Anthro 3
The stigma that accompanies HIV/AIDS contributes to unequal treatment of patients with the same symptoms because
based on how the disease was contracted, some patients are deemed "innocent" and receive superior treatment than those deemed "guilty"
In societies where there are social or religious reasons for avoiding birth control,
birth rates are higher
Zoonotic diseases are diseases that
can be passed between humans and animals
Management of cultural resources supports conservation of the human-environment interaction through
cataloguing and preserving archaeological sites and historic places threatened by development
Traditional Chinese Medicine understands the body to contain a life force that, when blocked, causes illness. This force is called
chi (qi)
An approach to healing that directs the combined efforts of multiple people toward treating illness is called
communal healing
In the Kayapo Video Project, anthropologist Terence Turner empowered local Kayapo leaders to
compile a comprehensive video archive of Kayapo culture, relying on the knowledge of older members of the community
The production of maps by Indigenous communities has served to
demarcate the land that is used for subsistence practices keep developers from assuming the land is unused and open for taking prove their use, and therefore ownership, of the land ALL OF THE ANSWERS CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Many different universities and academic journals use the term public anthropology; however,
different groups use the term in different ways
Media anthropologists working in collaborative and participatory media methods have contributed to the development of new approaches to ethnography due to their focus on
ethics, power, and fairness of the process and product
Anthropologists in the mid-twentieth century were fighting hard against the tendency for people to see the world only through one's own glasses, categorizing others as inferior or in need of "development." This is a way of thinking that anthropologists call
ethnocentrism
When archaeologists explored the collapse of the Maya city of Copan from an environmental perspective, they found
evidence that deforestation coupled with an expanding population led to the city's decline
The field of study that investigates the ways that natural processes have shaped the development of life on Earth, producing measurable changes in populations over time is called
evolutionary biology
In a well-known study on the effects of intercessory prayer, the patients who knew they were receiving prayers for their recovery
had more complications and health problems in the month following surgery
Gerald Murray's Haitian reforestation project succeeded because
his project gave Haitian farmers had control of when to sell their fast growing trees as a cash crop for charcoal, lumber, and firewood
Boas based his broad view of the historical and cultural foundations of behavior on the concept of
holism
In her ethnography of Egyptian television soap operas, Dramas of Nationhood, Lila Abu-Lughod sought to understand
how watching these programs contributed to a shared sense of Egyptian cultural identity
The rapid changes in human lifestyles from small foraging groups to crowded, technologically-advanced societies shows that
human lifestyles are biocultural, or products of interactions between biology and culture
An approach to healing that seeks to treat medical ailments by achieving a balance between the forces or elements of the body is called
humoral healing
Chapter author Palmer argues that it's important to take the local beliefs and practices of people into consideration when engaging in conservation projects because
ideas about environmentalism and conservation are views developed in Western nations that need to be adapted to a local context
Over time, a member of a particular community of practice learns the "folk geography" of their "world," that is, they learn
important locations for all aspects of their practice including important places in the history of the practice
One of the unintended health consequences of the rise of antibiotic use in low-income (developing) nations is that
impoverished children, whose lives are saved by antibiotics in infancy, succumb later in childhood to malnutrition, dehydration, or other ailments
The material technological networks that allow for the exchange of goods, ideas, waste, people, power, and finance over space is called
infrastructure
Obesity is considered to be a "disease of civilization," meaning
it did not exist in early human populations
More than simply a social construction, "race" is now studied in the contexts of
its role as a social, legal and medical category in relation to inequities
Practicing anthropologist Kyle Jones found that while the young Peruvian hip hop artists felt that performing was an important activity for their artistic expression, they were unable to do so due to
lack of funds
We can produce __________ fuels from two ingredients: sunlight and ambient air.
liquid hydrocarbon
Any set of technologies that connect multiple people at one time to shared content is called
media
The term used to refer to the study of how images, speech, people, and things become socially significant as they are communicated, especially focusing on the physical human senses, is the anthropology of
mediation
The discipline that investigates human health and health care systems in comparative perspective, considering a wide-range of bio-cultural dynamics that affect the well-being of human populations is referred to as
medical anthropology
How many people live in urban spaces today?
more than 50%
What is socio-cultural anthropology's primary approach to data collection, used by anthropologists in the field?
participant observation
When there is a mismatch between our expectation and the person's execution of the role
participating in a ritual makes and marks a social change
performance communities
performance is both informed by the norms of one's community and signals one's membership in the community - space (studio, dojo) in which identity is formed; "folk geography" of art form - globalization of performance forms raises questions of authenticity and cultural appropriation (ex: Herbie Hancock and traditional Mbuti sounds)
__________ energy is now the cheapest form of electricity on two-thirds of the Earth's surface.
renewable
The field of study that questions the objectivity of modern science to some extent and views science as a product of specific cultural understandings is
science and technology studies
__________ performers believe in the role they are playing, while __________ performers have lost their belief in the role and may only be acting out of self-interest.
