Ap Euro Chapter 13
What was the battle hymn of the Reformation?
"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" made by Luther himself
The Netherlands consisted of ___ provinces
17
Who assassinated Henry III during the French war of religion
A catholic monk who was disgusted the catholic king allied with a Calvinist
What caused John Calvin to want to make a reformed church
A religious crisis
What were the three pamphlets Luther published which led to a more definite from the Church?
Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian Man
At which battle against the Muslims, did the Spainish win a stunning victory
Battle of lepanto
Why were people not happy Henry III allied with Henry of Navarre during the French war of religion
Because Henry of Navarre returned to Calvinism
Why did Charles IX commit the batholomew's day massacre
Because all the Huguenot leaders came to see the wedding, so killing them all would cripple the Huguenots
Why Did Philip II think england would be easy to invade
Because he was told the people of England would support him
What did Luther believe about indulgences?
He thought that the people who relied on these pieces of paper to assure themselves of salvation were guaranteeing their eternal damnation instead
Cardinal caraffa and other hardliners accused cardinal contarini of selling out to the ___
Heretics (Protestants)
Schools set up by the jesuits borrowed ideas from ___ schools
Humanist
Who wrote Spiritual Exercises?
Ignatius of Loyola
A list of books that Catholics are not allowed to read
Index of forbidden books
Who wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion?
John Calvin
Who wrote the ecclesiastical ordinances
John Calvin
Who did Eck compare Luther to?
John Hus the heretic
Who came before Luther that criticized the powers of the papacy?
John Wyclif and John Hus
Calvinist reformer from Scotland that brought Calvinism to Scotland
John knox
Who was Vasa?
King of independent Sweden and established a Swedish Lutheran National Church
What did Mary try to do to the church of england
Make it catholic again
Who used Erasmus's Bible?
Martin Luther used it as a foundation for his translation of the German translations of the New Testament
Whose writings influenced John Calvin
Martin Luther's
What did Luther blame the German princes for?
Setting off the rebellion by their harsh treatment
Why were the Ottoman Turks a problem for Charles V?
The Ottomans killed King Louis of Hungary in the Battle of Mohacs who happened to be Charles V's brother-in-law. They were eventually repulsed in Vienna in 1529
Because Edward VI was 9 when he inherited the throne, who controlled England
The council of regency
Where was the richest part of Philip IIs empire
The netherlands
What did the council of Trent restate about the sacraments
There were 7 of them
Who ruled the northern Netherlands states after the split
William of orange
What happened at the Marburg colloquy?
Zwingli believed that the Eucharist is a remembrance of the Lord's supper while Luther believed that Jesus filled the Bread and Wine.
What was Germany's relationship with the papacy?
a long tradition of dissatisfaction with papal policies and power
What were the 7 urban cantons governed by?
narrow oligarchies of wealthy citizens
What did Zwingli rely on the state to do?
to supervise the church
Created under Elizabeth, included a new confession of faith that included ideals of luthernaists and calvinists
39 articles
What percent of the French nobility were Huguenots
50%
Who was Johann Tetzel?
A Dominican monk who hawked indulgences in Germany and said, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Who was Cardinal Ximenes?
A Spanish archbishop who was especially active in using Christian humanism to reform the church and he had many religious writings translated into Spanish (The Imitation of Christ)
What was Julius Excluded from Heaven?
A book by Erasmus where the warrior pope is denied entry to heaven and he threatens to storm heaven with an army.
What did the council of Zwickau establish
A girls school
What did pope Paul III bring into existence to study the condition of the church
A reform commission
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
A swiss strongly influenced by Christian humanism who was a priest until he was ordained as a cathedral priest in the Great Minister of Zurich. He began the reformation in Sweden, starting Zwinglism.
Who was Philip Melanchton?
A young Christian humanist who arrived in Wittenberg in 1518 at the age of 21 to teach Greek and Hebrew, he was attracted to Luther's ideas and became a loyal supporter
4 principles of the jesuits
Absolute obedience to the papacy Strict hierarchical order for the society, the use of education to achieve its goals A dedication to engage in the conflict of god
Legislature under Elizabeth that restored the book of common prayer
Act of uniformity
What was Anabaptism and who was attracted to it?
All believers were considered equal (priests), truth was found in the Bible, and they believed in the consentful adult baptism. also the Lord's supper was interpreted as a remembrance. It attracted peasants and others who had been adversely affected by the economic changes of the age (now are Mennonites or Amish)
Who were the Swiss Brethren?
An early group of Anabaptists that arose in Zurich. Zwingli was afraid of them and they were expelled in 1523. The first members were baptized as adults even though they had already been baptized as children, causing their opponents to label them as rebaptists which was subject to the death penalty under Roman law
According to John Calvin, what were the 3 tests that might indicate possible salvation
An open profession of faith A decent and godly life Participation in baptism and communion
Why was Henry VIII hurried to complete his annulment?
