AP EURO Chapter 13

What is the Society of Jesus?

A small group of religious individuals that were grounded to the principles of absolute obedience to the papacy, a strict society order, use of education to achieve its goals, and dedication to God.

Who were the Huguenots and who created them?

French Calvinists were referred to as Huguenots. Artisans, shopkeepers hurt by rising prices, merchants, and lawyers in provincial towns whose local privileges were tenuous were considered Huguenots.

What was the first major goal of Phillip II? Why was it important?

Pg. 371 The first major goal of Phillip II was to consolidate and secure the lands he had inherited from his father. This meant strict Spanish conformity to Catholicism, enforced by aggressive use of the Spanish Inquisition, and the establishment of a strong monarchical authority.

What fueled the Catholic mobs of the King's guards to roam the streets of Paris, murdering Huguenot leaders in a blood thirsty and forensic manner?

Pg.371 Charles IX was persuaded by the Guise family that the gathering of Huguenots posed a threat, so his guards went to the streets of Paris and killed all of them, in order to not risk a civil war breaking out

Who was Phillip II? What did he try to accomplish? Was he successful? Why or why not?

Pg.372 Phillip ll was the King of Spain. He tried to create a strong monarchical government and control his inherited land. Phillip was unsuccessful in his attempt to make Spain a dominant power in Europe. He fussed over the smallest details, unable to see what is important, making him weeks behind in work

How did the provinces impact the speaking terms of the Netherlands?

Pg.372 The seven northern provinces were largely Germanic in culture and Dutch-speaking, as well as the French and Flemish speaking southern provinces were tied to France.

Who tried to kill Elizabeth and why?

Pg.374 Queen Mary tried to kill Elizabeth so she could not replace her on the throne.

Who created the Foreign Policy? What was the policy used for?

Pg.375 The Foreign Policy was by Elizabeth and was used to encourage English seamen to raid Spanish ships and colonies.

What was the Spanish Armada? Why was it a failure?

Pg.375 The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that are from A Cornva. It was a failure because the English had better boats and more long ranged weapons

What attitude did Queen Elizabeth have when solving religious problems caused by her half sister, Mary?

Pg373 A cautious, self-confident, and intelligent attitude was used to quickly resolve the difficult religious problems she inherited from Mary.

What did William of Orange wish to do? When Duke of Parma arrived in Netherlands, what happened and why?

Pg373 William or Orange wished to unify all 17 provinces to stand together under William's leadership, respect religious differences of provinces, and demand Spanish troops be withdrawn. When Duke of Parma arrived in the Netherlands, he played the religious differences of the provinces and split their unified front. The southern provinces formed a Catholic union, the union of the Arrar in 1579, and accepted Spanish control. Then the seven northern, Dutch speaking states formed a Protestant union-the Union of Utrecht-determined to oppose Spanish rule. (The religious differences proved too strong for any lasting union.)

Who ensured much of Elizabeth's success in foreign and domestic affairs?

Pg374 Sir William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham, together they held office for 32 years with their talent to ensure Queen Elizabeth's success.

What did Pope Paul IV do to earn the title "First True Pope of The Catholic Counter-Reformation"?

Pope Paul IV was the one who increased the power of Inquisition. He created the Index of Forbidden Books which is a list of books that Catholics cannot read. It included the works of Erasmus, protestant theologians, and authors considered "unwholesome".

What were the two causes of the French civil wars during the 16th century.

Religion and growth of monarchical power were the causes of the French civil wars. The Catholic French kings' attempt to end the Calvinist movement in their country, and the growth of the kings' power led the towns and provinces to revolt against the monarchy, starting the war.

Who was Teresa? What was one of her mystical visions? What did Teresa believe in?

Teresa is a mystic saint of Avila and a nun. One mystical vision she had was an ecstatic union of her soul with God. Teresa believed that mystical experiences should make people more religious.

What did the Capuchins focus on?

The Capuchins focused on caring for the sick and the poor, and preaching the gospel directly to people, which was a working force against Protestantism.

Who were the Jesuits and what were the three major activities that they followed?

The Jesuits, also known as the Society of Jesus, was a new religious order that became the chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation. Their three major activities: they established highly disciplined schools and borrowed the educational methods of humanists schools; they spread Catholic faith among non-Christians; they were determined to restoring Catholicism in parts of Germany and Eastern Europe.

What changes occurred to the Roman Catholic Church by the Council of Trent?

The Roman Catholic Church contained new doctrines and a unified church under the supremacy of the pope. Scripture and tradition were equal religiously and indulgences were prohibited.

How were the Huguenots a political threat to monarchical power?

The conversion of many nobles made the Huguenots a potentially dangerous political threat to monarchical power.

What was the revival of Roman Catholicism often called? What do historians prefer to call it? What was the Catholic Reformation trying to stop?

The revival of Roman Catholicism is often called the Catholic Reformation. Historians prefer the term Counter-Reformation. Catholic Reformation was directly aimed at stopping the spread of Protestantism.