sincere; cynical
Media anthropologists study media by
studying the people who study media, such as advertising researchers locating their studies within a particular community, whether geographic or virtual choosing a category or type of media, such as mobile phones, radio, or television *****all of the answer choices are correct
Women who consumed the prohibited products were believed to
suffer from illnesses, such as swelling and itching, or even to cause the death of one of their in-laws
An example of a successful extractive reserve in the rainforest is
tapping rubber from trees in protected areas
Thanks to higher wages, __________ were leaving local jobs in droves to work at the internment camps, fueling rumors and resentments towards the Japanese-American prisoners.
teachers
Applied anthropology; Public anthropology
the Muslim and Jewish prohibitions against eating pork
The approach that considers health to be the absence of disease or dysfunction, and that disease can be identified as one of the following: a pathogen, malfunction of the body's processes, or a physiological disorder is
the biomedical approach
The turning point in the human fight against bacterial infections was
the discovery and distribution of Penicillin in the early 20th century
Marvin Harris argues that Hindu religious taboos against eating beef developed due to
the economic and ecological importance of cows to subsistence in India
The case of Brazilian travesti, transgender prostitutes who retain their male gender identity even while adopting female expressions of identity (such as dress, makeup, physical surgeries, and hormones), is an example of
the fact that gendered behaviors develop and are performed within specific cultural contexts
In his study of Muslim cassette-taped sermons in Egypt, Hirschkind (2006) found that the greatest power of the medium lies in
the feeling that Muslim listeners get while listening to the sermons
Julian Steward's work among the Shoshone of the North American Great Basin illustrated
the multiple evolutionary pathways of different societies, and variety of ways that local communities could adapt to ecological conditions
The ideal of the ecologically noble savage puts the success of Indigenous conservation projects in jeopardy because
there is a potential for backlash by the Western media if Indigenous communities lose their symbolic purity
In his fieldwork, Cochrane discovered that the food taboos
were restricted to married women, and limited to a specific breed of chicken raised in specific households
Early ethnographer E.E. Evans-Pritchard describes the one main explanation that the Azande of north-central Africa give for any misfortune. This explanation is
witchcraft
Facilitating Social Change (How can we make a difference?)
• (1) Collaborating with others outside the academy is critical - Start with common ground and expand •(2)Conceptualizing important issues in ways that help others take action- Target their insights to those who can act on them
A Framework for Reshaping the Discipline (2)
• (3) Collaboration- Especially outside the discipline, and with larger organizations that can mobilize people and funds - Ex: Partners in Health • (4) Benefiting others - Focus on helping people, not just "do no harm" - Ex: How have the Yanomami benefited from decades of helping anthropologists?
Facilitating Social Change (2)
• (3) Exposés - Speaking truth to power - Ex: Edward Snowden's leaked documents about the NSA's activities vs. prior reports by journalists • (4) Writing narratives with impact - Chagnon's book on Yanomami is very successful, but does not describe people in favorable terms, portrays them as "savages"
Eco-Justice: Race, Gender, and Environmental Destruction
- Environmental justice advocates look at social equality, identifying impacts and risks associated with environmental damage that have disproportionately affected socially marginalized groups * Landfills, chemical plants, industrial factories, environmentally-hazardous facilities - Eco-cide is linked to ethno-cide
Central Concepts; Examining Cultural Assumptions
- Fight against ethnocentrism or Western exceptionalism - Evans-Pritchard (1902-1973) focused on why Azande beliefs made sense in their own context - By the 1950s, ethnographies began to include questions of power - By the 1970s, anthropologists began studying "the colonizers as well as the colonized" (a "reinvented anthropology")
Political Ecology
- Focuses on the impacts of governments and corporations in establishing political and economic systems that constrain local behavior - Challenges standard narratives regarding environmental destruction and conservation - Revisionist Environmental History - uses evidence to rewrite narratives (ex: Fairhead/ Leach and Balee's work)
I Will Not Eat It Until I Die
- Food taboos were part of a larger system of beliefs and practices, "law of Gumzanjela" - Linked to past leader named Gumzanjela, a spiritual leader of the community who had religious followers, especially for issues of illness and health - Disobeying his spiritual rules could bring on illness or death by curses - In larger context, asking people to eat prohibited foods is the same as asking people of Muslim or Jewish faith to eat (taboo) pork - Abandoning the taboos was the same as asking people to abandon their faith and convert to another religion
Participatory Media and Media Activism in Anthropology (3)
- How can anthropologists use their research to not only understand culture but to mitigate some of the violent residue of inequality that came from colonialism? Ex: Nura Gili Indigenous Programs Unit - designed software that allows Australian Indigenous and Aboriginal communities to share culture knowledge about astronomy
Anthropology and the Biocultural Perspective
- Human lifestyles are biocultural: products of interactions between biology and culture; some changes are adaptive, others maladaptive - Obesity epidemic: linked to ability of our ancestors to retain body fat; also to our preferences for fat and sugar in food - Sickle cell anemia: inheriting a single copy of the gene protects against malaria
Techniques for Healing`
- Humoral healing; restoring balance to the body - Communal healing: relies on support and collaboration of others - Faith and the placebo effect: a placebo may work because a patient believes it does (the body often responds in the same way as if it were real)
Seeing Like an Anthropologist
- In speaking with local communities, Cochrane found: * the restrictions only applied to married women, limited to a specific breed of chicken raised in her household or that of her in-laws * women could eat eggs or chicken from other sources, such as a neighbor's chicken * women who did consume these products would become ill or cause the death of their in-laws
Mental Health
- Individuals cross-culturally experience and express psychological distress through a variety of physical and emotional symptoms; no universals - Ex: Schizophrenia produces similar physiological symptoms around the world, but is understood differently (spirit possession, communication with spirits, etc.); patients may be more integrated with their communities
What argument does the chapter make about using the ethics of "do no harm" as a guiding principle while practicing anthropology?