Anne Boleyn had become pregnant
Who had Henry VIII fallen in love with while married to Catherine of Aragon?
Anne Boleyn, a lady in waiting for Catherine
Who was Henry VIII 4th wife, who was a German princess. He married Heraclitus for political reasons
Anne of cleves
What did Landgrave Philip of Hesse do?
Attempted to promote an alliance between the Swiss and German reform churches by persuading leaders to attend a colloquy at Marburg.
Sacrament that was a sign of the remission of sins
Baptism
What sacraments did Calvin believe in
Baptism Eucharist
What two sacraments did Luther keep?
Baptism and the Lord's supper
Why wasn't John Calvin safe in france
Because king Francis I persecuted Protestants
Why did Philip II send an armada to England
Because queen Elizabeth was supporting the Netherlands calvinists
Why didn't the pacification of Ghent work
Because religious differences were to strong
Why was Mary queen of scots beheaded by queen Elizabeth
Because she tried to assassinate queen Elizabeth
During the French war of religion, why did the towns and provinces and nobles revolt against the crown even if they weren't Protestants
Because they resented the growing power of monarchical centralization
What is milleniarism?
Belief in a future golden age of peace, justice, and prosperity or the second coming of Christ, and that Munster was the New Jerusalem where they would usher in God
Whose death ended the restoration of Catholicism in england
Bloody Mary
What was The Praise of Folly?
Book by Erasmus written in 1509 that attacked the corrupt practices in the Church in a humorous way (especially within the ranks of clergy)
A new prayer book and liturgical guide for the Church of England
Book of common prayer
Who was Martin Luther?
Born in Germany in 1483, his father wanted him to become a lawyer so he enrolled at the university of Erfurt where he received his bachelor in 1502. He was more interested in religion and being caught in a thunderstorm, he promised God he would become a monk if he survived. He then became and Augustinian monk to his father's disgust
What types of states did Lutheranism spread to in Germany?
Both princely and ecclesiastical states in northern and central Germany as well as 2/3's of the free imperial cities especially in southern Germany, where prosperous burghers for religious and secular reasons became committed to Luther's cause
How did the Peasants' war end?
By May 1525, the German princes had brutally murdered all of the revolutionaries and there was never a lower class revolt in Germany again
How did Philip II of spain enforce Catholicism
By aggressive use of the inquisition
How did the French kings try to stop the growth of Calvinism
By persecuting calvinists
Under Bloody Mary of England, what French port was lost
Calais
Under Bloody Mary, what French possession did the English lose
Calais
Which religion concerned French kings because of its growth
Calvinism
Which 2 religions were dedicated to spreading the word of god
Calvinism Catholicism
Who won between the ideas of cardinal contarini and cardinal caraffa?
Caraffa persuaded pope Paul III
Cardinal appointed by pope Paul III who rejected any attempt at compromise with the Protestants
Cardinal caraffa
Who succeeded pope Paul III
Cardinal caraffa as pope Paul IV
Cardinal appointed by pope Paul III who favorece concessions to the Protestants in hope of restoring christian unity
Cardinal contarini
What happened between cardinal contarini and cardinal caraffa?
Cardinal contarini reached compromise with the Protestants to restore catholic unity. Cardinal caraffa accused him of heresy for selling out to the heretics and stopped cardinal contarini's plan by persuading pope Paul III
Who was Henry VIII 5th wife. She was beheaded for committing adultery
Catherine Howard
Who was Henry VIII last wife
Catherine Parr
Who lived longer, Henry VIII or his last wife Catherine parr
Catherine parr
Where the Valois catholic or calvinists
Catholic
What did catholic conservatives want from the council of Trent
Catholic doctrines in strict opposition to Protestants
After some prominent Huguenots were killed, ___ ___ went through the streets of Paris killing Huguenots during the bartholomew's day massacre
Catholic mobs
What ended Anabaptism in Munster?
Catholic prince-bishop laid siege to the city and after many starved, the city was recaptured by Lutherans and Catholics
Which 2 religions weren't satisfied by Queen Elizabeth's religious changes
Catholics Puritans
Now that clergy could marry, Protestantism eliminated any idea of special holiness for ___
Celibacy
What did Philip II try to do to the Netherlands provinces that the nobles and provinces opposed
Centralize them (make them all have the same laws and rules)
Who was Philip II of spain the son of
Charles V
In 1520, ____, ruler of the three Scandinavian kingdoms, was overthrown by Swedish Barons led by ____
Christian II of Denmark, Gustavus Vasa
Who was Frederick I?
