ANTH 103 Final Exam
Most of the states in the world did not exist before WWII
True
Most people in the US tend to practice race and class exogamy.
False
Human beings are pretty much identical and share almost 99.9 percent of their DNA. Knowing this, we might understand the observable differences in body ratios—height versus width—that anthropologists have documented as a matter of ________.
Phenotype
What type of anthropologists explore all aspects of living human culture—from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing—and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on these things?
cultural anthropologists
Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe?
displacement
Applying one's own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called:
ethnocentrism
What do we call the method by which social movements create shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action?
framing process
Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq:
has only existed since Word War I
Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population, sometimes unconsciously, by shaping what people think is normal, natural, and possible?
hegemony
Anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer helped to improve infant mortality rates in the Cange community of Haiti by:
helping acquire clean drinking water for the community
Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution (the notion that different cultures represent stages of development), instead suggesting that different cultures arise as the result of very different causes, and will vary widely. What do we call his approach?
historical paricularism
If I were fascinated with the study of the health system in inner-city schools in America, and wanted to get a PhD to study how elementary school students were taught about their bodies in ways that perpetuated patterns of inequality, I would be interested in what sub-discipline of Anthropology?
medical anthropology
In Marc Edelman's study of activism within rural poor communities of Costa Rica, he finds that the collective political efforts of the peasants ultimately resulted in _______________________.
softening the possible negative effects of globalization on their communities
In his research conducted in the Trobriand Islands, Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) employed an early form of what type of anthropological theory?
structural functionalism
Clifford Geertz suggests that religion is essentially a system of ideas and practices that surround a set of powerful ____________
symbols
Clifford Geertz argued that every cultural action is more than the action itself. It is also a symbol of deeper meaning, subject to interpretation. What key idea in anthropology did this important theoretical idea help promote?
symbols are a crucial means of understanding other cultures
Even very powerful institutions do not completely dominate people's lives and thinking. Individual and groups with relatively little power can contest powerful institutions, such as the state, because:
systems of power, including the state, are never absolute
A historical linguist would be most likely to study:
the development of language over time, including its changes and variations
What surprising discovery did Carolyn Nordstrom make in her study of war and violence in Mozambique?
the political violence of war can be resisted and defeated by attending to daily matters
In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, signs posted in public view (such as for streets or restaurants) are required to show the words in French first, usually above English, and in larger type sizes. This reflects:
the use of political power to control the prioritization of specific languages
What has the effort to preserve the Native American Lakota language, spoken by about 50,000 people in the United States, led to?
there is a widespread integration of social media into the preservation effort
Despite falling incomes over the last thirty years, Americans have been able to increase their consumption over this time period. The textbook argues that this has been made possible because _________________
Americans are paying for this consumption with credit card debt, student loans and mortgages.
What do we call the British Empire's military, economic, and political control over Malaysia?
Colonialism
What country only exists during the ninety minutes its team plays a soccer match?
England
As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500 years. What concept does this illustrate? `
Ethnic cleansing
According to the textbook, the war in Yugoslavia was only due to ancient ethnic hatred and struggle between Catholics and Muslims.
False
Bridewealth is the gift of goods/money from the bride's family to the groom's. A dowry is a gift the groom's family gives to the bride's family, and is most common in Africa.
False
Every language has only a single phoneme.
False
The Anthropocene was a period of the 19th and early 20th centuries when mankind began changing the environment, and ended with the dawn of environmentalism.
False
The rules of hypodescent have helped to decrease racial discrimination. As intermarriage (exogamy) has increased in America, more children are considered "white".
False
Anti-colonialism is when a colonialist country voluntarily decides to give all of its colonies back to the native people of those areas.
False Anti-colonialism is when groups in colonies advocate for their own freedom by organizing militaries or making war against the colonial powers.
A language variety associated with wealth, success, education, and power is called:
Prestige Language
Gift-giving and potlatch are both examples of:
Redistribution
In the United States, the system of taxation is a form of
Redistribution
The political structure of modern countries includes a central government that exercises complete political, military, and economic control of its territory. Modern countries are considered what kind of organization?
State
The story of Shellcracker Haven (pg. 147) and how the local white residents were gradually disenfranchised from their lives and work because of their class status is a strong reflection of the tendency to do what to others?