- Instead of doing no harm, anthropologists should focus on helping the people who help them in tangible ways - This ethical advice is out of date and self-serving to the discipline - The actual passage from the Hippocratic Oath that it is taken from states that a provider should "help, or at least, to do no harm," emphasizing that one should help first ALL OF THE ANSWER CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Recontextualized Performances
- Intertexuality - the connections between original and subsequent versions of text and performance - Text - the source material, permanent artifact - Performance - interpretation of the text, unique, unrepeatable - The two may be explicitly linked for credibility, or inverted, creating an intertextual gap
Participatory Media and Media Activism in Anthropology (2)
- Kayapo Video Project (Turner): empowered local Kayapo leaders to create a repository of Kayapo culture *Kayapo leaders see this as a way to reach out to non-Kayapo as a part of their struggle to sustain and defend their society and environment - Australian Aboriginal and Indigenous filmmakers (Ginsburg): to give a creative voice to people who have experienced massive cultural disruption
culture ecology
- Leslie white - cultures "evolved" through their use of technologies to control the environment - Julian Steward - (Shoshone) Subsistence patterns structure culture and society - Both were influenced by materialism - how human practices are limited by ecology and the balance of nature (Also the works of Harris and Rappaport)
central concepts; Participant Observation
- Malinowski (1884-1942) engaged in long-tern ethnographic study in which he used theory
Why has applied anthropology succeeded, even within the university?
- Many applied anthropologists must work within universities in order to train the next generation of applied anthropologists - Applied anthropologists have their own formal society and academic journal - To become a certified applied anthropologist, one needs a graduate degree - ALL OF THE ANSWER CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Meaningful Media (2)
- Mass communication - one-to-many communication that privileges the sender and/or owner of the technology that transmits the media - Anthropology of mediation - reframes the focus of study from media, such as technology, to perception through the senses (feelings); how do images, speech, people, and things become significant as they are communicated?
What makes Media Possible?1
- Mechanical infrastructure; apparatuses that bring networks of technology into existence - Cultural infrastructure: values and beliefs of communities, states, and/or societies that make the imagining of a type of network possible - How are infrastructures transformed by cultural values, technological standards, legal regulations, and scientific or engineering techniques?
An Isolated Case?
- Often international development organizations use awareness and education to try to "fix" people's behaviors, but do not find out what the underlying causes are from the local communities - The larger socio-political context must be taken into account - Unfortunately, the case in this chapter is not uncommon
Putting Present Concerns in Perspective
- Public anthropology is different from academic anthropology, which has a "turned inward" gaze * Anthropology became deeply connected with the university in 1960s - It is also different from applied anthropology, which focuses on practical and pragmatic concerns, can be used for direct interventions
Participatory Media and Media Activism in Anthropology
- Rise of indigenous media (in 1980-90s): produced by and for indigenous communities often outside of the mainstream commercial market - Native peoples produce media with help from anthropologists about their local cultures, and the environmental, legislative, social, and cultural threats they face
Specialization - A Wide Range (2)
- Science: Ethnographies of science show science is full of culture * Western science is privileged over other understandings * The "science of race" has also changed dramatically - Violence and War: Search for explanations of violence, especially intercommunal violence within a region or nation * No evidence for genetic link to increased aggression
We Never Asked About It Before
- The NGO wanted to solve the "problem," but did not understand why the food taboos existed - Communities are assumed to be ignorant and that problems can be fixed with education and evidence- based activities such as "raising awareness" - For NGOs, identifying a problem and proposing a solution does not include asking why, how, when, or who
Ethnoecology
- The use and knowledge of plants, animals, and ecosystems by traditional societies - Horticultural practice of slash-and-burn or swidden cultivation - Practiced correctly, it is indefinitely sustainable with low population density and plenty of land - Incorrectly, the system breaks down * Cleared forests not allowed to regrow * Small holders forced to become sedentary *Cash crops grown rather than local subsistence foods
Meaning Making
- Three entities involved with constructing the meanings of bounded performances - author, artist(s), and audience (setting) - Polysemy - settings, situations, or symbols where a single form can convey many meanings (artists can subvert author's intentions, or audience may fail to understand) - Performances may be entertainment or have political or social motivations
How do some national parks become beloved areas of protected natural land?