Christian II's uncle and successor as the king of Denmark. H encouraged the spread of evangelical doctrines and Lutheranism.
What could the Pope have done to settle the issue and contain it from escalating?
Clarified the use of indulgences as Luther wished, which would have satisfied him. Instead, Leo X didn't take the issue seriously.
In the ecclesiastical ordinances, what 2 people were used in the service of the church
Clergy and laymen
A ___ was held at regents burg in a final attempt to settle the religious division peacefully
Colloquy
Cardinal contarini reached a ___ with Protestant moderates on a number of doctrinal issues
Compromise
What did moderate catholic reformers want from the council of Trent
Compromises in doctrine that would encourage Protestants to return to the church
The jesuits tried to draw parallels between Christianity and which Chinese religion
Confucianism
Did the council of Trent have a conservative or moderate outcome
Conservative
The goal of Philip II was to __ and ___ the land he had inherited
Consolidate Secure
Which 2 cardinals did people Paul III appoint to start reform
Contarini Caraffa
What sources did peasant dissatisfaction stem from?
Continuation of peasant abuse and new demands for taxes and other services
What did Henry of Navarre do after claiming the throne
Converted back to Catholicism so the public would accept him
Which council was called that took the decisive step of calling for a general council of Christendom to resolve the religious differences created by the Protestant revolt
Council of Trent
A council that ignited a reign of terror in which many were executed in Netherland
Council of trouble
What allowed Henry VII to have his marriage annulled?
Cranmer ruled the king's marriage as null and absolutely void
What did catholic Henry III do with Calvinist Henry of Navarre during the French war of religion
Defeated the holy league and retook Paris
The Spanish leader in Netherlands after duke of alva. He played the Netherlands province's different religions to Pitt them against one another
Duke of Parma
Who mounted resistance to the duke Alva in the netherlands
Dutch pirates known as sea beggars William of orange
Calvin's church constitution that the city council of Geneva accepted
Ecclesiastical ordinances
Edict that acknowledged Catholicism as the religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship. Also they could have fortified towns
Edict of Nantes
Martin Luther advocated that all children should have the opportunity of an ____ provided by the state
Education
Who succeeded Henry VIII
Edward VI
Who came to the English throne after Bloody Mary
Elizabeth
Who was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Elizabeth
Legislature passed by Queen Elizabeth that repealed all legislature passed under Bloody Mary And said the ruler was the governor of the church instead of head of the church
Elizabethan religious settlement
What did Queen Elizabeth encourage to weaken france
English pirates to raid Spanish ships Supported Dutch calvinists
3 major activities of the Jesuits
Establishing schools Spreading the catholic faith to non Catholics To fight Protestantism
What did the church do in response to Luther's pamphlets?
Excommunicated him from the church in January 1521
In the council of Trent, what 2 things were considered necessary for salvation
Faith and good works
Catholicism praised the ____ and sanctified it's existence by making ___ a sacrament
Family Marriage
What was women's only destiny
Family life
What was the Oratory of Divine Love?
First organized in 1497 in Italy, an informal group or clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity (not a religious order). The "philosophy of Christ" was appealing to many of them (thought of by Erasmus)
Where was Calvinism spread to
France Netherlands Scotland Central and Eastern Europe
Jesuit member who carried the message of Christianity to the east (india, malacca, and japan)
Francis Xavier
English pirate who was very successful at raiding Spanish ships
Francis drake
Who were noticeable calls for reform from?
Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians: They emphasized preaching to laypeople
Who was Christian III?
Frederick I's successor who installed a Lutheran state church with the king as supreme authority in all ecclesiastical affairs. (Also spread Lutheranism to Norway)
What did More willingly do?
Gave up his life opposing England's break with the Roman Catholic Church over the divorce of King Henry VIII.
Where did Calvin take up ministry
Geneva
What trades/materials made spain prosperous
Gold and sliver importation from the new world Agriculture Silk Textiles Leather
When duke Alva was sent to oppress the revolutionists by Philip II, why did he just make it worse?
He added more taxes
What did Henry III do to Henry duke of guise during the French war of relgion
He assassinated him
Who was Bucer?
He had created a religion combining Zwingli and Luther's ideas together in Strasbourg
How did Henry of Navarre escape being killed during the bartholomew's day massacre
He promised to turn catholic
What did Philip II do when the Netherlandish people started to revolt
He sent the duke of Alva with troops to crush them.
What happened to Thomas More?
He stood up for Catholicism because he refused to bow his head to a secular ruler in the matter of faith and loyalty to the pope in Rome was now treason in England, so he was beheaded in 1535
What did Erasmus believe about the reading of the Bible by uneducated?
