Anthropology

The first firm evidence for hominin stone tool manufacture is dated to

3.3 m.y.a.

The first hearths date back to no more than

500,000 years.

What is an example of a symbol?

A national flag

Which of the following statements best describes the anthropological approach to culture?

All people have culture, which includes things that are everything that is part of our everyday lives, such as fast food and concerts

The early hominin species Ardipithecus had bipedal anatomy but still retained which characteristic of apelike anatomy?

Ardipithecus had a divergent big toe, like an ape's, and her feet lacked the archlike structure of later hominin feet.

Which statement best describes some important characteristics of Ardipithecus?

Ardipithecus had a transitional pelvis and lived in a woodland forest environment.

Of Ardipithecus or Australopithecus, which genus was probably the ancestor?

Ardipithecus was probably ancestral to Australopithecus

Which of the following sites is associated with Neandertal remains?

Chapelle-aux-Saints

Which of the following statements about creationism are true?

Creationists believe that God created all life forms, as is described in the Bible. Many creationists think the world is only about 6,000 years old.

Although an individual resident of a southern city in the United States may not like to eat grits and cornbread, these foods are considered a part of southern culture. What does this reveal about culture?

Culture is something individuals share as members of groups

Which of the following statements best describes culture?

Culture teaches us how to satisfy our biological needs

What does it mean when one says that culture is integrated?

Cultures are interrelated systems of thought, beliefs, and behavior.

True or false: Adaptation is an entirely cultural process.

False

True or false: Fossils include the preserved remains of any object (building, container, tool, pottery, weapon, work of art) made, used, or modified in some way by human beings, which help us to understand how people lived in the past.

False

Evidence that AMHs lived on the shore of an ancient lake, where they hunted and fished using blades and hand axes, was found with the

Herto skulls in Africa

Hunting was an important cultural behavior marking a significant step for a human ancestor. Which ancestral species does the fossil record indicate was the earliest habitual hunter?

Homo erectus

Which human ancestral species was the first to migrate out of Africa?

Homo erectus

Which of the following ancestral human species had an average cranial capacity of around 900 cm3?

Homo erectus

Which of the following human ancestral species is associated with the tool type known as Acheulean?

Homo erectus

With a cranial capacity of 600 to 700 cubic centimeters (cm3), which of the following species was labeled the first tool maker and identified as the first member of the genus Homo?

Homo habilis

Fossil remains from several sites in Europe, Africa, and Asia dating between 800,000 and 200,000 years ago may represent species transitional between Homo erectus and Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. What species name has been assigned to this group?

Homo heidelbergensis

Animals such as wolves learn behavior patterns, such as hunting techniques. What makes human cultural learning different from that?

Human learning is based on ideas shared through symbols.

Which of the following statements best describes the principle of superposition?

In an undisturbed set of strata, the oldest layer is deepest

Some _____ hominins evolved into a groups known collectively as australopiths.

Miocene

The stone-tool technology associated with Neandertals is called

Mousterian

What is NAGPRA?

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

What is one characteristic of Neandertals?

Neandertal fossils have been found in a variety of places, including Siberia

How does paleoanthropology differ from paleontology?

Paleoanthropology focuses on the study of ancient human life forms while paleontology includes the study of all kinds of ancient life forms

_____ is the study of fossils and living apes, monkeys, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises, including their behavior and social life.

Primatology

In the methods of archaeology, what is the difference between systematic survey and excavation?

Systematic survey involves gathering information about settlement patterns across a region; excavation involves digging in selected sites.

The fossil specimens of "Ardi" (Ardipithecus) and "Lucy" both show anatomy built for bipedal walking, but one of these hominids was considered more primitive. Which of the following statements best describes their differences in anatomy?

The pelvis of Ardipithecus was more primitive than Lucy's; Ardi's foot lacked an arch. Her long arms and short legs made her appear more apelike.

Which of the following statements is true about the skeletons of Homo erectus and modern humans?

The skeleton of H. erectus (below the head) was similar to that of modern humans.

Which of the following is true of similarities and differences of the anatomical features of Au. afarensis with those of apes and humans?