- Through governmental laws that set aside land to protect watersheds and endangered plants and animals - By preserving land sitting directly on top of sites sacred to Indigenous peoples - Through systematically removing Native people from lands that had been designated as "parks" ALL OF THE ANSWER CHOICES ARE CORRECT
Central Concepts; Culture
- Tylor (1832-1917) first defined culture - Morgan (1818-1881) studies terminology to understand social organization
Central Concepts; Area Studies and Beyond
- University departments use geographical areas to organize curriculum,; expand to all cultures, not only "primitive" or "exotic" societies
public engagement
- academic anthropologists periodically long for greater social engagement and public recognition, but these efforts lack structural support - public anthropology rethinks how to address public problems on the public's terms, and seeks to revise key academic structures (a revolutionary approach to reshape the discipline)
anthropology and development
- anthropological skills that may be applied to this work are the following: * participant-observation/talking and listening to people * cultural relativism * reflection (called reflexivity) on the work, that it does not weaken or foster unequal relationships or promote cultural imperialism
Robert Lemelson found in his research on schizophrenia that, although the underlying disease creates similar symptom patterns cross-culturally, symptoms of schizophrenia in Indonesia
- are viewed as examples of communicating with the spirit world or spirit possession - are seen as the effects of traumatic memories - do not carry as much stigma as in the U.S. and thus Indonesian people with schizophrenia remain integrated into their communities ALL OF THE ANSWER CHOICES ARE CORRECT
humans and environment
- climate change led to bipedalism in hominins, led to the development of homo sapiens - human agriculture changed our relationship with the environment - although agriculture brought many benefits for growth, it can also be seen as the turning point leading toward environment collapse
social drama as performance
- conflict situation between individuals mirrors the action in a play (metatheatre) -FOUR phases: * breach * crisis * redress or remedial procedures - reintegration or schism (fracture)
cultural performance vs performing culture
- cultural performance is a performance: an authoritative version of culture, taking place at specific times and places, with a clear beginning and end, and with high level of excellence demonstrated by performers - performing culture: the ways in which our everyday words and actions were reflections of enculturation, and which may be studied as a performance
performativity
- descriptive language: describes something ("the couple married) - performative language: makes something happen ("I do") - rituals are inherently performative - marks a social change - political performativity can have serious consequences for social reality (supporting or persisting ideologies)
The fall of colonialism and rise of newly independent states
- ethnographic research was encouraged as a function of colonialism - when independent state arose, nations produced their own ethnographers - post-colonial anthropologists tried to correct previously set anthropoligcal agendas * Pakistani anthropologist, Akbar Ahmed (2013) examines the culture and historical context for the war on Islam
defining public anthropology
- focuses on the interface between anthropology as an academic discipline and the reader public; addressing public problems in public ways (contrasting with academic anthropology)
harmful traditional practices
- goals of the international development project were to broadly address gender inequality and practices that negatively impact women - in particular, food taboos and other "harmful traditional practices" including restriction of women for eating eggs (and chicken) - external goals were to increase sources of nutrition, especially Vitamin A
meaningful media
- how do media anthropologists study media? * choose a category of type of media (telephone, internet, radio, or multiple types) * locate their ethnographic studies within a particular community (virtual or geographic) - focus on meaning -- the ideas or values that accompany the exchange of information * no universal ways of consuming media * intention and interpretation of media may be very different
performance of gender
-gender performativity (Judith Butler) -- it's through individual performance of gender identity that gender as a social construct is a created - patterns of behavior get culturally coded as a get culturally coded as a gendered representation ("act like a man") - even techniques or movements of the body are culturally learned and performed
How many people in the world today do not have access to adequate nutrition, the most basic element of good health?
1 in 8 people
After being stripped of their homes and constitutional rights, more than __________ Japanese-Americans were eventually sent, first to assembly centers, and then internment camps.
110,000
In an area the size of a football field, trees can store roughly __________ tons of carbon.