He strongly believed that the Bible should be read in the Vernacular so everyone could know God's message
What did Luther do while he was hiding at Wartburg Castle?
He translated the New Testament into German (In 12 years he sold almost 200k copies
3 reasons why the Netherlands people hated Philip II
He tried to combine their independent Provinces. They found out their taxes were helping the Spanish people Philip II tried to crush Calvinism
What happened to Henry III after he took back Paris during the French war of religion
He was assassinated
How did Zwingli die?
He was killed during a swiss civil war between his reformers and Catholics, he was cut up and burned having his ashes spread. (religion died with him)
Problems with Philip II in England (bloody Mary's husband)
He wasn't liked Because of the marriage England was forced into an alliance with Spain
What happened to Anne Boleyn?
Henry VIII got bored of her and had her beheaded for adultery in 1536
The coronation of who ended the French wars of religion?
Henry of Navarre
Who claimed the throne after Henry III was killed
Henry of Navarre
Who did Henry III team up with after killing Henry duke of guise during the French war of relgion
Henry of Navarre
Who passed the Edict of Nantes?
Henry of Navarre
Who was the leader of the Huguenots
Henry of Navarre
Who did the holy league vow to put on the throne instead of Henry III during the French war of religion
Henry, duke of guise
Why did Luther face opposition with Christian humanists?
His movement threatened the unity of Christendom (older generation including Erasmus broke off)
What were woman taught in Protestant communities
How to read and morals
What were French Calvinists called?
Huguenots
What was the Treason Act?
If you said king henry wasn't the supreme head of church then you were executed
Who founded the jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola
What customary practices did the Protestant reformation abolish
Indulgences Veneration of relics Veneration of saints Pilgrimages Monasticism Celibacy
Book by John Calvin that was a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought
Institutes of the christian religion
What happened to the Church of England under young king Edward VI
It became more Protestant
What was the Act of Supremacy?
It made the English king head of the English Church and the Church of England had officially split from Catholicism
What did Anabaptists believe about the separation of the Church and state?
It should be
What was significant about Nuremberg?
It was the first imperial city to convert to Lutheranism, it had an active city council led by Lazarus Spengler
Who was Henry VIII's third wife?
Jane Seymour who produced his long awaited male heir but died twelve days later
Another name for the society of Jesus
Jesuits
Protestant leader who recieved a education in france. He started his ministry in Geneva
John Calvin
Who was the self proclaimed king of the New Jerusalem?
John of Leiden who wanted to cover the entire world with his religion and all goods would be held in common and saints would live without suffering
What was the starting point for most of Protestantism's major doctrines?
Justification by faith alone
What were the twin pillars of the Protestant Reformation?
Justification by faith and the Bible
Who did Luther marry?
Katherina von Bora, a former nun, which provided a model of married and family life for the new Protestant minister
Who was elected as the HRE in 1519?
King Charles I of Spain and grandson of Emperor Maximilian as Charles V
Who initiated the English Reformation?
King Henry VIII
What did Catherine de Medici of France do to reduce political tensions
Looked to religious compromise
What was On the Freedom of a Christian Man
Luther said it is faith alone, not good works, that justifies, frees, and brings salvation through Jesus (short treatise on the doctrine of salvation)
What happened at the Leipzig debate in July 1519?
Luther's opponent, Johann Eck, forced Luther to move beyond indulgences and deny the authority of popes and councils.
How did Luther avoid being captured?
Luther's prince, the Elector of Saxony, sent him into hiding at the Wartburg castle, where he remained for nearly a year
Who won the Schmalkaldic Wars and what effect did this have?
Lutherans did by allying themselves with the new French King, Henry II a catholic, forcing Charles V to negotiate to the Peace of Augsburg.
What did Henry duke of guise force Henry III to do during the French war of religion
Make him chief minister
Reasons why Bloody Mary want liked
Marriage to Philip II Loss of the French port of Calais Burning heretics
Who did John Calvin have similar ideas to
Martin Luther
Who did peasants look to for support?
Martin Luther
Who succeeded Edward VI of England
Mary
Queen of Scotland who was ousted by calvinists. She was Mary's cousin and next in line to the throne. Attempted to kill Elizabeth to gain the throne and was beheaded
Mary, queen of scots
Italian Jesuit missionary to china
Matteo ricci
Protestants called on ___ and __ to read the Bible and participate in religious services together
Men and women
Where did Anabaptist survivors arise after their virtual eradication in Germany?
Moravia and Poland
Did Protestants have more or less educated people then in the Middle Ages
More
Did Bloody Mary make the Church of England more catholic and more Protestant by the end of Her reign
More Protestant
Where was the haven for Anabaptists known as Melchiorites?
