AP Euro Semester 1 Exam, AP European History - Semester 1, AP Euro Semester 1 Final Exam, AP European History 1st Semester Exam Review

Louis XV (r. 1715-1774)

1. Same spending habits as Louis XIV 2. Added war—French and Indian (7 years war) 3. Nobles not taxed -Lower and middle classes are paying

Bread prices

18th century prices of this major food staple steadily ROSE with POPULATION GROWTH. Bad for the POOR but benefited LANDOWNERS. Economic cause of FRENCH REVOLUTION.

Treaty of Utrecht

1713. Ended WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION. Maintained BALANCE OF POWER in Europe. BRITAIN received huge gains. AUSTRIA got BELGIUM.

Presbyterians

A member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox

Act of Supremacy

Parliament declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Intolerable Acts

Passed by British PARLIAMENT for AMERICAN colonies. Closed BOSTON port, allowed QUARTERING of troops etc.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar changed Russia FOREVER (*dundun*) by taming streltsy and boyars, developing a NAVY, expanding Russia to the BALTIC (war w/Sweden) and founding ST. PETERSBURG.

Columbian Exchange

•Exchange of animals, plants, and disease •Meat and milk of European livestock •Maize • white potato •Epidemic disease swept the Western Hemisphere after 1492 •Urban areas were hit worse

New Technology (causes of European Voyages)

•Shipbuilding, weaponry, navigation •The caravel, three-mast sailing ship •Improvement of cartography and navigations •Creation of more accurate maps •The magnetic compass and the astrolabe

Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657)

centralized the government in the empire's German-speaking provinces and built a permanent standing army to put down any internal opposition.

Silesia

the part of Austria that Frederick the Great captured, and it started the War of Austrian Succession

The Social Contract:

general will and popular sovereignty should be central to society

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Famine

· Great Famine = 1315 - 1322 · Prices increased · Increased prices = fewer people could afford to buy food · Reduced calorie intake = increased susceptibility to disease and less energy )resulting in lower productivity, lower output, and higher grain prices)

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

LOUIS XVI & MARIE ANTOINETTE

Was only twenty years old when he inherited the throne Louis XVI was an ineffective and indecisive leader He made a series of choices that would only make things worse in France Marie Antoinette was his wife Originally from Austria Loved to spend money and gamble She had no interest in her people Very unpopular

Machiavelli

Wrote "The Prince", a book that recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for princes. a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)

Thirty Years War

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. Bohemia, Denmark, Sweden, France.

Mary I

"Bloody Mary". Super-Catholic. Married PHILIP II of Spain. KILLED PROTESTANTS, or exiled them.

Francesco Petrarch

"FATHER OF HUMANISM" First person to study actual literary classics and NOT their secondary commentaries.

Classical Humanism (Renaissance)

-Admiration for Greece and Rome -Reviving the Greco-Roman ideals -Glorification of Greece and Rome -Questioning

Stages of Mercantilism

1) Initial European discovery and conquest 2) Mercantile empires and slavery 3) Empires in Asia/Africa etc. 4) Decolonization

Christopher Columbus (Spain)

1. 1492 2. Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella 3. Thought he could get to the east by sailing west 4. Landed in the Bahamas 5. Made four journeys to the New World but never realized where he was 6. Claimed the area for Spain Started the Spanish conquest of the Americas

Armada Invasion

1. 1588 2. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of Spain's decline as a great power (Rise of England) -Spain was too dependent on riches from the New World -Not a diversified economy -Persecution of non-Christians also affected the economy (middle class/usury)

Glorious Revolution

1. 1688 2. Bloodless revolution. 3. Power is more Parliament now than monarch

Northern Renaissance examples of Individualism

1. Cervantes -Don Quixote 2. Hans Holbein -Court Painter for Henry VIII

Italian examples of Secularism

1. Donatello -Bronze David looks like a real person 2. Michelangelo -Marble David is super detailed down to realistic hands

Northern Renaissance examples of Secularism

1. Dürer -Praying hands are realistic

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

1. English 2. Laws of motion and gravity—Principia: 1687 (story about fruit falling from a tree) 3. Tides and lunar activity 4. Study of light 5. Saw gravity as created by God

Constitution of 1791

1. Finally written 2. Called for a limited monarchy 3. King still had veto power, control of military and foreign affairs. 4. Divided France into 83 departments and did away with the French provinces 5. Gave voting rights to males over 25 who could pay a fee 6. Created a new government—Legislative Assembly

Netherlands (absolute monarch/constitutionalism)

1. Financial and commercial center 2. Amsterdam—noted for shipbuilding 3. Government alternated between the monarchy and the Mercantile Party. 4. People eventually settled on the monarchy under the House of Orange—focused on commerce. (William III - marries into England) 5. Reason the monarchy was chosen was because of the wars being fought against Louis XIV—needed the strength and connections of a royal family.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses

1. October 31, 1517 2. List of 95 problems with the church 3. Nailed to the church door in Wittenberg 4. Written in Latin 5. Made on all saint's day (not important) so officials would see it 6. Was translated into German and distributed (printing press)

Civil Constitution of the Clergy - 1790

1. Placed the church under the control of the government. -Bishops now worked for the government 2. Took over church lands 3. Most contentious issue thus far in the revolution—people had to choose between their religion and the revolution -Everybody mad - French people could be Catholic. Revolutionaries and now had to choose between

Portugal Exploration

1. Portuguese led in exploration 2. Prince Henry the navigator started a navigational school for sailors 3. Portuguese began exploring around Portugal (Africa) 4. Portugal eventually lost most of their holdings to the Spanish 5. Line of Demarcation -Pope divided the western hemisphere between Spain and Portugal

Rurik Dynasty

1.Ivan III, Ivan IV

Goods in the Atlantic Exchange

3 major economic components: mining, agriculture, and shipping. Also exchanged sugar, gold, silver, slaves, tobacco, disease, spices, religion etc.

Niccoló Machiavelli

A Renaissance Italian political theorist. His major theory is that rulers are most successful when they inspire FEAR in the subjects. Wanted to urge rulers to use ruthless methods to keep out foreign conquerors of Italy.

GREAT FEAR

A panic that swept the peasant population that the nobles would try to retaliate and wipe out the National Assembly It would lead to further revolt

Humanism

A renewed Renaissance and SCHOLARLY INTEREST in Greek and Roman CLASSICS. Advocates the LIBERAL ARTS. Inspired secularism, individualism, and humanist religious reform

Politique

A ruler who puts the interests of his or her COUNTRY before his or her personal needs. Examples: Henry IV (France) or Elizabeth I (England)

Portuguese Age of Exploration

Africa and Indian Ocean

Ivan the Terrible

Aggressive Russian ruler who had a very violent "TIME OF TROUBLES". His death marked the beginning of the ROMANOV DYNASTY.

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD) (Earth is the center of the universe)

Baroque Art

Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious AND secular themes. Involved with ABSOLUTISM.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZENS

August 27, 1789 Statement of revolutionary ideals Similar to our Declaration of Independence "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights" "Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" Guaranteed: Equality before the law Representation government for the sovereighn people Individual freedom

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DECLARES CHANGES

August 4, 1789 v Pesant serfdom abolished v Exclusive hunting rights abolished v Fees for legal cases abolished v Government right to force peasants to work on roads abolished v Tithes forced to pay to church abolished

Scientific Revolution Philosophy

Bacon's and Descartes' INDUCTIVE and DEDUCTIVE reasoning. The theories of HOBBES and LOCKE. Also, PASCAL and his wager.

Family Economy

Basic structure of PRODUCTION and CONSUMPTION in PRE-INDUSTRIAL Europe. Everybody worked, but the dad was the chief artisan.

Deism

Belief in a RATIONAL GOD who created the universe but then stepped back and let it function WITHOUT His interference

nationalism

Belief that one is part of a distinct nation that has its own language, culture and history. This nation is the primary source of a person's loyalty and sense of identity. Spread through the print culture

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe

French-British Rivalry

Both coveted spots in N. AMERICA. Major rivalry in the WEST INDIES and INDIA.

Cardinal Mazarin

CHIEF MINISTER for Louis XIII and XIV. Laid groundwork for Louis XIV's ABSOLUTISM. Controlled France for Louis XIV when Louis was a kid and provoked the FRONDE

Islam in Enlightenment Thought

Christians HOSTILE to Islam and viewed it as rivaling Christianity

Rousseau

DEMOCRATIC and EGALITARIAN (but evil w/women). Was rather emo and HATED THE WORLD. " THE SOCIAL CONTRACT" states that people should work towards helping all society not just themselves.

Charter of the Nobility

Defined rights of Russian NOBILITY, as long as they SERVED THE STATE voluntarily. Rights: no taxes, power over serfs, hereditary nobility.

Rococo Art

Depicted FRENCH NOBILITY, and was PASTEL AND PLAYFUL. Post-Baroque

Denis Diderot

EDITOR of a 17-volume ENCYCLOPEDIA. "Freedom and Economic Improvement"

Oliver Cromwell (r. 1649-1658)

ENGLAND 1. Lord Protector 2. Puritan laws (ended fun) -Closed theaters -Closed pubs -(Shut down line of communication - no rebellion can form) 3. Dismissed parliament 4. Had grand ideas for England, but he became more dictatorial the longer he was in power. 5. Succeeded by his son

Elizabeth I

Elizabethan Era Tudor queen. Established MODERATE PROTESTANTISM in Church of England (39 Articles), avoiding Catholic/Protestant extremism. Naval wars with SPAIN led to defeating SPANISH ARMADA in 1588.

