AP Biology Unit 1 Exam
Which of the following is not a plausible hypothesis that can be tested in an experiment?
Differences in air pressure, due to differences in elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?
Reduced hybrid viability
"A" is the ___________, "B" is the
common ancestor of all life; last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya
The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) is an example of _____.
reduced hybrid fertility
The temperature at which an alligator's egg is incubated will determine the sex of the offspring. The dependent and independent variables respectively are
sex of the baby alligator and temperature respectively
The evolution of one species into two as a result of different populations becoming reproductively isolated
adaptive radiation
Which of the following order is correct in terms of hierarchy of the organization?
Biosphere -> Ecosystem -> Community -> Population -> Organism
Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.
2, 4, 1, 3
You want to study divergence of populations, and you need to maximize the rate of divergence to see results within the period of your grant funding. You will form a new population by taking some individuals from a source population and isolating them so the two populations cannot interbreed. What combination of characteristics would maximize your chance of seeing divergence in this study? 1. Choose a random sample of individuals to form the new population. 2. Choose individuals from one extreme to form the new population. 3. Choose a species to study that produces many offspring. 4. Choose a species to study that produces a few, large offspring. 5. Place the new population in the same type of environment as the source population. 6. Place the new population in a novel environment compared to that of the source population.
2,3 and 6
Rank the following from most general to most specific: 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. pollen-stigma incompatibility 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism
2,4,1,3
In the phylogenic trees, which two are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but not Tree 1
3 and 4
Which two of the following have operated to increase divergence between mosquitofish populations on Andros 1. improved gene flow 2. bottleneck effect 3. sexual selection 4. founder effect 5. natural selection
3 and 5
Given what we know about evolutionary biology, we expect to find the largest number of endemic species in which of the following geological features, which have existed for at least a few million years?
An isolated ocean island in the tropics
The following questions refer to the figure below: which should an outcrop of sedimentary rock who's strata are labeled A-E If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum
C
Which of the following conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: Population must vary in heritable traits Condition 2: Some heritable traits increase reproductive success Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits they acquire in their lifetime
Conditions 1 and 2
Currently, two of the living elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta and a third surviving species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?
D) Z is separated, X and Y are sister species
Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology
Dogs and wolves share a recent common ancestor
Characters are transmitted from parents to offspring. _________ are the units of inheritance
Genes
If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement?
If natural selection can change gene frequency in a population over generations, given enough time, then natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones
After the drought of 1977, researchers hypothesized that on the Galápagos island Daphne Major, medium ground finches with large, deep beaks survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. A tourist company sets up reliable feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) so that tourists can get a better look at the finches. Which of these events is now most likely to occur to finch beaks on this island?
Increased variation in beak size and shape over time
What must be true of an organ described as vestigial
It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor
Which of the following is true of natural selection
It requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involve different reproductive successes
Based on the tree below, which statement is not correct?
Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than humans
In Figure 26.4, which similarly inclusive taxon descended from the same common ancestor as Canidae?
Mustelidae
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions
Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy
The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The light-colored form of the moth was predominant in England before the industrial revolution. In the mid-nineteenth century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. By about 1900, approximately 90% of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and therefore were eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species?
No, they can still interbreed
Following a scientific method, which of the following is the correct order of steps?
Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion, Communicate Results
The common edible frog of Europe is a hybrid between two species. Both male and female hybrids exist, but are rarely successful in producing offspring among themselves. What can you infer
Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species
The following phylogenic tree shows six species and 5 ancestors. Which prediction can be made
The enzymes of b and c are more similar to ancestor 4 than ancestor 2
In Darwin's tree of life, the fork in the tree represents
The most recent common ancestor of the subsequent branches
Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two), and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers, so that Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set than Claytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. Given no other information, if the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time?
The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time
Which species is most related to species W
V
About thirteen different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the thirteen species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea). Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus), followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza). If the six ground finch species have evolved most recently, then which of these is the most logical prediction?
Their genomes should be more similar to each other than the genomes of the 5 tree finch species
If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing?
These bacteria would be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes
A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these explanations best explains what happened?
Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce
Which of the following statements describes mechanical isolation prezygotic barrier
Two snails have shells that spiral in different directions
Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?
Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits
Prior to the works of Lyell and Darwin, the prevailing belief was that the Earth is
a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging
In comparison of birds and mammals, having 4 limbs is
a shared ancestral character
House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City. These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and the two populations have recently come in contact. If the two forms were unable to interbreed when their expanding ranges met, it would be an example of _____.
allopatric speciation
The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and
an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations
According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur
at least one gene, affecting a reproductive barrier, must change
Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should _____.
determine if hair length is heritable
Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____.
dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations
Two populations of birds with somewhat different colorations live on opposite sides of a peninsula
habitat isolation
Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of
homology
Which postzygotic barriers prevent formation of hybrids beyond the first generations?
hybrid breakdown
When your body temperature rises on a hot day, the neural and hormonal mechanisms activate sweating. Evaporation of sweat leads to cooling of the body surface. This is an example of
negative feedback regulation
The relative lengths of frog and mice branches in figure 26.13 indicate that
the homolog evolved more slowly in mice