Munster which determined the fate of Dutch Anabaptism. They believed in milleniarism
What 2 ideals where revived in the catholic reformation
Mysticism and monasticism
Where did the bourbon's rule
Navarre
What corrupt things did pope Paul III do before he saw the need for reform
Nepotism Involving himself in politics Patronizing the arts and letters
What did Luther right in response to the sale of indulgences?
Ninety-Five Theses
Did Protestants like the idea of women being more important socially
No
Did Queen Elizabeth of England like war?
No
Did the Catholic Church compromise with Protestantism?
No
Did the doctrine of the transubstantiation change during the council of trent
No
Were indulgences forbidden at the council of Trent
No
Did Luther believe in transubstantiation?
No, he believed in consubstantiation, in which the bread and wine are not transformed but are filled with the spirit of Christ, as a testament to God's forgiveness of sin
Did Erasmus want to leave the Church?
No, he didn't want to create division
Did Catherine de Medici's moderate reforms work in France?
No. Ultra Catholics opposed Her
What movement was in the north, influenced by the Italian Renaissance?
Northern Renaissance or Christian humanism
During the France war of religion, did towns and provinces support the crown or oppose it
Opposed it
A treaty that unified the 17 provinces of the Netherlands under William of orange
Pacification of Ghent
What city did Henry duke of guise seize to have power over Henry III during the French war of religion
Paris
What was cardinal caraffa' shame when he was the pope
Paul IV
What was Luther's greatest challenge?
Peasants' War
Which king was the "most catholic king" and the champion of Catholicism
Philip II of spain
Who did Bloody Mary of England marry
Philip II of spain
Who was paying Henry duke of guise during the French wars of religion
Philip II of spain
What prevented the regular meetings of the council of Trent
Plague outbreaks War between France and Spain The changing of popes
What did Charles V want to do politically and religiously?
Politically, he wanted to maintain his dynasty's control over his empire. Religiously, he hoped to preserve the unity of the Catholic faith throughout his empire
Name for people who placed politics before religion and believed no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war
Politiques
People of which ideal one the French war of religion
Politiques
What happened when Henry VIII asked Cardinal Wolsey to obtain from Pope Clement VII an annulment of the king's marriage?
Pope Clement VIII put it off because the sack of Rome had recently happened, and he didn't want to get on the bad side of Charles V who was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon. This lead to the dismissal of Cardinal Wolsey because he didn't produce the result that Henry VIII wanted
The election of which pope was the turning point in the reform of the papacy
Pope Paul III
The first pope to perceive the need for change in the church
Pope Paul III
Which pope first called the council of Trent
Pope Paul III
Which pope passed the Papal bull recognizing the jesuits
Pope Paul III
Who took the decisive step of calling for a general council of Christendom to resolve the religious differences created by the Protestant revolt
Pope Paul III
Which pope created the index of forbidden books
Pope Paul IV
Who was Johannes Geiler of Kaisersberg?
Popular preacher who denounced the corruption of clergy
What title was Philip Melanchthon give n for his educational efforts in Wittenberg
Praecepter germaniae (teacher of Germany)
To Calvin what was the church responsibility
Preach the word of god Administer the sacraments
The idea that god and a,ready decided some people to be saved and others to be damned
Predestination
What was the Handbook of the Christian Knight?
Printed in 1503, a book written by Erasmus reflecting his preoccupation with religion. He came up with "the philosophy of Christ," meaning Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction of daily life rather than dogmas and practices
In Protestant communities, what were religious ceremonies and imagery replaced with
Private prayer Family worship Collective prayer and worship on Sunday
What 2 parts was John Calvin's genevan academy divided into
Private school and public school
English calvinists who tried to eliminate entertainment
Puritans
Protestants in the Anglican Church who wanted to remove any trace of Catholicism from the Church of England
Puritans
In predestination who were the people that were going to be damned
Reprobate
Under young king Edward VI, the Church of England became more Protestant. What are some changes that happened
Right of clergy to marry Eliminated images Authorized a revised Protestant liturgy Instituted the book of common prayer
Spanish mystic from the carmelite order. She had visions from god. She founded a new order of barefoot carmelite nuns
Saint Teresa of avila
In the council of Trent what 2 things were considered equal authorities in religious matters
Scripture and tradition
What were the Dutch pirates who resisted duke Alva in the Netherlands known as
Sea beggars
Protestants were responsible for introducing for what type of school
Secondary school
What were established in every diocese in accordance with the council of Trent
Seminaries
Where the provinces in the Netherlands united or politically separate
Separate
How was the Spanish government by the 1580s
Severely in debt
Marriage offered the best means to control ___ and give it a purpose
Sex
How did Bloody Mary get her name?