William Shakespeare

Elizabethan era PLAYWRIGHT. Works widely read and reflects many RENAISSANCE CONCEPTS.

Neoclassical Art

Emphasized a RETURN TO THE PAST with MORAL THEMES and ideas from CLASSIC GREEK/ROMAN stuff.

Frederick II (r. 1740-1786) the Great of Prussia

Englightened: 1. Re-do law code 2. Tries to be religiously tolerant 3. Promotes education and agrarian reform Not: 4. War/actively attacks Maria Theresa 5. Doesn't free the surfs

Isaac Newton

English scientist who discovered the LAWS OF GRAVITATION AND ATTRACTION

Thomas More

English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded

THE THIRD ESTATE

Everybody else: 97% of the population Will eventually call themselves the National Assembly Made up of three different types: Bourgeoise: educated middle class Urban Workers: city workers Peasants: poorest, half of their income went to King, church, and nobles

Ottoman Expansion

Expansion to EUROPE. Went all the way into VIENNA. TREATY OF CARLOWITZ forced Ottomans to relinquish their European empire.

Habsburg-Valois Wars

France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states.

Colbert

French politician who served as an adviser to Louis XIV. Colbert reformed taxes, centralized the administration, and improved roads and canals in an effort to encourage trade and applied mercantilism to France to help increase revenue.

Reasons for Exploration

Gold, God, and Glory

da Vinci

He was a true Renaissance man, who was gifted in math, painting, drawing, philosophy, physics and inventing, and had a had a great impact both in his lifetime and posthumously. He also studied botany, astrology, and human anatomy, among other subjects. He also painted the best-known picture in the Western world, the Mona Lisa/ La Gioconda/ Last Supper. Universal man.

Mirandola

He was an Italian Renaissance philosopher known for his Oration on the Dignity of Man. In his works, he expressed the opinion that there were no limits to what man could accomplish. The Oration has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance" God gave man will to decide.

Valois Dynasty (order)

Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III - after that Bourbon Dynasty is introduced

Bourbon Dynasty

Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV

Emperor Charles V

Holy Roman Empire. SACKED ROME in 1527, ending Italian Renaissance. Called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms, directed Diet of Augsburg, and proclaimed the Peace of Augsburg. Basically, he ended the Italian Renaissance and tried to stop the Reformation but eventually made peace with the Lutherans

La Rochelle

Huguenot rebellion in 1627 in La Rochelle, supported by English, was ended by Richelieu and the Peace of Alais. Centralized power in France.

Agricultural Revolution

INNOVATIONS in FARM PRODUCTION in 18th century that led to SCIENTIFIC and MECHANIZED agriculture.

Martin Luther

In Germany, a catholic monk, martin luther became involved in a serious dispute in the catholic church § Martin Luther's break from the Catholic Church began the Protestant Reformation & inspired a series of new Christian denominations. § Catholic Church condemned Luther & rejected his ideas. § In 1521, Luther was called before the Diet of Worms, a meeting of church & political leaders. § at the diet of worms, Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church

Scientific Revolution Religion

Increased SECULARISM from interest in the sciences. Pascal and his famous WAGER.

Stuart Dynasty

James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II

ENGLAND ADVANCEMENTS

Jethro Tull: an important English innovator who tried to develop better farming methods through empirical research, advocated using horses rather than oxen for plowing and sowing seed with drilling equipment for even distribution at the proper depth. As with the Dutch Republic, only used half the population for agriculture, they were able to make enough food for everyone

Adam Smith

LAISSEZ-FAIRE. Letting people do what they want in the economy w/o gov't interfering for the maximum wealth. Applied FOUR-STAGE THEORY.

Protestant Reformation - Economic Causes

Large gap between lower and upper classes/domination by lords. Invented PRINTING PRESS spread ideas.

Renaissance artists

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Albrecht Dürer etc.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV's FINANCE MINISTER who changed French economy by establishing MERCANTILISM and the FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY for international trade.

Bloody Mary

Mary Tudor; married philip II of Spain, Catholic, killed many protestants and Queen of England from 1553 to 1558

Galileo Galilei

Mathematician, astronomer. Laws of MOTION, created telescope, Discovered the moon was rough, the EARTH MOVED, and PROVED COPERNICUS' HELIOCENTRIC THEORY. Findings conflicted with Catholic church until 1992.

Martin Luther

Monk at Univ. of Wittenberg. Posted 95 THESES against indulgences on Oct. 31, 1517. Diet of Worms. Lutheran beliefs---justification by FAITH ALONE, 2 sacraments (baptism and communion), transubstantiation (only Christ's SPIRIT in bread/wine), no papal authority, Bible is most important, clergy can marry.

Financial Revolution

More private banks open More credit can be given to individuals

Catherine de Medici

Mother of 3 sucky French kings and CONTROLLED THEM ALL. Fought to maintain CATHOLIC DOMINANCE in France. Ordered the killings of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Spanish Inquisition

National agency established by monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to MONITOR CONVERTED Jews and Muslims. Those who refused to convert faced terrible consequences. This kept Spain under a UNIFIED RELIGION and kept Reformation movement out of Spain.