Stereotype
What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?
Stratification
Anthropology has long studied the marginalized and remote segments of human society. Recently, a lot of research has begun to look at the upper segments of society, which can help us understand how the other marginalized groups come into being and exist at all. What is this process called?
Studying Up
- We can move around the world quicker because of air travel. - We can reach almost anyone around the world by phone at almost anytime. - We have access to all of the information on the internet from a device that we keep in our pocket. These three things have changed our understanding of how long it takes to go places and do things, and have contributed to time-space compression.
True
A language disappears from the world approximately every ten days.
True
According to Ferguson and Gupta, the "spatialization of the state" is produced through everyday practices that are interwoven in all aspects of life, such as: getting mail, following traffic laws, taxes, voting, jury duty, etc. (hint: Guest pg. 342)
True
Being gay, a racial minority, and disabled presents a unique set of intersectional challenges due to overlapping hierarchies of sexuality, race, and ability.
True
Cultural anthropology is defined, in part, by its practice of participant observation and ethnographic method.
True
Due to their ascription to matrilineal descent, women in Israel play a key role in defining and maintaining family
True
In traditional Nyimban marriage practices in Nepal and Tibet, a marriage can be between a woman and multiple men.
True
One of the results of the cultural construction of gender is that ideas about what is masculine and feminine change from one cultural community to another.
True
The work of Franz Boas at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries helped to undermine racialized views of immigrants in America.
True
Which of the following is an example of code-switching?
A conversation in which a person talks to some people in one language while talking to others in a different language
Bridewealth is:
A gift of money, livestock, or other goods given by the groom's family to the bride's family
How does anthropologist Yehudi Cohen define an "economy"?
A set of strategies by which a group has agreed to organize to meet their basic needs (food, water, shelter, comfort) and to distribute the consumption of those goods.
The idea that gender is "constructed" means that:
Gender is different from sex in that it is established by social norms and values (i.e., culture) rather than biology
The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases?
Genocide
What comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form?
Genotype
All of the following are associated with Franz Boas, EXCEPT:
He did his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands.
Although the Nazi regime did use violence, the regime was also able to gain the cooperation of much of the populace who saw Nazi actions and programs as necessary and even reasonable. What is this kind of consensus an example of?
Hegemony
Chapter 1 opens with a discussion about the effect that a Coca-Cola plant has had on women living in what region?
India
When an individual acts on personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminates against someone based on imagined differences between them, this is referred to as what kind of racism?
Individual Racism
Cocoa is a highly valued commodity, but in Côte d'Ivoire the majority of the profits were going to what two place?
International corporations and government funded paramilitary operations
As European immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to "blend in." This was in order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and hatred. What term describes the result of this process of "blending in"?
Melting pot
When a civil society prepares for war, this preparation includes production of weapons and the glorification of war. What is this process called?
Militarization
The current argument over whether to build a wall between Mexico and the United States reflects, in part, what long-standing ideology that has informed how race is constructed and managed in the United States?
Nativism
A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called ________.
Origin Myth
Cultural anthropologists like to hang out with the people they are studying and ask lots of questions as the people work, celebrate, dance, or play games - sometimes joining in themselves. What is the term used for this research method?
Participant observation
Freeman's study in Barbados finds that a new gendered category of labor has been created between white-collar (office and non-manual labor) and blue-collar (manual labor), which he calls "pink-collar"? Which of the following statements about pink collar labor in Barbados is true:
a. Their work conditions are improved when compared to blue collar labor b. They have benefits that include transportation costs, job security, and more flexible schedules. c. They still have lower wages than white collar workers, and are often not welcome in those labor forces d. They differentiate themselves from women who do manual labor through style e. All of the above statements about "pink-collar" workers in Barbados are true Answer: E
Which of the following are ways in which state power is made and enforced?
a. military and police force b. citizenship criteria c. creating the conditions for hegemony d. the enforcement of taxes and the judicial system e. all of the above are ways in which state power is made and enforced Answer: E
In 2010 the US census changed its categorization of race by:
allowing census-takers to self-select racial cateogry
To resist the power of state institutions, some societies make use of different systems to settle issues that might normally go to the state court system. What are these systems known as?