She burned more then 300 Protestant heretics
Why did Henry VIII wasn't to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon?
She failed to produce a male heir in 18 years of marriage (only a daughter Mary)
Why wasn't Mary queen of scots, queen of Scotland anymore?
She was ousted by calvinists
What caused inflation in spain
Silver
Why were girls taught to read in the Protestant communities
So they could read the bible
Ignatius of Loyola vowed to be a ___ of god
Soldier
Calvin placed much emphasis on the absolute __ of God.
Sovereignty
What land did Philip II rule
Spain Netherlands Possessions in Italy Possessions in the new world
What all did Charles V rule?
Spain and its overseas possessions, Austrian Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, and the Kingdom of Naples
Who founded a school in Strasbourg that served as a model school for other Protestant schools
Sturm
What did Queen Elizabeth do to weaken france
Supported the Huguenots
Because the Spanish government was in debt they passed crushing ___
Taxes
At who's wedding did the bartholomew's day massacre occur at
The Catholic sister of the Valois king The Protestant Henry of Navarre (bourbon)
French wars of religion (war of the 3 henrys) (detailed)
The Catholics massacred the Huguenot leaders at the wedding of Henry of Navarre. The wedding was supposed to stop religious conflict by a catholic Valois marrying a Calvinist bourbon. This was the bartholomew's day massacre. Henry of Navarre escaped being killed by promising to convert to Catholicism. The ultra-Catholics formed the holy league, whose goal was to seat Henry duke of guise on the throne. Henry duke of guise seized Paris and forced Henry III to make him chief minister. Henry III assassinated Henry duke of guise and teamed up with the Calvinist Henry of Navarre to take back Paris and defeat the holy league. Henry III was assassinated by a catholic monk, so Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism and claimed the throne
Who won, the English or the Spanish Armada
The English
What did strong Catholicism in England mean?
The English Reformation was alien to many English people
The French civil wars were also known as
The French wars of religion
What were the 4 major problems of Charles V's?
The French, papacy, Turks, and Germany's internal situation
Why was Charles V concerned with Germany's princes?
The German cities were virtually independent from imperial authority and many were Lutheran. He attempted to settle the Lutheran problem at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 where he gave the Lutheran city states until April 15, 1531 to convert back to Catholicism. Instead they joined together and formed the Schmalkaldic League while Charles was preoccupied. when he finally returned to the topic in 1545 it was too late for a peaceful compromise.
What did Charles V's problems allow?
The Protestant Reformation
What jolted the reformation of the church to start
The Protestant reformation
What did cardinal caraffa persuade pope Paul III to establish
The Roman inquisition
Who was Thomas a Kempis?
The author of The Imitation of Christ, member of the Modern Devotion movement, and said that we will be judged based on what we did not on how religious or well spoken we have been
What was the doctrine of salvation or justification by grace through faith?
The belief that humans are saved not through their good works, like the Catholic Church believed, but through faith in the promises of God, made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross.
What did the Act of Uniformity restore in england
The book of common prayer
Which major noble family were Huguenots. They were the family nest in line to the throne
The bourbons
In Geneva, what was the special body for enforcing moral life and doctrinal purity of genevans
The consistory
Who did the reform commission blame the corruption of the church on
The corrupt policies of popes and cardinals
In predestination what were the people who were going to be saved called
The elect
Which family led the ultra Catholics
The guise family
Which league was created by the ultra-Catholics. It's job was to exterminate heresy and seat a Catholic on the throne
The holy league
Which religious order became the chief instrument of the catholic reformation
The jesuits
Which religious order was known as the most famous educators
The jesuits
Who was Erasmus?
The most influential of all Christian humanists, who formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism. From Holland he was educated at one of the schools of the Brothers of the Common Life. Classical Latin was his mother tongue.
In the division of the Netherlands what religion was each part
The north = Protestant The south = catholic
Charles V's concern with the papacy was?
The papacy acting upon politics, not truly religious reasons as one might expect, and Pope Clement VII, because of his fear of the Habsburg power, sided with Francis I during the Habsburg-Valois wars
What was the wedding before the bartholomew's day massacre supposed to represent
The peace between the catholic and Calvinist parties. Because a catholic Valois was marrying a calvinists bourbon
What 3 things did the pacification of Ghent state
The provinces would stand together under William of orange They would respect religious differences They would demand Spanish troops be withdrawn
What 3 things were give to the Huguenots in the edict of Nantes
The right to worship The right to have fortified towns for their protection The right to hold public office
What activity that goes with indulgences was banned at the council of trent
The selling of indulgences
Why were Luther's ideas spread so quickly?
The sermon because it was based on a return to the original message of the Bible, which found favor throughout Germany.
Who was Thomas More?