Thomas More

Northern HUMANIST. Wrote UTOPIA, describing a PERFECT world which mixes civic humanism with religious ideals.

Erasmus

Northern Renaissance HUMANIST. Criticized corruption in the church. Translated New Testament into Greek and Latin. Inspired religious reform (Martin Luther)

Peninsulares

People born in SPAIN but worked in the NEW WORLD

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who developed the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY, challenging the Ptolemaic and Aristotelian worldview. Theories condemned by Catholic church. Influenced scientific study of astronomy by Kepler, Galileo etc.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Renaissance Women

Privileged ones received more EDUCATION, with humanist influence. Some women gained ruling POWER during Renaissance. LEGAL STATUS DECLINED--WORSE than Middle Ages.

Ivan IV (r. 1547-1584)

RUSSIA 1. The Terrible 2. Rurik Dynasty 3. Abused by his boyar regents—land owners -Boyars kill his mother -Kept in a tower with no access to anyone -Was allowed education by a Priest -Mentally and physically abused 4. Declared his majority at 16 5.Married Anastasia Romanov -Ivan truly loved her -She died -Trigger for Ivan and he snaps 6. Killed and tortured many boyars 7. Security police use 8. Defeated Mongols (St. Basil's cathedral) in battle 9. First tsar 10. Killed his son and heir 11. Ivan's next heir was mentally and physically challenged. 12. Russia went into the Time of Troubles -Civil war -Determine next tsar -Romanov family asked to rule by the church

Protestant Reformation - Political Causes

Rising nation-states, Black Death diminished population

Inquisition

Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy—especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. Especially for Jews.

Catherine the Great

Russian Enlightened Monarch. Limited administrative reforms, economic growth, territorial expansion (tons of it)

Protestant Reformation - Religious Causes

SALE OF INDULGENCES, church CORRUPTION, growing anticlericalism, the Renaissance encouraged secularism/humanism

Thomas Hobbes

Scientific Revolution thinker. Believed that human nature was BRUTAL and CORRUPT. Advocated ABSOLUTIST government as "necessary" to control subjects.

War of the Spanish Succession

Spanish Habsburg king Charles II gave Spanish territories to Louis XIV's grandson, and the other countries feared European domination by Louis XIV. French poorly equipped in war against England.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) in (1519)

Salon

Sponsored by wealthy women, it was where the philosophes could gather and discuss opinions freely.

Jansenism

Teachings of St. Augustine. Success with Paris' noble families until suppressed it.

Role of The Middle East (trading at indian ocean)

The Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad (Iraq): controlled an area from Spain to China Muslim Arab traders expanded routes to obtain spices, porcelain, and other goods for the bustling cities Persia and Turkish Ottomans will take over this trade land Ottoman control motivated European traders to find new routes so they could control their trade

Austria and Prussian Absolutism:

The Black Plague had decreased the population to the point where now there was more land to go around Serfdom will return and be widely utilized Towns will decrease, countryside life will grow The Hasburgs (Catholics) will take over Austria

At the end of the 1600's, most European economies were agrarian. Which country was the exception?

The Dutch Republic and England

Taxes

The French monarchy needed this desperately following the 7 Yrs' War

Ottoman Empire and Europe

The Ottomans and the Europeans fought often for territory. Their relationship was often tense, as the Ottomans were the LARGEST and most STABLE empire to rise after the fall of the Roman Empire

THE FIRST ESTATE

The clergy Churches collected tithes from church goers Gave part of their income to the government Gave part of their income to help the poor

House of Lords

The exclusive "club" that the patriarch of a noble British family got in.

Versailles.

The fancy-schmancy PALACE outside Paris built by LOUIS XIV. A shrine to the "SUN KING". Louis tried keeping NOBILITY there so he could spy on them and exert his INFLUENCE on them.

Defenestration of Prague

The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War

Sugar

The major CROP in the WEST INDIES. Became a STAPLE in European life. SLAVE LABOR used for maximum PRODUCTIVITY.

THE SECOND ESTATE

The nobility Only 2% of the population but owned 20% of the land Didn't have to pay taxes

Philip II

The son of Charles V was born and educated in Spain. He ruled Spain until his death in 1598. Spain's financial problems grew as he pursued his leadership position as head of the Counter Reformation. He sent the Spanish Armada against England in 1588, but it ended in disaster.

Print Culture

The spread of printed materials influencing the general public

Secularism

The view that the present well-being of mankind should predominate over religious considerations in civil or public affairs.