The teeth and skulls were more apelike, while the pelvis and leg bones were more humanlike

Which statement best describes the fossils belonging to the genus Ardipithecus and how they relate to the genus Australopithecus?

There are more than 100 fossil specimens enabling scientists to suggest that Ardipithecus was a plausible ancestor of Australopithecus

In which of the following ways did the Neandertals deal with the frigid environment that characterized the Würm glacial?

They hunted mammoths, reindeer, and woolly rhinos. They wore clothes. They made more elaborate tools.

Which of the following statements best describes how archaeologists work with sites?

They systematically survey a region and excavate to reveal the layers in a site

True or false: The findings at Israel's Manot Cave provides the first evidence that Neandertals and AMHs were living together in the area around 55,000 B.P. and suggest that inbreeding between the two species may have occurred in the Middle East.

True

In 1692, a major earthquake caused part of the city of Port Royal, Jamaica, to fall into the Kingston Harbor. ______ archaeologists now study the submerged city.

Underwater

The Oldowan chopper was

a by-product of flaking.

Which of the following Neandertal characteristics is/are considered adaptive in a cold climate?

a stocky build and long, broad noses

Practicing, or applied, anthropology uses anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to

address contemporary social problems

Digging through layers of deposits at an archaeological site is known as

an excavation

Which subfield of anthropology specializes in the study of the human past by studying material culture?

archaeology

In order to reconstruct ancient cultural features, anthropologists study ceramics, casts, metals, and other manufactured items known as

artifacts

Language first developed in humans

at an unknown time

The most important early out-of-Africa site is Dmanisi, which is located

at the easternmost edge of Europe

The genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus are both part of what hominin group?

australopiths

Becoming fully human, associated with evidence of symbolic thought and artistic creativity, may have occurred as much as 200,000 years ago or only 45,000 years ago. What is the term used by anthropologists for these abilities?

behavioral modernity

The specialty in archaeology known as ______ is the study of human skeletons and associated artifacts, which are used to understand health, diet, and social status differences.

bioarchaeology

Australopithecus africanus, discovered in 1924 by Raymond Dart, was notable as an early _____ human ancestor

bipedal

What new kinds of tools (not made in Middle- and Lower-Paleolithic times) did Upper Paleolithic toolmakers create by hammering materials from a core?

blade tools

Blombos Cave and other sites in Africa dating from 70,000-100,000 years ago provide early evidence of human symbolic behavior and artistic creativity. Which of the following best describes this evidence?

bone awls and polished weapon points

The form of mutation in which pieces of a chromosome can break off, turn around and reattach, or migrate somewhere else on that chromosome is called

chromosomal rearrangement

What is the term used to describe the type of archaeologists who study Old World civilizations such as Greece, Rome, and Egypt?

classical

The position of the foramen magnum in australopiths is centered under the base of the skull, which indicates that Australopithecus

could move bipedally.

The invention of pressurized airplane cabins equipped with oxygen masks in order to survive at the high altitudes reached during flight is an example of ______ adaptation.

cultural

Humans have the ability to adapt to environmental stresses using learned and shared behaviors. Some examples of these behaviors might include making bows and arrows, community farming activities, or the building of houses. Which of the following terms best describes these activities?

cultural adaptation

The goal of anthropologists is to understand different cultural practices through the eyes of the people in that culture, an approach known as

cultural relativism

When construction sites reveal artifacts, impact studies may be required to assess the historical importance of the site. In this case, "salvage archaeology," also called ______, analyzes what is found at the site.

cultural resource management

Which of the following is the term anthropologists use to describe the process by which a child learns culture?

enculturation

"I don't understand why those people eat with chopsticks. A fork is a better utensil." This statement is an example of

ethnocentrism.

