AP BIO FRQ
Predict the length of the mature gene X mRNA if the full-length gene is introduced and expressed in prokaryotic cells. Justify your prediction.
-15 kb longer than mrna because mrna processing does not occur in prokaryotes
Based on Figure 1, describe TWO pieces of evidence a researcher could use to support the claim that apicoplasts evolved from free-living, prokaryotic organisms.
-possesses a double membrane-a mitochondria has a double membrane -possess DNA-circular form in prokryotes in nuceloid
Identify differences between transcription and translation.
trascription forms RNA -forms RNA Translation TRNA -anticodon -forms POlypeptide
Information transfer is fundamental to all living organisms. For the following examples, explain in detail how the transfer of information is accomplished.
a)The genetic material in one eukaryotic cell is copied and distributed to two identical daughter cells. DNA replication -DNA is copied in interphase, S Phase -enzyme is unwinded -DNA ligase: joins DNA strands together Mitosis -chromatid pairs Prophase condensation, spindle formation Metaphase alignment of chromosomes Anaphase separation of chromatids or equivalent statement Telopahse nuclear membrane reforms, c b)The gene in a eukaryotic cell is transcribed and translated to produce a protein Transcription DNA to RNA occurs in ribosome where proteins are synthesized Translation -sequences bases to amino acids initition- ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. ... elongation-The tRNA transfers an amino acid to the tRNA corresponding to the next codon translocation- chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosome termination- stop codons fold polyoeptide into final structure
According to the endosymbiotic theory, some organelles are believed to have evolved through a symbiotic relationship between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Describe THREE observations that support the endosymbiotic theory.
1. mitochondria contains own DNA-bacteria which was engulfed remained inside the pro-eukaryotic cell as Symbiont.(convert energy) 2 Chloroplasts contain their own DNA.-have their own DNA and ribosomes. Chloroplasts function in photosynthesis and can be found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae. Carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and light energy are used to make glucose and oxygen in photosynthesis. 3.Mitochondria can self-replicate-because it replicates itself by binary fission-occurs in prokaryotes
Describe structural changes that can occur to a protein after translation to make it function properly.
Activation into a functional protein through cleavage of certain amino acid sequences; the amino acid sequence can fold to form the secondary or tertiary structure
Identify similarities between transcription and translation.
Base pairing- both have same nuceptide bases (A, U,C,G)
Many biological structures are composed of smaller units assembled into more complex structures having functions based on their structural organization. For the following complex structures, describe the smaller units, their assembly into the larger structures, and one major function of these larger, organized structures.
Eukaryote Structure: nuclueosomes around histones -levels of folding into a condensed chromosome Function -packages DNA - regulates genes and stores genetic info Inner membrane of a mitochondria Structure: phospholipids and proteins Function -electron transport -krebs cycle Enzyme: Structure -amino acids function: -lowers activation energy -increases reaction rate
10. Predict the most likely effect of a two-nucleotide deletion in the middle of the intron located between exons 4 and 5 on the structure of protein A. Justify your prediction.
Protein may have a different structure and a change in function Change in amino acid sequence of the protein starting at position 5 could alter the overall structure or local structural regions, interfering with function of the protein
6. Describe transcription and translation.
Trabscrition is DNA templte and Trnslation is RNA template . Trabscription cobverts DNA to RNA code and translation converts mRNA to amino acids through use of trna and anitcodons