Parisian Women

These people marched to Versailles with weapons to protest bread prices and brought King Louis XVI back to Versailles

Hasburgs

They will push out Ottomans from Hungary and regain that territory

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France. He was the prime example of absolutism in France

Romanov

This Russian dynasty lasted until until 1917 with the Anastasia thing and all. Began with Michael ROMANOV (*coughcough*)

Kant

This philosopher showed the overall attitude of the Enlightenment by saying "have the courage to use your own understanding" influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)

War of Three Henrys

This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV/ Navarre/ Bourbon) (1585-1589)

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Elizabeth I

Tudor; protestant; tolerant; died in 1603; Queen of England from 1558 to 1603 "I am married to the state." Gave throne to James I of Scotland (Stuart)

Johannes Kepler

Used Tycho Brahe's data for 3 laws of planetary motion; ELLIPTICAL ORBITS

Italian City States

Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples

Mary Wollstonecraft

Woman Enlightenment thinker who defended EQUALITY FOR WOMEN and EDUCATION FOR WOMEN.

Renaissance Family Life

Women had to make themselves pleasing to men. Marriages more on ROMANCE...more prostitution. POOR had NUCLEAR FAMILIES while RICH had EXTENDED FAMILIES. DOWRIES IMPORTANT.

Treaty of Tordesillas

a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. Portugal- East trade routes and Brazil; created by the pope

Humanism

a renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements; studies roman and greek works

Republic of Letters:

a sort of club for critical thinkers all over the world who would communicate via letters

French and Indian War

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes) 1754 to 1763

King James Bible

an English translation of the Bible published in 1611

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Richelieu

architect of French absolutism who was prominent church official, served as chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624- 1642, worked to undermine power of nobles and enhance that of the king, built large bureaucracy, attacked French Calvinists helped make the French King an absolute monarch. Intendent system.

Ivan the III (the Great):

expands power of Moscow and the empire of Russia

Sforza

family that came to power in milan 1450. They were a Condottiere family: hired mercenaries. Military power.

Tetzel

famous seller of indulgences for the Catholic church; "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." Tetzel's crude methods inspired Luther's actions and sparked the Reformation.

§ Teresa of Ávila:

founded much more strict training for nuns

The Spirit of Laws:

identified three forms of government

A czar (means Caesar)

is an emperor or king in Russia, an absolute ruler.

Gustavus Adolphus

joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen

State Building

means the creation of a consolidated power structure

Protestant Princes

military alliance schmalkaldic league vs. charles V; in HRE

Amerigo Vespucci:

realizes that Columbus had not discovered Asia but instead a "New World"

Ivan III

relied on military power, had to keep the forced element in place, used the Orthodox Church to encourage endeavors. He practiced centralized rule, took the title Czar or Tsar or Caesar, believed expansion was necessary. The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia. "The Great"

Peter the Great

ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia

Skepticism

school of thought that definitive knowledge is not attainable

Spanish Armada

the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. Sent by Philip II in 1588

Deism

the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation. the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation

❏ LIBERALS:

those who supported individual human rights. Wanted to be able to worship freely, end censorship, freedom from arbitrary (random) laws

Wrote The Persian Letters:

two fictional Persian travelers comment on European societies as outsiders

THE ESTATES GENERAL

was a committee made up to represent the people of France Three classes of France: Clergy Nobility Majority of people

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits):

§ ): founded by Ignatius Loyola; played a powerful role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading the faith around the world.

John Locke

❏ Humans begin as a blank canvas and then are impacted by their experiences and by external forces such as education and social institutions ❏ Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690): education and rational thought could be learned ❏ Two Treatise of Government (1690): ❏ Authority NOT given to monarchs by God ❏ People had a right to natural rights: life, liberty, and property

Cromwell

❏ divided England into military districts ❏ Led an army to reconquer Ireland in 1649 ❏ The English banned Catholicism in Ireland ❏ Enforced a Navigation Act to control business on the seas of Atlantic ❏ Welcomed the immigration of Jews ❏ Cromwell died in 1658; the English restored the monarchy in 1660

Cottage Industry

❏ manufacturing with hand tools (often loaned) in pesant cottages and work shed ❏ Grew to become a crucial feature of the European economy. ❏ Mostly textiles: weaving done by men

City of Florence

Center of ITALIAN RENAISSANCE. City of DE MEDICIs.

Francis Drake

English pirate who stole from Spain and gave the wealth to Elizabeth I

Partition of Poland

Poland divided by RUSSIA, AUSTRIA, and PRUSSIA.

Ideas spread by...

Printing press and Guttenburg's Bible.

Philip II

The king of Spain during their GOLDEN AGE. Pro-Catholic. Married to Mary I

❏ LIBERTY:

the state of being free

Pesant Revolts

· Nobles/clergy added taxes onto peasants · Peasants burned and pillaged castes and aristocracy country houses · Eventually led to English Peasants' Revolt

Montesquieu

"Spirit of the Laws" Believed BRITISH had the best government and the best political system depended on various FACTORS about the country. (Size, culture etc). Believed in DIVISION OF POWER in gov't...judicial/executive/legislative.

