AP Euro Chapter 4
Catherine de Medicis
(1519-1489) Wife of Henry II of France and regent for her sons Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III, she lent her support to the infamous Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Protestants.
William of Nassau the Prince of Orange
(1533-1584) Known as "the silent" because of his small circle of friends, he placed the political autonomy and well-being of the Netherlands above religious creeds.
Mary Queen of Scots
(1542-1587) Daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise, she was the queen of Scotland by divine and human right but was eventually executed by Elizabeth I.
Mary I
(1553-1558) Queen of England who executed hundreds of Protestants during her reign.
Elizabeth I
(1558-1603) Queen of England who had remarkable and enduring successes in both domestic and foreign policy.
Thirty-Nine Articles
(1563) The official statement of the belief of the Church of England. They established a moderate form of Protestantism.
Pacification of Ghent
(1576) The union of the Southern and Northern provinces in the Netherlands that declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion.
Union of Arras
(1579) Formed by the Southern provinces of the Netherlands to make peace with Spain.
Gustavus Adolphus II
(1611-1632) A deeply pious king became the new leader of Protestant forces within the empire, opening the Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
Edict of Restitution
(1629) Reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism and ordered the return of all church lands the Lutherans had acquired since 1552.
Peace of Prague
(1635) The compromise between the German Protestants with Ferdinand.
Treaty of Westphalia
(1648) Ended all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire, It said the ruler of a land would determine its official religion and it gave Calvinists their long-sought legal recognition.
Armada
130 Spanish ships that sailed towards England and lost to the English, giving heart to the Protestant resistance everywhere.
Baroque
A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550 and 1750. It was especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Protestant Resistance Theory
As Protestants began to face suppression and sure defeat, they began to sanction active political resistance.
Union of Utrecht
Formed by the Northern provinces of the Netherlands in response to the Union of Arras.
Palatine
Frederick III make Calvinism the official religion there and was head of the Protestant defensive alliance.
Huguenots
French Calvinists.
Philip II
Heir to the intensely Catholic and militarily supreme western Hapsburg kingdom.
By finding gold and silver in the New World, increased population, having efficient bureaucracy and military, and by having supremacy in the Mediterranean.
How did Spain gain a position of dominance in the sixteenth century?
The Catholic Counter-Reformation found the Baroque style, heavy and dramatic ornamentation, congenial while the works of Protestant artists were more restrained and plain.
How did art and architecture exemplify the political and religious struggles in the last half of the sixteenth century?
Many French leaders, for example Henry of Navarre, converted to the more popular religion to stay in power and have fewer enemies.
How did politics shape the religious positions of the French leaders?
The Peace of Augsburg did not extend recognition to non-Lutheran Protestants.
In what way did the Peace of Augsburg precipitate the religious strife and civil wars of the last half of the sixteenth century?
Henry of Navarre
Leader of the Protestants in France, he succeeded the childless Valois king Henry III as Henry IV.
Presbyters
Meaning "elder." People who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations.
Edict of Nantes
On April 13, 1598, it proclaimed a formal religious settlement in France.
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
On Saint Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572, Coligny and 3,000 fellow Huguenots were butchered in Paris.
Congregationalists
Put a group or assembly above any one individual and prefer an ecclesiastical policy that allows each congregation to be autonomous, or self-governing.
Politiques
Rulers or people in positions of power who put the success and well-being of their states above all else.
Presbyterians
Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a national church composed of semi autonomous congregations governed by "presbyteries."
Spanish Fury
The greatest atrocity of the war between Spain and the Netherlands in which Spanish mercenaries, leaderless and unpaid, ran amok in Antwerp on November 4, 1576, leaving 7,000 people dead in the streets.
Counter-Reformation
The sixteenth-century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation.
Politics.
Was politics or religion more important in determining the outcome of the war?
After Catherine de Medicis failed assassinate Coligny, she convinced Charles IX that only the swift execution of Protestant leaders could save the crown from a Protestant attack on Paris. The event changed the nature of the struggle between Protestants and Catholics both withing and beyond the borders of France.
What led to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, and what did it achieve?
Elizabeth merged a centralized episcopal system that she firmly controlled with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual.
What led to the establishment of the Anglican Church in England?
Elizabeth hoped to avoid both Catholic and Protestant extremism by pursuing a middle way. However, she could not prevent the emergence of Catholic and Protestant zealots. Catholic extremists constantly plotted against her and Protestant extremists wanted to "purify" the Church of England.
What was Elizabeth I's settlement, and why was it difficult to impose on England? Who were her detractors and what were their criticisms?
He shrewdly organized the lesser nobility into a loyal and efficient national bureaucracy, was a generous patron of the arts and culture, and inherited the thrown of Portugal.
What were Philip II's successes?
It reassured that the ruler of a land determines the official religion of the land, gave Calvinists their long-sought legal recognition, Bavaria became an elector state, and Brandenburg-Prussia emerged as the most powerful German state.
What were the main terms of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648?
Mary's domestic measures were shocking to both Protestants and Catholics alike.
Why did Mary I fail?
By the end, French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers were warring simply for the sake of warfare itself
Why has the Thirty Years' War been called the outstanding example in European history of meaningless conflict?
Religious and political differences had long set Catholics against Protestants and Calvinists against Lutherans.
Why was the Thirty Years' War fought?
Bullion
gold bars, silver bars, and other bars or ingots of precious metal.