The son of a London lawyer and received benefits of an education, had an interest in new classical learning and was proficient in Greek and Latin, and he embarked on a public career reaching the lord chancellor of England. Intimate friend of Erasmus, wrote prose and poetry, translations from Greek and his family was the shining model of Christian family life
Book written by ignatius of Loyola. Was a training manual for spiritual development emphasizing exercises by which the human will could be strengthened and made to follow the will of god as manifested through his instrument, the Catholic Church
The spiritual exercises
Why did Erasmus write the Greek translation of the Bible?
The standard Latin edition called the Vulgate contained errors so he edited the Greek and published it alongside the Latin with annotations.
The extreme catholic party in France. They favored the opposition of the Huguenots and were led by the guise family
The ultra-Catholics
Some of the New religious brotherhoods and orders were created during the reformation
Theatines Ursulines
Before the French wars of religion, king Henry II was killed. His sons who succeeded him were controlled by who
Their mother, Catherine de' Medici
How are Luther and ignatius of Loyola the same and different
They both had a spiritual torment But unlike Luther ignatius solved his problem by dedicating himself to the church
What did Netherlandish people do in retaliation to what Philip II tried to do
They destroyed catholic churches
Why were Anabaptists persecuted?
They were considered radical because of their belief that human laws had no hold on them
How were sacraments redefined?
They were now viewed as divinely established signs signifying the promise of salvation
What happened to old religious orders (nuns and monks) during the reformation
They were reformed and renewed
Who actually came to the aid of the German peasants?
Thomas Muntzer, a radical pastor who encouraged revolt which first erupted in southwestern Germany in june 1524
How had the Netherlands became prosperous
Through commerce Through its textile industry
What were northern humanists beliefs on reform?
Through education in the sources of classical, and especially Christian, antiquity, they could instill a true inner piety or an inward religious feeling that would bring about a reform of the church and society
How did Luther insist on teaching the Gospel?
Through means of music
How did ignatius of Loyola prepare for his life work
Through prayer Pilgrimages School
How did the duke of Parma play the Netherland's provinces against one another
Through their different religions
A wife's role in the family
To bear children
What was the Roman inquisition responsibility
To ferret out doctrinal errors
Why were Protestant schools established
To increase literacy so people could read the bible
Spain led a holy league against ___ encroachment in the Mediterranean
Turkish
What did William of orange wish to do with the 27 provinces of the Netherlands
Unify them
What did the northern Netherlands states turn into and what religion were they
Union of Utrecht Protestant
What union did southern Netherlands become and what religion were they
Union of arras Catholic
As a result of ordinary people clamoring for the certainty of salvation, salvation became mechanical causing what to arise?
Veneration of relics
The expenses of ___ were devastating to the Spanish economy
War
What typical medieval question began the Protestant Reformation?
What must I do to be saved?
What is absenteeism?
When church holders ignore their duties and hire underlings who sometimes lacked proper qualifications
What is pluralism?
When high church officials took over more than one church office leading to absenteeism
What started the French war of religion
When the French duke of guise massacred a peaceful congregation of Huguenots (Bartholomew's day massacre)
What was Utopia?
Written in 1516, More's most famous book and one of the most controversial of his age. Meaning "nowhere," it introduced the idea of socialism and contrasts it with realistic society and the problems of the day (communal ownership rather than private property).
What was the Address to the Nobility of the German Nation?
Written in German, Luther called on the German prices to overthrow the papacy on Germany and establish a reformed German church
What was the Babylonian Captivity of the Church?
Written in Latin for theologians, Luther attacked the sacramental system as the means by which the pope and church had held the real meaning of the Gospel captive for thousands of years. He said that clergy should be able to marry because virginity is good, but marriage is better, and the freedom of choice is best
Did John Calvin agree with justification by faith alone?
Yes
Did Luther believe in predestination
Yes
Should the clergy be celibent according to the council of Trent?
Yes
Was the belief or purgatory reestablished at the council of trent
Yes
To the jesuits education of the ___ was crucial to combat the advance of Protestantism
Youth
What's an indulgence?
a remission, after death, of all or part of the punishment for sin
What did Pope Leo X issue?
a special jubilee indulgence to finance the ongoing construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
What did the city council do to change the church of Zwinglism?
abolished relics and images, removed all painting and decoration from churches, and replaces them with whitewashed walls. Music was eliminated from the service as a distraction from the pure word of God. Monasticism, pilgrimages, the veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, and the pope's authority were all abolished.
What was the Reformation in Germany largely?
an urban phenomenon, 3/4's of the early converts to the reform movement were from clergy, many of which were from the upper class, which made it easier for them to work with the ruling elites in the cities
What was Luther made by the Edict of Worms?
and outlaw within the empire: his works were burned and he was to be captured and delivered to the emperor.
