ovarian ligament
What structure that is in most species attaches the ovary to the uterus?
Endometrial folds
What structures are found in the endometrium of the sow & mare?
Cremaster muscle
What supports the testis & spermatic cord?
Veins of the Pampiniform Plexus
What takes blood away from the testes?
Tunica albuginea
What testicular structure contracts to provide a pumping action to move sperm into rite tubules & efferent ducts?
Theca externa, theca interna, & granulosas cell layer
What three layers make up the Antral follicle in a female?
Infundibulum, ampulla, & isthmus
What three structures does the oviduct consist of?
Episodic, basal, & sustained
What three types of hormones concentration terms that are relevant to this class?
Surge & Tonic
What two "centers" are in the hypothalamic nuclei?
Vesicular Glands
What two glands lie just beneath the rectum in male animals?
LH & FSH
What two gonadotropins are made of two amino acid chains?
Tubular & Interstitial
What two parenchyma compartments are there?
Corpus & Disseminate
What two structural forms may a prostate have?
Pendular & retroperitoneal
What two types of testes are there?
Metabolism (Liver & Kidneys) & Excretions (Urine & Feces)
What two ways allows for excessive hormones to leave the body?
Sertoli
What type of cells in males secrete a fluid that allows sperm to move into rete tubules?
Antral (Tertiary)
What type of follicle has multiple layers of granulosa cells, a fluid-filled cavity known as the antrum, & FSH responsive growth?
Secondary
What type of follicle has no antrum/cavity but is surrounded by a clear thick layer called the zone pellucida?
Primary
What type of follicle is the oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells?
Primordial
What type of follicle is the smallest & most immature where the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flattened squamous cell?
Endocrine
What type of glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Exocrine
What type of glands have ducts & secrete externally (sweat glands, mammary glands?)
Fatty Acid
What type of hormones do not fit the classical hormone definition because they are not produced by endocrine glands & instead are produced by cells throughout the body?
Fibroelastic
What type of penis has a Sigmoid flexure?
Fibroelastic
What type of penis has a rapid speed of erection?
Fibroelastic
What type of penis has limited erectile tissue, a tunica albuginea & a sigmoid flexure?
Muscular-vascular
What type of penis has more erectile tissue, larger corpus cavernous sinuses, & no sigmoid flexure?
Vestibule
What vaginal structure has stratified squamous epithelium that is similar to that of skin that has endocrine-dependent secretory activity?
Bicornuate uterus
What was wrong with the uterus of the 47 year old woman who received a hysterectomy who we discussed in class?
Sustained
When a hormone is elevated for longer periods (ex: steroid, & progesterone during ovulation,) the concentration is said to be what?
Basal
When a hormone stays low but fluctuates, the hormone concentration is said to be what?
What is anestrus?
When cyclicity stops
bile duct, conjugated
When excreted in the feces, hormones enter the gut through a __________ in a __________ form.
Fornix
When the cervix protrudes into the anterior vagina & forms a crypt, what is this called?
The exchange that occurs during the "free living" period becomes inadequate when?
When the conceptus reaches a certain size; the fetus then needs a more meaningful attachment because it's demands are increasing.
Erection
When the retractor penis muscle relaxes, blood rushes into the corpus cavernous & corpus spongiosum to achieve what?
Slow
When the steroid receptor is in the nucleus, will it have a slow or rapid response?
Rapid
When the steroid receptor is outside of the membrane, will it have a slow or rapid response?
Progesterone
When there is a functional corpus luteum, there is a high amount of what hormone?
Accessory Sex Glands
Where do "final alterations & packaging" of sperm take place in the male reproductive system?
Epididymal duct
Where do sperm mature & acquire motility & potential fertility?
Tubulus contorts
Where in seminiferous tubules does spermatogenesis take place?
Pineal gland
Where is melatonin secreted?
Fornix
Where is sperm deposited into cows by the bull?
What is epithelial-chorial placentation?
Where the maternal endothelium, conn. tissue and epithelium are present, as well as, the fetal epithelium, conn. tissue and endothelium.
What is hemo-chorial placentation?
Where their is NO maternal tissues present, but all the fetal tissues are present (epithelium, conn. tissue and endothelium)
What is hemp-endothelial placentation?
Where there is NO maternal tissues present, and only the fetal endothelium is present.
What determines chromosomal sex?
Whether or not the oocyte is fertilized by a y-sperm or an x-sperm.
Right
Which "side" of the hens reproductive system atrophies?
Left
Which "side" of the hens reproductive system develops?
Leeuwenhoek
Who created the first microscope & thought that semen contained small particles known as "animalcules?"
