AP Chapter 11

Which items are continuous with each other at the foramen magnum? Brain and spinal cord Brain and cranial nerves

Brain and spinal cord

Identify the type of synapse that includes a presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell. Electrical Chemical

Chemical

Neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynaptic membrane act as ___________regulated ion gates. Electrical Chemical

Electrical

Which cell type accounts for over half of the brain's weight and outnumbers neurons by 10 to 50 times? Glial cells Ganglia cells

Glial cells

What effect will a neurotransmitter have on the postsynaptic membrane? It will always produce a depolarization. It may produce a depolarization or a hyperpolarization. It will always produce a hyperpolarization.

It may produce a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

What effect does acetylcholine have on the postsynaptic neuron? - Ligand-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses in. - Ligand-gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses in.

Ligand-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses in.

What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS? Ependymal cells Satellite cells

Satellite cells

Choose the neuroglial cell types found in the peripheral nervous system. Select all that apply Satellite cells Microglia Schwann cells

Satellite cells Schwann cells

Identify the components of the peripheral nervous system. Select all that apply. Sensory receptors Brain Ganglia Nerves

Sensory receptors Ganglia Nerves

Which of the following is mismatched? Somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS Peripheral nervous system - sensory and motor divisions

Somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS

Neurons are classified by which of the following? Structure and size Structure and function

Structure and function

Within a chemical synapse, the receptors _____. bind to very specific ligands are only responsive to changes in voltage

bind to very specific ligands

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials involve ______ of the plasma membrane. hyperpolarization depolarization

hyperpolarization

Item2 Item 2 The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the __________. digestive tract urinary bladder

digestive tract

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in ganglia. Schwann cells.

ganglia

The knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are found is called a ______. ganglion synaptic knob neuron

ganglion

Electrical synapses allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell via ______. chemical-gated ion channels voltage-gated ion channels gap junctions

gap junctions

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of ______ cells. meninges neurons glia

glia

The support cells of the nervous system are called _____. glia cells neurons

glia cells

An IPSP causes an ______ on its target membrane. excitatory postsynaptic potential inhibitory postsynaptic potential

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Myelin has a high lipid content because it is formed of ______. plasma membranes lipofuscin cholesterol

plasma membranes

The ____________ of a neuron release(s) neurotransmitters. presynaptic terminals axon

presynaptic terminals

Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are __________. pseudo-unipolar polar

pseudo-unipolar

A period of time when a cell cannot respond again to an electrical stimulus is the __ refractory period. absolute relative

absolute

The intracellular fluid is considered to be electrically neutral because ______. there are more negative ions than positive ions there are the same number of positively and negatively charged ions

there are the same number of positively and negatively charged ions

Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter. - Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons. - Gray matter consists axon bundles, whereas white matter consists of clusters of cell bodies and dendrites.

- Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons.

Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors) - enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors. - prevent synaptic transmission.

- enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors.

After a nerve cell responds to a stimulus, the period of time when the cell cannot respond again, regardless of the strength of stimulus, is called the _____________ refractory period Relative Absolute

Absolute

Identify the phases of an action potential. Depolarization Hyperpotential Afterpotential Repolarization

Depolarization Afterpotential Repolarization

Summation of all incoming signals occurs at the axon terminus of a neuron. True false question. True False

False

_____ potentials are conducted in a decremental fashion, while ____ potentials are conducted with a constant magnitude. Action, graded Graded, membrane Graded, action

Graded, action

A student observes a stained slide of brain tissue under the microscope. She notices a large number of neuron cell bodies and dendrites. What type of brain tissue is she looking at? Gray matter White matter

Gray matter

_____ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative, and ______ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes less negative. Depolarization, repolarization Hyperpolarization, depolarization Depolarization, hyperpolarization

Hyperpolarization, depolarization

Hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic neuron in response to a neurotransmitter is called an ______________postsynaptic potential. Excitatory Inhibitory

Inhibitory

Identify the two functional sub-divisions of the peripheral nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system Motor division (afferent) Sensory division (efferent) Parasympathetic nervous system

Motor division (afferent) Sensory division (efferent)

The gaps found between Schwann cells forming the myelin are referred to as the ____________ of _____________ Nodes/Ranvier Ranvier/Nodes

Nodes/Ranvier

Which type of circuit is associated with complex neuronal processes, such as solving mathematical equations? Parallel after-discharge Diverging

Parallel after-discharge

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are due to the entry of the electrolyte _______________through gated ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. Sodium Potassium

Sodium

Describe characteristics of receptors at the synapses. Select all that apply. Multiple select question. They are ligand activated receptors All receptors are gated ion channels Only specific molecules are able to bind to the receptors

They are ligand activated receptors Only specific molecules are able to bind to the receptors

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) involve hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. True false

True

The electrical signals that are propagated along axons, regulating and coordinating body activities, are known as _____. neurotransmitters action potentials

action potentials

Dendrites are the input part of the neuron. conduct action potentials away from the cell body.

are the input part of the neuron.

Along myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system, ion currents must cross the plasma membrane of the neuron through Schwann cells. at nodes of Ranvier.

at nodes of Ranvier.

The division of the motor nervous system that is under involuntary control and innervates glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle is the ______ division. central autonomic

autonomic

The ______ are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system. somatic and autonomic nervous systems central and peripheral nervous systems

central and peripheral nervous systems

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are due to the opening of ______ channels. sodium or potassium sodium or chloride chloride or potassium

chloride or potassium

The equilibrium centers of the brain receive information from inner ear structures as well as the retina of the eyes. This arrangement is an example of a ______ circuit. converging diverging

converging

A partial depolarization of a postsynaptic neuron or muscle cell in response to a neurotransmitter is a(n) ______ postsynaptic potential. inhibitory excitatory

excitatory

Depolarization of a postsynaptic neuron in response to a neurotransmitter is called an _______________ postsynaptic potential. excitatory inhibitory

excitatory

The entry of calcium into the synaptic knob triggers ______. production of neurotransmitter exocytosis of neurotransmitter

exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Neurons consist of a cell body, a single dendrite and multiple axons. True false

false

When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a postsynaptic membrane, a depolarization will always occur. True false

false

An inhibitory local potential will make the neuron ______ likely to generate a nerve impulse. more less

less

Myelin has a high ______ concentration. lipid carbohydrate protein

lipid

An excitatory local potential will make the neuron ______ likely to generate a nerve impulse. less more

more

Depolarization occurs because more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it. the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value.

more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.

When the resting membrane potential becomes more _____ the condition is referred to as hyperpolarization. positive negative

negative

The two major control systems in the body are the ______ system and the ______ system. cardiovascular; endocrine nervous, endocrine

nervous, endocrine

Ligand-gated ion channels bind ______ that have diffused across a synaptic cleft. water molecules neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters

Neurons arranged in a circular pathway form __________. temporal circuits reverberating circuits

reverberating circuits

The neurons that conduct information towards the CNS are _________. sensory neurons efferent neurons

sensory neurons

During an EPSP, an influx of ______ occurs. potassium calcium sodium

sodium

The concentration of __________ ions is much greater outside the cell as compared to inside the cell, whereas the concentration of ____________ ions is much greater inside the cell as compared to outside the cell. sodium; potassium sodium; chloride

sodium; potassium

The __________ nervous system communicates with the skeletal muscles and the __________ nervous system communicates with the smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands. enteric; autonomic somatic; autonomic

somatic; autonomic

The junction between two neurons is a __________. ganglia synapse

synapse

Within a neuron, summation of all incoming signals occurs at the ______. trigger zone terminal arborization

trigger zone