The activity within cultural anthropology that gathers data to provide an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture is called

ethnography

What is the term used for the type of archaeologists who make replicas of ancient tools?

experimental archaeologists

Which of the following are studied by archaeological anthropologists?

garbage animal bones tools

A mountain in Kenya is home to two populations of baboons. One population has yellow coloration, the other has black coloration. Periodically a bachelor male from one of the two populations will move to the other population. As a consequence, both populations have a few black-yellow hybrids. What does the movement of bachelor males between populations illustrate?

gene flow

All of the genetic material in a population, taken as a group, is called a

gene pool

Random changes in gene frequencies, most typically seen in small populations, is called random

genetic drift

The most notable aspect of the Nariokotome boy fossil was its

height

When archaeologists excavate early colonial settlements in Jamestown, Virginia, this type of archaeology is known as

historical archaeology

The study of the whole of the human condition is known as

holism

Biological anthropology is the study of ______ in time and space.

human biological diversity

The discovery of an early form of hominin called Ardipithecus revealed that bipedalism may have first appeared in which type of habitat?

humid woodland

Scientists in the 1920s dismissed Raymond Dart's claim that Australopithecus africanus was a hominin because

it looked too much like an ape. it was discovered in Africa. it had a small brain.

What physical characteristic of Homo erectus allowed it to hunt longer distances?

longer legs

The search for ____ is the most probable explanation for hominins to expand their home ranges

meat

Which term best describes a change in the DNA molecules from which genes and chromosomes are made?

mutation

The study of ancient life through the fossil record is known as

paleontology.

Which of the following is the study of ancient pollen to identify the plant resources that were part of the ancient environment at a site being excavated by anthropologists?

palynology

Which term best describes a situation in which the environment changes a person's outward appearance without changing that person's genes?

phenotypic plasticity

An individual's skin tone becomes darker when exposed to a lot of sunlight. After a few weeks working indoors in an office, the person's skin tone will return to its original color. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?

phenotypical plasticity

Genetic relatedness based on common ancestry is known as

phylogeny.

Microscopic crystals called ______ found at archaeological sites help identify wheat, maize, rice, or other early domesticated plants.

phytoliths

Which dating technique was used to establish that the age of the volcanic ash at the Laetoli site was 3.6 million years old?

potassium-argon (K/A) dating

In a small population of finches, a single finch with red eyes is hatched. The red eyes confer no apparent survival advantage, but this particular finch has many offspring. Over a short period of time over 30% of the small population has the distinctive red eyes. Which of the following forces of evolution are happening in this example?

random genetic drift mutation

What technique is used by archaeologists to identify ancient roads and canals invisible to the human eye but visible with aerial photos and satellite images using a spectrum invisible to the naked human eye?

remote sensing

Recent analyses of fossil DNA suggest that the common ancestor of Neandertals, Denisovans, and AMHs

separated into two lineages around 460,000 B.P., one jointly ancestral to Neandertals and Denisovans, the other ancestral to AMHs. lived around 660,000 B.P.

What are some physical characteristics of Neandertals?

slanting foreheads heavy brow ridges

Migrations of AMHs out of Africa took place

sometime before 270,000 B.P. starting around 80,000 years ago between 194,000 and 177,000 B.P.

The current prevailing view among scientists is that H. erectus

split into separate groups, one ancestral to the Neandertals and the other ancestral to anatomically modern humans (AMHs).

Which of the following best describes what set apart Upper Paleolithic technology from earlier tool traditions?

stone blades; special-purpose tools including chisels for engraving designs in bone and wood; and bone pins, needles, and fishhooks

The origin of anthropology as a scientific pursuit can be traced to

the 19th century

The main source scholars used to understand the origin of species prior to Darwin's discovery of natural selection was

the Bible

What is gene flow?

the exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species

Who or what ultimately gained possession of the remains of Kennewick Man?

the five Native American Nations living in the area where the skeleton was found

A set of logically connected ideas formulated to explain something is called a

theory

Among the anatomical contrasts that distinguish H. erectus from modern humans are

thicker skull bones. a large brow ridge.

Cultural resource management focuses on managing the preservation of archaeological sites that are

threatened by modern development

A scientist observes that the geology of a particular region has been slowly altered over millions of years. She observes that an interior mountain range includes fossil fish, suggesting that these mountains were once under water. Which geological principle is she using to make these inferences?

uniformitarianism

The structure of the pelvic, hip, leg, and foot bones of Au. Afarensis suggests

upright bipedalism

Upright bipedalism would have allowed early hominins to do which of the following related to tool use?

use weapons against competitors use tools against predators