By 1530, what did the German states that had converted to Lutheranism do?
appointed officials who visited churches in their territories and regulated matters of worship
What two advisers did Henry VIII appoint to help him?
archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Cromwell his principal adviser
What were the 13 self governing states of the Swiss Confedeartion called?
cantons
What were the 6 forest cantons ruled by?
democratic republics
Even though Henry VIII had broke with the Catholic Church, what didn't change much?
doctrine, theology, and ceremony, causing his supporters to want a religious reformation and not only political, but Henry didn't budge. This made many clergymen ignore Henry on the matter of priestly celibacy and secretly married
What did millenarian Anabaptists do once they took control of Munster?
drove everyone out they considered unbelievers, burned all books except the Bible, and proclaimed communal ownership of all property
Who was Frederick the Wise?
elector of Saxony and Martin Luther's prince who had amassed more than 19k relics to which were attached indulgences that could reduce one's time in purgatory by nearly 2 million years
What did Luther do in the beginning of 1522?
he returned to Wittenberg in Electoral Saxony and began to organize a reformed church
What was Luther summoned to after he was excommunicated?
in front of the Reichstag, the imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire, in Worms, convened by Emperor Charles V
What did northern humanists believe happened to Christianity during the Middle Ages?
it had been distorted by complicated theological arguments
What have some critics called northern humanists?
naïve and in fact merely optimistic
Did Luther do what he was expected and recant his "heretical" doctrines?
no
Did Luther intend to break apart the Church over the indulgence issue?
no
Was Martin Luther's reform movement the first?
no
Did Luther believe that the authority of scripture must be supplemented by traditions and decrees of the Church
no, just in the Bible, deeming hierarchical priesthood unnecessary since followers of Christ were their own priests
Who held the highest positions among clergy in the 14th and 15th centuries?
nobles or wealthy middle class members
What was Luther's movement closely tied to?
political affairs
What Papal thing had a strong impact on clergy?
preoccupation with finances
What did Luther rely on to organize and guide the new Lutheran reformed churches?
princes or state authorities causing secular authorities in Germany to play an important role in the Church.
Why did Luther experience dissent in his own ranks in Wittenberg?
radicals wanted to take it further like Andreas Carlstadt, by abolishing relics, images, and the Mass
What did Baptism represent?
rebirth through grace
Charles V's main concern was?
rivalry with the French Valois family particularly Francis I. They disputed over territories which were known as the Habsburg-Valois wars (low countries)
What sacrament troubled Martin Luther the most?
sacrament of penance or confession because no matter how much he confessed, he had doubt that he would reach salvation.
When did Henry VIII get married to Anne?
secretly in January before his marriage was annulled (his baby was a girl)
What did Martin Luther ultimately do?
split with the late medieval church, destroying the religious unity of western Christendom
What did Lutheran churches in Germany quickly become?
territorial or the state supervised and disciplined church members
What is justification?
the act by which a person is made deserving of salvation
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
the agreement formally acknowledged the division of Christianity with Lutheranism having equal legal standing as Catholicism which allowed German princes to choose their city's religion
What was the Bible for Luther and all other Protestants?
the chief guide to religious truth
What radical idea did Cromwell have?
the dissolution of the monasteries, so in 1536, about 400 religious houses were closed and the king confiscated their lands and possessions
Who was Menno Simons?
the man most responsible for rejuvenation Dutch Anabaptism who stressed separation from the world in order to truly emulate the life of Jesus (Mennonites)
What did Luther quickly write in response to the peasants' war?
the pamphlet Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants which called for the princes to slay the stupid and stubborn peasantry, which won Luther over in the noble ranks.
How did pamphlets help spread the Reformation?
they were illustrated with vivid woodcuts portraying the pope as a hideous Antichrist and titled with catchy phrases
What belief did later intellectuals agree about with northern humanists?
to change society, they must first change the human beings who compose it
What did Cranmer and Cromwell Henry VIII to do?
to obtain the annulment through Parliament and annul his own marriage
What was the goal of Christian humanism?
to reform Christianity
What did Luther's superiors suggest for him to do to help with his doubts?
to study theology: he became a professor the university of Wittenberg and lectured on the Bible
What was the Union of Kalmar
unification of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
What did Luther use to replace the Mass?
worship service consisting of a vernacular liturgy that focused on Bible reading, preaching the word of God, and song
What classics did the northern humanists study?
writings of antiquity of the early Church (Holy Scriptures and writings of church fathers like Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome
Were younger Christian humanists significant in the Reformation?
yes
Were the Swiss part of the HRE?
yes, but virtually independent since 1499