Frederick I:

"The Soldiers' King" (r. 1713 - 1740) Creates best army in Europe Expansion of the army through conscription King enlisted the Junkers to lead the army Foundations for a rigid and militaristic country

Bartholomew Diaz

(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488. Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope, but was forced to turn back. "To give light to those who are in darkness and to grow rich."

Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. Questioned everything except god; questioned own existance.

Frederick William of Prussia

(the Great Elector), took a giant step toward absolutism, Estates unable to successfully resist his demands, forced the Estates to establish permanent taxation without consent to pay for his permanent standing army, reconfirmed privileges of the nobility, could use naked force to break the liberties of the towns

Old Regime

**French society before the Revolution (pyramid)** 1. First estate—clergy -100,000 -Bishops and higher (not priests) -Tax exempt 2. Second estate—nobles -400,000 -Landowners -Running the government -Tax exempt and have political power 3. Third estate—everyone else: -26 million (pyramid inside pyramid) -Bourgeoisie: upper middle class, educated, pay taxes, no political power →Many see the cause of the revolution as the conflict between the third estate and the second -Wage Earners: affected by prices and inflation, radical →Set wage -Peasants: most numerous, feared serfdom, most oppressed by the nobles →Afraid of land owners - concerned that the nobles are going to ensurf (inslave) peasants for not being able to pay off debts

Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)

**Lasted 10 months** 1. Louis and family tried to escape -Disguised as peasants -Caught and placed in the Temple prison 2. Government became more dominated by radical elements who wanted to get rid of the king. -Republic? -Girondins—more moderate revolutionaries -Jacobins—radicals 3. War began -Austria was concerned about the well-being of Marie Antoinette; Prussia was concerned about the revolt spreading. -Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz which stated that they would declare war if other countries did as well. Were unsure about England. -Legislative Assembly took the initiative and declared war on Austria -The Legislative Assembly collapsed, and the government fell to the radicals. →They were arguing and shit -If the French lose the war, so is the revolution

Changes in Education

- Humanists thought that their recommended course of study in the classics would provide everyone essential skills · Humanists opened schools, courts, and academies in 15th century · Humanists disagreed about education for women because they saw the value of exposing women to classical models of moral behavior and reasoning, but also questioned whether a program of study was proper for a woman · In his book on the family, Alberti stressed that a woman's role was in the house · Some women became educated in the classics and were successful

Secularism (Renaissance)

-Emphasis on the worldly not spiritual. -"Naturalism" -Not religious -People look like real people, nature looks like real nature -Realistic

Why were Holland and England the leaders in agricultural innovation?

-Holland - the area was one of the most densely populated in Europe. The Dutch were forced to seek maximum yields from their land and to increase the cultivated area through the steady draining of marshes and swamps. The growth of towns and cities provided Dutch peasants with markets for all they could produce and allowed each region to specialize in what it did best. -England - The English were among their best students. English farmers borrowed the system of continuous crop rotation from the Dutch. They also drew on Dutch expertise in drainage and water control.

Individualism (Renaissance)

-Man emphasized himself as a person -Wouldn't do before because it was pride (deadly sin) -Portraits, self portraits, biographies, autobiographies

Nationalism (Reniassance)

-Pride in one's country -Landscape -Language -Use of vernacular

Women's march to Versailles

1. 1789 2. Women were tired of not having food for their families 3. Demanding bread, rights, royals 4. Would have killed Marie Antoinette 5. Captured royals 6. Royal family was taken back to Paris; placed in prison (Tuileries)

Important Spanish Explorers (know at least one)

1. Amerigo Vespucci—1503 -First to realize that Columbus discovered a new world (NOT India) -Americas are named after him 2. Vasco de Balboa—1513 -Exploring Panama -First European to see the Pacific Ocean 3. Ferdinand Magellan—1519-1521 -Circumnavigation -Killed in the Philippines -One of his ships made it back to Spain 4. Juan Ponce de Leon—1513 -Conquistadors -Searching for the Fountain of Youth -Found Florida 5. Hernando de Soto—1519 -Explored the Mississippi River Claimed more land for Spain -Also explored in the Carolinas and Georgia

Important Portuguese Explorers (know at least one)

1. Bartholomew Dias—1488 -Sailed to the tip of South Africa -Returned to Portugal 2. Vasco da Gama—1497 -Followed Dias' route -Made the turn to India -Established Portuguese trading posts in India 3. Pedro Cabral—1500 -Was traveling to India -Was blown off course and landed in Brazil -Claimed Brazil for the Portuguese

Louis XVI (r. 1774-1793)

1. Basically a nice guy—20 years old 2. Inherited an indebted France 3. Marie Antoinette—wife -They're complete opposite personalities -Home girl spent A LOT 4. Many expenditures 5. Advised to tax the nobles -Necker, Calonne, de Brienne—all tax advisors who told Louis to tax the nobles -He refused to tax nobles