alternative legal structures
According to the textbook, the cultural practice of childbirth in the Netherlands and in Yucatan are similar because they:
are reluctant to interfere with the process and rarely use pain-medication
Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and constantly break up and reform in response to conflicts are referred to as what?
bands
According to Marx, which group of people were able to develop class consciousness because they did not have to struggle to survive?
bourgeosie
The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support by focusing on inequality with the motto "We are the 99 percent". This movement specifically drew the public's attention to inequality in what social category?
class
Family gatherings that honor particular moments in our lives-weddings, special holidays, and so forth-are often sources of tension when different family members want to "change things up." As a facet of culture and how we learn it, this reminds us that culture is a shared experience. It also reminds us that culture is:
constantly contested, negotiated, and changing
What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?
egalitarianism
Margaret Mead's (1901-1979) fieldwork in Samoa was controversial in part because she examined sexual freedom, and considered sex to be a matter of ________.
enculturation
Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?
enculturation
Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group. Anthropologists call these ________.
ethnic boundary markers
A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups are described as a(n) ________.
ethnic group
Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. This allows us to observe that most nations today are ________.
imagined communities
Since 1996, the rate of births by cesarean section (C-section) in the United States has
increased dramatically, probably more as a result of cultural conceptions of childbirth and institutional pressure than medical necessity
Some people from the Middle East have been considered "white" in the United States for some time, but since September 11, anyone with brown skin who seems foreign is now considered "different" and possibly an enemy. This is an example of ________.
individual racism
What does Benjamin Whorf 's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, suggest about language?
language creates different ways of thinking
Which component of any language refers to names, ideas, and events that offer a kind of catalogue of what is spoken and can be compiled into something accessible to others?
lexicon
When studying abroad, Shelby talks about the racial categories in the United States. Her new friends from Japan, Brazil, and Turkey all say her categories are incorrect. Each person has their own way of categorizing people by race. Shelby remembers from her anthropology class that racial categories are determined by:
mental maps of reality
In terms of dominant cultural notions about what kinds of love is morally correct and natural, the recent changes in the United States around same-sex marriage are related to which earlier civil rights legal issue?
miscegination
Chinese immigrants began migrating to the US in the 1800s and despite the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (repealed in 1943), they and their descendants help compose the cultural, economic, and political fabric of the US. Many Chinese American communities continue to practice many aspects of traditional and contemporary Chinese culture. What concept does this illustrate?
multiculturalism
Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of groups that spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. The development of schools, road systems, and a national language united them as French rather than as Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians, which has resulted in what kind of social structure today?
nation-state
What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary with enforced borders whose population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny?
nation-state
In 2014, Scots voted in a referendum whether or not to make their nation an independent country, separate from the United Kingdom. Although the referendum was defeated, what particular sentiment were the Scots expressing by seeking independence?
nationalism
If a government favors those who are born in the country over the legal immigrants who were born in another country, this is an example of:
nativism
If you wanted to study the miscommunication between men and women by looking at the different ways they use language, you would look for articles by what kind of anthropologists?
sociolinguist
A set of ideas about a group of people, such as: "Latina women are sexually promiscuous," or "All Arabs are terrorists," can make it seem natural and normal to discriminate against these groups. What type or aspect of racism is this?
racist ideology
What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems?
sex
In comparison with other mammals, the biological differences between male and female sexes is relatively minor. These biological differences are scientifically referred to as examples of:
sexual dimorphism
The effort to preserve the Native American Lakota language has received help from what technological innovation:
social media has been integrated into the preservation effort
In 1871, hundreds of principalities were united to form Germany. After defeat in World War I, Germany's government was known as the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. With the defeat of Nazi Germany, the country was divided into East and West during the Cold War, and finally reunited when the Soviet Union collapsed. Germany has existed in many forms, demonstrating what characteristic of states?
they are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped
The textbook lists all of the following as ways kinship is built amongst the Langkawi in Malaysia EXCEPT:
trade with other villages
Anne Fadiman's The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down studied the Hmong population in the United States. In this study, the misdiagnosis of Lia Lee is due to all of the following factors except:
unacknowledged history of child abuse within the Lee family
An intersexual is someone who:
was born with both male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes
Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. We now understand that in the modern world, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how?
within the influence of the state