150
On July 9th, __________ the U.S. Congress adopted the 14th Amendment, including a "citizenship clause" declaring, "all persons, born or naturalized, in the United States, are citizens of the United States" -who cannot be deprived of life, liberty, due process, civil rights, or equal protection under the law.
1868
According to historian Erika Lee, the largest mass lynching in U.S. history took place on the night of October 24th, __________, when a mob attacked Chinatown in Los Angeles and murdered 18 Chinese-Americans, including women and children.
1871
During the __________ presidential election democrat Samuel Tilden, the winner of the popular vote, lost the election to republican Rutherford B. Hayes by one Electoral College vote.
1876
Between 1849 and 1852, more than __________ Chinese immigrants had joined the California Gold Rush.
20,000
According to Whendee Silver from the University of California, Berkeley, a single layer of compost can increase soil carbon by up to __________ percent for up to three years.
37
On a daily basis, CO2 from our past emissions traps energy in the earth system, the same amount of energy as __________ of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, detonating at once.
500,000
Between 1860 and 1870 the Chinese population in the U.S. grew to __________ and between 10,000 and 15,000 Chinese worked on the Central Pacific Rail Road.
63,000
Lancet, a leading medical journal, published data that estimated _________ percent of research investment is lost to waste and inefficiency.
85%
The anti-immigration Emergency Quota Act of 1921 became law in 1924 and reduced immigration to the United States by __________%.
97
In Brazil, women who "swallow frogs" (engolir sapos) too often may develop "nerves (nervos)." When women express these symptoms to a health care provider, what are they experiencing physically and emotionally?
A constant suppression of emotional pain, which leads to headaches, trembling, dizziness, fatigue, and other symptoms
Which of the following sentences are performative, and not only descriptive?
A police officer says, "You are under arrest"
What are the four strategies that Borofsky suggests for reframing the discipline of anthropology?
Accountability, Transparency, Collaboration, Benefiting others
Famed inventor __________ was a member of Charles Davenport's prestigious Board of Scientific Directors.
Alexander Graham Bell
What was the result of anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes' exposé on organ trafficking?
Although she had identified the major figure in organ smuggling, her contributions were largely ignored
How does the chapter suggest that anthropologists get recognized more often for their work to help the common good?
Anthropologists need to demonstrate the good they do on an ongoing basis
The term __________ refers to the field that has a practical orientation to use anthropology for direct interventions or policy change, while the term __________ refers to the field that grew in the 1990s through a book series that intends to change the way anthropology engages others.
Applied anthropology; Public anthropology
Chapter author, Christian Palmer, became an environmentally-focused anthropologist with a holistic perspective after receiving a
BA in ethnobotany and MA in environmental science
Japanese-American internment victims didn't receive, recognition, compensation, or a formal apology until the 1988 __________.
Civil Liberties Act
Why do academic committees tend to count the numbers of citations of a junior faculty member's work in articles written by other anthropologists?
Clear metrics exist to evaluate a faculty member's level of professional work based on citations
What are the four ways that the chapter argues that anthropology can facilitate change?
Collaboration, Conceptualizing important issues, Exposés, and Writing narratives with impact
What important aspect of the daily work of Partners in Health (PIH) demonstrates successful collaboration?
Community health workers visit patients' homes to find out their needs, and accompany them on their journey through sickness and back to health
Which concept changed how we explain human differences?
Culture
The Japanese military attacked Pearl Harbor on (full date) __________.
December 7, 1941
In medical anthropology, __________ is a medical condition that can be objectively identified, while __________ is the subjective or personal experience of feeling unwell.
Disease; illness
Ethnoecology 2
Ethnobotany - studies traditional uses of plants for food, construction, dyes, crafts, and medicine - Kayapó Project showed how Indigenous groups actually make the rainforest more productive - Myth of the Ecologically Noble Savage * Native peoples are constructed as "opposite" of Western society, romantic fantasy - Land claims saved by mapping
Charles Davenport opened the __________ in 1910.
Eugenics Record Office
__________ coined the term eugenics for his theory of improving natural selection through human intervention.
Francis Galton
What is the distinction between "front spaces" and "back spaces" in terms of social impressions?
Front spaces are designed to control others' impressions, while back spaces are private zones where social actors can do away with pretense
The 1892 __________ required every Chinese person in the United States to carry a photo identity card.
Geary Act
In the 1960s, which anthropologists established the first "teach-ins" - activist public discussions held at universities - opposing the Vietnam War?
Harris and Sahlins
What is Cochrane's experience with anthropology?
He has been working as a consultant for NGOs and other organizations for ten years in different regions of the world
In the 1950s, how did anthropologist Milton Singer become interested in cultural performances during his research in India?