Main Beliefs of Martin Luther/Lutherism

1. Become the main beliefs of Protestantism 2. Salvation by faith alone -Catholics believe in faith AND good works -Luther says good works don't get you into heaven, unless you have faith 3. Supreme authority of the Bible 4. Use of native language as opposed to Latin 5. 2 sacraments: baptism and communion 6. No saints or relics 7. Church and state separate Priesthood of all believers: everyone equal in the eyes of God -Luther is enabling his followers to act like a priest -Equal in eyes of God (NOT socially or economically)

Italian examples of Humanism

1. Botticelli -Birth of Venus portrays Greek/Roman God 2. Raphael -School of Athens portrays the Greek city of Athens

Italian examples of Individualism

1. Castiglione -The Book of the Courtier which is a self help guide on how to be a Renaissance man 2. Machiavelli -The Prince showed how a ruler should govern 3. de Vinci -Mona Lisa was a portrait of a famous woman

Causes for Henry VIII creating Reformation in England

1. Catherine of Aragon (1st wife) could not have a son 2. Henry wanted a son, and he already had another woman to marry—Anne Boleyn—and she was pregnant 3. Henry also wanted to keep the Pope from meddling in his affairs, and he wanted to gain church lands for England (taxes, funds, etc..) 4. He asked for an end to the marriage on the grounds that his marriage was displeasing to God 5. The Pope refused 6. Creates his own church 7. Henry issued the Act of Supremacy which declared that England separated from the Catholic Church 8. Creates the Church of England 9. Seized church land and sold it 10. The Anglican Church was basically just like the Catholic Church -Same - Latin services, priests couldn't marry, same sacraments -Different - No Pope, could get a divorce 11. Henry was the head of the church

Children and Education (Europe Era of Expansion)

1. Challenges for children's health -Diseases, dehydration -Mother's dying from childbirth -Breastfeeding and wet nurses →Women of lower classes tended to breastfeed their own children →Women of higher classes tended to use wet nurses →Wet-nursing became a "business" and contributed to the high levels of infant mortality →Wet-nursing was more common in France than in other places. 2. Foundlings and deaths of infants -Abortions were not available. -Foundling homes were orphanages. -Different reasons children were abandoned. -High death rates in homes 3. Attitudes toward children -Parents were not emotionally attached to their children. -"Spare the rod and spoil the child" -Attitudes changed because of the Enlightenment →Writers advocated different methods of raising children 4. Growth of Elementary Schools -Both Protestants and Catholics promoted education. -Maria Theresa → Advocate for children's education

Spain in the 1500's

1. Charles V (r. 1509-1556) (HRE) -Refused to sign the Peace of Augsburg -Split his vast empire between his brother Ferdinand and Son -Philip (Charles V's son) received Spain, the Netherlands, and the New World 2. Philip (r. 1556-1598) -devout Catholic → persecuted non-Catholics (Inquisition) Problems faced by Philip -The Netherlands a) Area became Protestant (Calvinist) b) Philip sent Inquisition to country c) Dutch revolted d) Dutch aided by Elizabeth I e) Philip was unable to subdue the Dutch, Dutch became independent (even though William the Silent was assassinated) -England (on England's slide)

Effects of Exploration

1. Commercial Revolution -Trade shift from the Mediterranean (Italy dominated) to the Atlantic Spain, France, England, Netherlands) -New businesses like insurance companies and joint-stock companies 2. Beginnings of slavery—1441 -Portuguese were the first -European slave traders -Plan was to subjugate the Natives but smallpox ruined that -Bring in African slaves who didn't know the land or climate 3. Mercantilism -Economic concept of a favorable balance of trade—sell more than buy -Force colonies to buy stuff and sell stuff to you cheaply 4. Change in daily life and the Columbian Exchange -New plants and animals exchanged between Europe and New World -Rise in the standard of living for Europeans—different foods more readily available 5. Creation of a Colonial Empire a) Integrating Christianity b) Expanding Language

Spanish Conquistadors (know at least one)

1. Conquistadors—conquerors of Central and South America 2. Hernando Cortes—1518-1520 - Conquered the Aztecs of Mexico 3. Francisco Pizarro--1532 - Conquered the Incas of Peru Incan Empire was huge 4. They were able to conquer these powerful native groups because of horses, weaponry, and disease 5. In the areas conquered by Spain, Spanish became the official language, and Catholicism became the official religion.

