Anthropology chapter 12

Laura Nader

1960

What is a nation?

A people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history

Sanction

An externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms

Places with elected female head of states

Argentina, Indonesia, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Norway, India, Liberia, Chile, Germany, and the Philippines,

examples of states that are nations

Japan, Iceland, Swaizland

adjudication

Mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision.

What is a state?

The state is a political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory

What's the way that most nations have forged their own states?

Violent confrontation

What is a tribe

a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory.

What is a chiefdom

a regional polity (a politically organized society) in which two or more local groups are organized under a single ruling individual—the chief—who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people

Band

a relatively small and loosely and organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a common territory and that may split periodically into smaller family groups

4 different kinds of political systems

bands, tribes, chiefdoms and states

Why are chiefdoms highly unstable?

because lesser chiefs trying to take power from higher-ranking chiefs or paramount chiefs vying with one another for supreme power

which 2 political systems are centralized ?

chiefdoms and states

Every state...

claims sovereign power over its subjects, controls social tension, represses or punishes violent protest by angry factions, and protects its territorial borders against hostile forces, including neighboring states.

Cultural control

control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals

Social control

external control through open coercion

Power

the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things, even against their wants or wishes.

Political organization

the means through which a society creates and maintains a social order

Which 2 political systems are un-centralized?

tribes and bands