His cultural consultants often took him to see cultural performances when they wanted him to understand a particular aspect of Hinduism
Arkansas governor __________ feared a Japanese-American presence would upset the state's rigidly efficient system of segregation.
Homer Adkins
The Chinese Exclusion Act was signed in to law on (full date) __________.
May 6, 1882
The subfield that focuses on the causes of illness and preserving health is called
Medical Anthropology
In 1909 Charles Davenport began studying collections of family pedigree charts intending to identify __________ patterns and identify the course of desirable and undesirable traits.
Mendelian
__________ and newspapers shared the stereotypical racist view that claimed all Japanese-Americans were untrustworthy, devious spies.
Military commanders in California
__________, second generation Japanese-Americans, were citizens by right of birth, but were often treated like outsiders.
Nisei
What did Cochrane discover when he joined the project that demonstrated the importance of an anthropological way of seeing?
No one had asked the people in the communities what the food taboos were and why they existed
Is there any empirical evidence to show that individuals in warlike societies are genetically more aggressive than individuals in peaceful nations?
No, there is no empirical evidence to suggest that certain groups are genetically more aggressive than another group
The 1875 __________ all but banned the immigration of Chinese women into the United States by requiring that Chinese women endure a horrific interrogation to prove they were not prostitutes, which few were willing to face.
Page Act
The 1915 (full name) __________ included the eugenics promoting Race Betterment Exhibit.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
What major contributor(s) to human disease became problematic once agricultural communities became densely populated?
Problems disposing of waste and difficulty accessing clean water
The __________ sought to remake society by eliminating corruption, disease, and vice, and assimilating immigrants.
Progressive Movement
What does Borofsky argue about the role of collaborating with others in reframing the discipline?
Public anthropology is most successful when it collaborates with others outside the discipline
Frank Keutsch and David Keith's team is designing a first-of-its-kind experiment called __________ to investigate the impacts of solar geoengineering.
SCoPEx
According to __________ from Colorado State University, we burn 10 gigatons of carbon every year.
Scott Denning
According to __________ from Princeton University, in order to deal with rising global temperatures the developed nations would have to switch to a zero emmission energy system in 30 years' time.
Steve Pacala
Why does Borofsky provide a quote from the New York Times review of Robert and Sarah LeVine's Do Parents Matter (2016)?
The LeVines were not able to step outside an academic writing style to show the relevance of their ideas to a broad audience
were restricted to married women, and limited to a specific breed of chicken raised in specific households
The other terms are not as institutionalized or embedded in the discipline
Participatory Media and Media Activism in Anthropology (4)
• Preserving anonymity of research subjects - Anonymous hacker collective - Poor dating profiles • Fabrication as a way to preserve anonymous participants - Controversial method
An approach to performance, promoted by Augusto Boal, designed to engage an audience in such as way that they would be transformed and moved to transform the oppressive conditions of their societies is called
Theatre of the Oppressed
Why do non-anthropologists tend to write the bestselling anthropologically oriented books?
They are masters at showing how their topics fit into broader concerns that interest a range of readers
What does Borofsky mean when he argues that anthropologists should be writing narratives with impact?
They should be writing in a less academic, and more popular, style to reach broader audiences
Zoologist __________ studied mutation and genetics by breeding fruit files.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
What is Cochrane's goal in this chapter?
To convey a sense of what seeing like an anthropologist means in the context of an international development project
Japanese-Americans who refused to fill out a loyalty questionnaire foreswearing loyalty to the Japanese emperor were sent to a high-security camp in (city, state) __________.
Tule Lake, California
What does Victor Turner's concept of "anti-structure" have to do with the fact that public engagement repeatedly returns to excite the discipline?
Turner argues that humans need to participate in both formal structure and non-conformity, similar to the excitement of reaching out beyond the academic discipline
Gangs and gang violence, drug and sex trafficking, urban industrial expansion, and stress caused by debt and inequalities are all topics that are studied under the subfield of
Urban Anthropology
Franklin Roosevelt created the __________ (aka WRA) to build and manage the internment camp system.
War Relocation Authority
How can sickle cell anemia be seen as an adaptive characteristic for humans?
When a person inherits one copy of the sickle cell gene, it confers resistance against malaria
When evaluating the behavior of others, when do we conclude that someone is unsuccessful or a "fake?"
When there is a mismatch between our expectation and the person's execution of the role
The landmark 1898 Supreme Court case United States v. __________ established birthright citizenship for all.
