ap bio penguins unit 1 TBC
What are the functional groups found in all amino acids?
A protein has an amine and a carboxylic acid group.
What are parts found in all nucleotides?
All nucleotides are composed of three parts: a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen-rich structure called a nitrogenous base.
What is the structure of an amino acid?
An amino acid's structure consists of a central carbon atom, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A hydrogen bond is a weak bond interaction between the negative and positive regions of two separate molecules.
How does hydrogen bonding allow for cohesion/adhesion?
-Cohesion and adhesion in water are caused by the intermolecular attraction between the partial negative oxygen of one water molecule, and the partial positive hydrogen of another molecule.
Why is water is considered a polar molecule?
-Since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the electrons of the molecule group closer to the oxygen than to the hydrogen atoms. -Therefore, water is said to be a polar molecule, an uneven distribution of electron density.
What are the elements found in a lipid?
Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and in some cases contain phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements.
What are functions of lipids in living organisms?
Lipids serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules.
What are functions of proteins in living organisms?
Proteins help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers, or hormones.
What are three functions of carbohydrates in living organisms?
The 3 functions of carbohydrates in the body are to provide energy, store energy, build macromolecules.
What are the elements found in a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates are a class of chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio.
How can water move up a capillary tube to move from the roots to the leaves in a plant?
-Capillary action can pull water up. -To get water up to all its desired location, the forces of adhesion and cohesion go to work.
How does the polarity of the R groups work?
-Hydrophobic/polar = repels water -Hydrophilic/nonpolar = accepts water
What are the elements found in a protein?
-Proteins are made of amino acids. -Each AA is made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. -Most proteins also include sulfur.
What are functions of nucleic acids in living organisms?
-The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and expression of genetic information. -Deoxyribonucleic acid encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins.
How many hydrogen bonds are found between each complementary base pairing?
-Three hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine. -Two hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine or adenine and uracil.
How are the three different types of lipids different?
-Triglycerides are also known as triacylglycerols and compose 95% of fat in the foods we eat. -Phospholipids bring water and fat together and are called emulsifiers. -Sterols are found in tissues of animals and plants.
How does hydrogen bonding allow for surface tension?
-Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules which are strong and flexible. -This creates a high surface tension. -This molecule at the surface tends to be pulled into the bulk of the liquid and minimizes the surface area of a liquid.
How can a water strider can walk on water?
-Water striders use high surface tension of water and long and hydrophobic legs to help them stay above water. -Water striders use this surface tension to their advantage through their adapted legs and weight being distributed.
How does hydrogen bonding allow for specific heat?
-Water's high heat capacity is a property caused by hydrogen bonding among water molecules. -When heat is absorbed, hydrogen bonds are broken and water molecules can move freely. -When the temperature of water decreases, the hydrogen bonds are formed and release a considerable amount of energy.
Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA?
Hydrogen bonds exist between the two strands and form between a base
Where are hydrogen bonds found in water?
Hydrogen bonds are found between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the pair of electrons on an oxygen atom of a neighboring water molecule.
Which macromolecule(s) contain nitrogen?
Nucleic acids and proteins contain nitrogen
What are the elements found in nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids contain the same elements as proteins: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen; plus phosphorus.
What are the three options for the R group?
The 3 options for the R group is a hydrophobic group, a charged and polar group, and an uncharged polar group.
What are three properties of water?
The 3 properties of water consist of cohesion/adhesion, specific heat, and surface tension.
What are the four macromolecules?
The 4 macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.