Regnier de Graff
Who first described the antral follicle in 1672?
Coiter
Who first described the corpus luteum in 1573?
Fallopius ("Fallopian tubes")
Who first described the oviduct in 1562?
When does most embryonic loss occur?
Within 1st month of pregnancy
In an XX = female, two "X"s _______ a "Y" are required for development of the ovaries.
Without
Abortion
Without the "cervical seal of pregnancy" what is likely to occur?
What does testosterone (T4) produced by fetal Leydig cells cause?
Wolffian Duct differentiation
Female Differentiation
Wolffian ducts degenerate/ mullerian ducts persist to form uterus/ovaries/most parts of the vagina
Who tends to use co-sync with CIDR for timed AI program?
Works especially well in 1st and 2nd calvers and "late" cows
The oocyte is fertilized by either an _-sperm or a _-sperm.
X or Y
HOWEVER, Jost's conclusion about females being the default was later discovered not to be true. What is an example of this?
XO genotype that leads to Turner's Syndrome (you need more than one "X" chromosome to make you female)
SRY is _________ meaning there is no analog on X and it is expressed within testis at the time of testis differentiation.
Y-specific
Are embryo split clones true clones? Why?
Yes, they have identical genetics and identical nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
Cholesterol
You cannot make a steroid without what starting product?
LH
You don't want a lot of what hormone early on in the female because it will cause the female to cycle early?
Cholesterol, progesterone, testosterone
__________ --> Pregnenolone --> __________ --> __________ --> Estradiol
FSH, inhibin
__________ is primarily found in Sertoli cells which goes on to produce __________
LH, testosterone
__________ is primary found in Leydig cells which goes on to produce _________
Estrous Cycle
a series of predictable reproductive events beginning at estrus (heat) and ending at the next estrus.
Nuclear Transfer Procedure
a.oocyte surrounded by polar body (metaphase 2) b.metaphase 2 chromatid present in polar body c.remove chromatid d.get a somatic cell, containing nucleus e.put somatic cell in polar body f.electronic pulses will help them fuse and dump DNA material in cytoplasm (activate)
Menopause is the human version of
anestrus Depletion of follicles within the ovary.
What (on the ovaries) contains ova & are precursors to the early embryo in females?
follicles
What induces Oocyte maturation
hCG
Pregnancy Monitoring
hCG levels should rise with pregnancy
Post-capacitation
hyperactive motility-- binding to ZP-- acrosomal reaction-- penetration of ZP-- sperm-oocyte membrane fusion-- sperm engulfed-- oocyte activation-- decondensation of sperm nucleus-- formation of female/male pronucleus
Effects of estrogen on the repro tract
increased blood flow Genital swelling Change in tissue electrical conductivity Leukocytosis Increased mucosal secretion Initiation of uterine gland growth Elevated myometrial tone Presence of cornified cells can determine stage (Irregular crusty appearance) Cervix & Vagina -Increase mucus -Lubrication -Flush foreign material -Specific pathways in for sperm Uterus -Glandular development into submucosa Oviduct -Increased cilia beat frequency
Endocrine Feedback Loops
keep hormone levels in check
Spontaneous abortion cause
malformations of placenta -not enough cotyledons to support fetus
Menstrual cycle- Luteal phase
secretory phase 14 days
Luteal Cells
small luteal cells large luteal cells Both are steroidogenic (i.e. progesterone synthesis)
Proliferative Phase
spermatogonia is the most primitive Diploid (just mitosis at this point) Located at the basement compartment Three types A, I, and B
What kind of hormones do gonads produce?
steroids
What is mainly responsible for providing lubrication during copulation in females?
vagina
What are the nerves and nuclei in the hypothetical
ventromedial nucleus- is the hypothalamus nucleus located in the medial floor of the hypothalamus that contributes to the tonic GnRH center. Arcuate nucleus- hypothalamic nucleus located directly medial to the ventromedial nucleus that contributes to the tonic GnRH center.
Luteinization
where the ovulatory cells are transformed into luteal tissue granulose cells = Large luteal theca interna = Small luteal Controlled by LH Begins with basement membrane disintegration Follicle walls collapse into folds and interdigitate after ovulation -Humans and primates form islets
How long does Stage 2 (Expulsion of the Fetus) take in monotocous [producing a single offspring at a time] species?
~1 hours or less
How long does it take to achieve an LH pulse frequency that's high enough for puberty in heifers?
~2 months Starts to increase months before puberty and eventually there will be a GnRH /LH surge ~ Every 21 days in a cow
When does ovulation begin?
~27-30 h after the start of estrus or ~12-18 h after the end of estrus.
How long does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take in cattle?
~6-12 hours