Wong Kim Ark
A ballet folklorico show in México, performed for an audience, is an example of
a cultural performance
An event that has a limited time span, and organized program of activity, a performer (or set of performers), an audience, and a place and occasion may be defined as
a cultural performance
Food taboos were identified as part of a larger spiritual belief system with its origin in
a past spiritual leader called Gumzanjela, who is held responsible for illness and healing among community members
A tall and muscular male security guard working at a concert, who maintains a scowl and patrols the perimeter in an alert fashion, is an example of
a personal front that matches public expectations
Joseba Zulaika's Terrorism - The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (2009) argues that counter-terrorism produces terrorism, invoking the idea that
a premodern type of thinking is being used, like the fear of witches, that denies evidence and sees all as good or evil
The Western idealized notion that indigenous people are simple and ecologically-minded stewards of their natural environment is the idea of the
"noble savage"
a framework for reshaping the discipline (how public perceives anthropology)
(1) accountability - focus on outcomes. do the results improve peoples' lives? * ex: Banerjee and Duflo's Poor Economics (2) transparency - others must be able to assess the validity of research data * ex: yanomami studies lack verifiable data
Political Ecology 2
- "People versus Parks" Debate - Should rural lands be "protected" from the people who live there, or can there be a way to include humans and still conserve nature? - Sustainable development: economic alternatives that encourage people to preserve resources * Ex: Brazilian extractive reserves for rubber tapping * Ex: The American Lawn
two puzzles
- (1) why do non-anthropologists tend to write the bestselling anthropology-oriented books? * ex: Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997) * cultural hegemony of academia: academic anthropologists need cited publications in order to get promotion and tenure, focus on specialized topics
How might performance produce social reality?
- A political protest song that moves people to action - Incorporating famous quotes or memes into one's own vocabulary - A religious or civil officiant proclaiming that two people are wed during a wedding ceremony All of the answer choices are correct
Culture Bound Syndromes
- An illness recognized only within a specific culture; a somatic (or physical) manifestation of emotional pain * Anorexia in Western world * "Swallowing frogs" in Brazil
Reflections
- Anthropologists can provide a different way of seeing that can contextualize the project and assess the ethical consequences - Typical approach of development practitioners conveys a lack of respect for the culture, values, and ideas of the people the projects seek to support - Anthropological skills are essential in finding practical, culturally respectful solutions
Specialization -- a wide range
- Anthropologists now specialize in a variety of topics, areas, and kinds of anthropology - Political economy - to understand how power works in the world today, a comparative approach, looking at the intersection between power and culture - Power and Politics - the study of exercising power through controlling processes - Subdividing and Specializing - As anthropology specialized, other fields took on the culture concept * Interest in French philosophy (Foucault, Derrida) * Anthropology of Policy Worlds -Audiences for Anthropology - Those who speak to a larger audience have a greater impact
Biomedical Technologies
- Antibiotics - began with Penicillin (produced in 1940s) - Changed our understanding of illness to a scientific and medical issue - Widespread use of antibiotics have led to new epidemiological transition, with sharp rise in population (drop in mortality rates); drug resistance - Reproductive technologies increased
Is Western Biomedicine an Ethno-Etiology?
- Biomedical approach: disease results form specific, identifiable agents (such as pathogens, body malfunctions, or physiological disorders); application of science - Health is defined as the absence of disease - Embedded in a Western medical tradition that sees the body as a biological machine that needs chemical or surgical interventions
Central concepts; Plasticity (flexibility)
- Boas argues all humans have the capacity to learn any language or culture
__________ from XPRIZE has offered a $20 million prize to anyone who can cevelop a way to convert CO2 into a useful material.
Marcius Extavour
The Experience of Illness in Place
- Disease: medical condition that can be objectively identified - Illness: subjective or personal experience of being unwell, given meaning by the person and their community - Stigma makes a person's experience of their illness worse (ex: Obesity and HIV/AIDS in Haiti)
Applying Anthropology in Conservation
- Applied anthropologists work with conservation and development organizations to implement projects that depend on an accurate understanding of local cultures and practices to succeed * Ex: Murray's Haitian reforestation project - AAAGlobalClimateChangeTaskforcereport (2014) - impacts of climate change will disproportionately affect groups who have contributed the least to greenhouse gases
Specialization - A Wide Range (3)
- law: examining the functions of law, its presence or absence, process of negotiation, mediation, adjudication or retaliation *globalization: the diffusion of legal ideologies - Urban Anthropology: more than 50% of people today live in cities * study immigration, poverty, class, ethnicity, drugs, urban violence - Health and Medicine: Study the beliefs about causes of illness and systems for preserving health (medical anthropology) * Comparisons between forager and modern lifestyles and disease * Obesity and diabetes spread with globalization * Cultural expressions of illness (e.g. susto, or fright) - Although anthropology specializes and has changed over time, all anthropology retains "the anthropological attitude"
media and media practices
- media: a set of technologies that connect multiple people at one time to shared content - media practices: the habits of behaviors of the people who produce media, the audiences who interact with media (and everyone in between)
a brief history of media anthropology
- powdermaker (1950) Hollywood: The Dream Factory was.dismissed as unworthy of study - after WWI, anthropologists avoided the study of media to distinguish itself from journalism and the field of cultural studies - today, media anthropologists work in many fields, especially as applied consultants in media and tech firms
Central Concepts; Holism
- taking a broad view of the historical and cultural foundations of behavior (not biological) - Boas (1858-1942) used the concept of holism to Fram the discipline of anthropology, coined the term cultural relativism
anthropology and the bicultural perspective 2
- the change from foraging to agriculture resulted in dense populations, with waste and water problems - domestication of animals brought infectious diseases (zoonotic diseases) before people could build up immunity - urban life made infectious disease spread rapidly, but also conferred some resistance
ethnomedicine
- the comparative study of cultural ideas about wellness, illness, and healing - ethno-etiology: cultural explanations about the underlying cause of health problems * personalistic: disease results from a aggressive and purposeful supernatural acts * naturalistic: disease results form natural forces and an upset in the balance of body elements * emotionalistic: disease is caused by emotional problems
living in anthropence
- the period in geological time in which the effects of human activities have altered the fundamental geochemical cycles of the earth as a result of converting forests into shields and pastures and burning oil, gas, and coal on a large scale - anthropologists use holistic perspective study the effects of living in the Anthropocene
presentation of self
- the ways in which people manage the impressions of others (Goffman) - individuals act differently in different cultural contexts; not necessarily deceptive - "front" and "back spaces -a match between the "personal front" and setting (between expectations and execution) creates acceptance - social actors may be sincere or cynical
meaning making
- three entities involved with constructing the meaning of bounded performances - author, artists, and audience (settings) - polysemy - settings, situations, or symbols where a single form of convey many meanings (artists can subvert author's intentions, or audience may fail to understand) - performance may be entertainment or have political or social motivations
medical anthropology
- what does it mean to be healthy - medical anthropology investigates human health and health care systems in comparative perspective. considering a wide range of bio-cultural dynamics that affects the well-being of human populations - it focuses on how ideas about health, illness, and the body are products of particular social and cultural contexts
two puzzles 2
- why are anthropologists seldom recognized for helping others for the common good? * ex: elderly Native Women who misunderstood government benefits helped by anthropologists * anthropologists work from the bottom up * study the marginalized and less powerful * references to anthropologists fade quickly
Bounded Performances
-Rehearsals give performers embodied training and legitimacy; are culturally constructed - Framing devices - signify that what follows is a performance ("Once upon a time") - Metacommunication - signals something about communication * Special codes, figurative language, parallelism, appeal to tradition, and others
After the fall of colonialism, new independent nations produced their own ethnographies, focusing on
-criticizing our biases and ethnocentrisms - correcting previously set anthropological agendas during the colonial period - studying their own people all of the answer choices are correct
First generation Japanese immigrants were called __________.
Issei
__________ is a co-founder of Climeworks, a Swiss start-up, specializing in what's called "direct air capture."
Jan Wurzbacher
What role did the anthropologist, Joans, play when, in 1978, six elderly Native women from the Bannock and Shoshoni tribes in Idaho were accused by a local social services agency of fraud?
Joans acted as an expert witness and testified successfully that the women did not have the kind of cultural understanding to comprehend what was expected of them
In 1852, __________ was elected governor of California by running on an anti-Chinese platform.
John Bigler
__________ ran the famous Battle Creek Sanatorium based on his theory of eugenics-like "biologic living".
John Harvey Kellogg
According to __________'s 1916 The Passing of the Great Race, the most recently evolved blond-haired, blue-eyed "Nordics" superior genes were in danger of being overwhelmed by inferior primitive genes.
Madison Grant
Borofsky uses Mary Douglas' quote about all social structures being "armed with articulate, conscious powers to protect the system; the inarticulate, unstructured areas...provoke others to demand that ambiguity be reduced" in order to refer to the powers operating to protect
academic anthropology departments
In Asad's Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (1973), he makes the important point that
political systems must be seen as part of a wider system that is based on a historical perspective but does not ignore individual choice
Victor and Edith Turner developed a way for students to more deeply understand the ritual life of another culture in a kinesthetic, or embodied, way. This method, "performing ethnography," asks students to
prepare for and take part in a classroom version of the ritual in a unique moment they call a "play frame"
In the Practicing Anthropologist case study, Cathy Baldwin stresses that to be successful in communicating social issues to engineers, an anthropologist should
present community concerns as they might apply to them and their family members
In her ethnography of LGBTQ youth in rural America, Mary Gray (2009) found that online communities
provided a sense of belonging for queer youth as they engaged in identity development
William Balee's work in the Amazonian rainforest revealed that
rather than being constrained by the environment, Indigenous peoples had adapted the environment to their needs, modifying an estimated 12 percent of the Amazon