Napoleon Bonaparte - Background

1. Corsica 2. Military school—scholarship 3. General by age 25 4. Put in charge of the French army in Italy—fighting the Austrians -Proved he was an able military leader and good administrator -Brought back to develop a plan to defeat England 5. Plan to defeat England involved attacking Egypt -Plan failed -Note discoveries like the Rosetta Stone 6. Came back to France -Directory was failing -Was able to take over the government -Consulate—new government -Later became emperor in 1804

Counter Reformation

1. Council of Trent (1545-1563) convened by Pope Paul III -Call together council to counter act Protestants 2. Main ideas -Did not change any church doctrines (kept Latin, sacraments, relics to be used properly, etc...) -Got rid of corruption (could not pay for indulgences, no simony, nuns and monks were to be housed separately...) -Set up seminaries to train priests so that there was consistency in teachings/educated priests -Created the Index—a list of prohibited book—to protect and provide conformity -Created the Jesuits (Society of Jesus)—a group of missionaries whose job was to win people back to the church—founded by Ignatius of Loyola 3. Some people did return to the church—especially those who left because of the corruption 4. Counter Reformation Baroque art comes about -Bernini -Sculptor -Same Realism seen in Renaissance a) Much more emotional -Way to win people back to the Catholic church through the arts

Napoleon at War

1. Created the Confederation of the Rhine which reduced the number of German states 2. Continued fighting: Austria, Russia, Prussia, England, Spain -Defeated both Austria and Prussia in battles (Austerlitz and Jena) -Put his brother, Joseph, in control of Spain -Forced Russians into alliance -Not able to defeat England militarily—decided to use economics. He imposed a boycott of England called the Continental System.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

1. Declared what the revolution was for and which rights people should have 2. Similar to a Combo of Declaration of Independence and the Constitution 3. Women's rights (social) Right to bear arms, own property, etc

National Constitutional Convention

1. Dominated by the Jacobins -New element—sans culottes (without weird fancy French pants) or workers →RADICAL - No need for Louis →Push for the end of the monarch -The Mountain was the most radical part of the government 2. Jacobin leader—Maximillian Robespierre 3. Louis XVI was put on trial for treason. -Executed in 1793 -Guillotine used—not a pretty execution because the blade stuck and had to be manually pushed through Robespierre's goals-Suppress anarchy and counter-revolution in France. Put together the Committee of Public Safety to investigate opposition groups. Began the Reign of Terror (1793-1794). Directed at real and assumed enemies. Victims came from all classes—8% nobles, 6% clergy, 14% bourgeoisie, 70% peasant, 2% other. Guillotine ran non-stop; even sent portable ones to countryside. 40,000 deaths Marie Antoinette killed. -Winning the war -Instituted conscription -Everyone expected to serve in some way -If hindered war effort, considered a counter-revolutionary →Conscription - draft of soldiers →Levee of people -New calendar that represented the revolution and wiped out religious holidays -Public education reform -Agrarian reform -Abolished slavery in the colonies 5. War was going well for the French, and people decided it was time to stop the Reign 6. Robespierre and his supporters were captured and killed by the guillotine 7. Temporary government was brought in—Thermidorean Reaction 8. Thermidorean Reaction stayed in power until order was restored and Jacobin groups were eliminated.

Henry VIII's children (heirs in order)

1. Edward VI (r. 1547-53) -He was 9 - Needed a Regency -Regents were Protestant a) Church became more Protestant—priests could marry, use of English in services b) Book of Common Prayer put together by Thomas Cranmer -Sickly child who dies before he could get married and produce an heir 2. Mary I (r. 1553-1558) -Married to Philip II (ruling Spain) -Created an alliance -Switched England back to being Catholic -Killed thousands of Protestants/Heretics a) Bloody Mary -Died without an heir (stomach cancer) 3. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) -Anglican/Protestant -Focused on what was best for England—worked for balance a) Catholics try to kill her b) Understood she can't force everyone to switch to protestantism - Did not marry a) Allows Anglican Church to develop because all suitors were Catholic

England in the 1500's

1. Elizabeth I -25 yrs. Old -Never married—created a succession issue 2. Problems faced by Elizabeth -Religion—Catholics still wanted to kill her -Money -Scotland & Mary Stuart (Elizabeth's cousin) a) Mary Queen of Scots married Lord Darnley (not important) in Netherlands b) Darnley killed c) Mary implicated d) Abdicated and fled to England e) House arrest for 20 years- Elizabeth Keeping her "enemy" closer f) Elizabeth found out about her plotting with Philip II of Spain g) Beheaded -Spain & Philip II a) Elizabeth refused to marry Philip b) Use of sea dogs c) Attack Spanish treasure ships - Elizabeth is antagonizing Philip d) Aided Dutch in their revolt against Spain e) Beheading of Mary of Scots (1587) f) Defeat of the Armada—1588 (Spain had the BEST navy in the world)

Influence of John Locke (1632-1704)

1. English writer 2. Natural rights 3. These are rights that cannot be taken away; you are born with them 4. Life, liberty, property 5. Government is supposed to protect those rights 6. If it doesn't, replace the government

Other Inspirations to the Revolution

1. Enlightenment—writings inspired revolutionaries -Bourgeoisie have read these works 2. American Revolution -Americans inspired the French -French helped Americans—more debt →Take the "L" Britain -French soldiers, like Lafayette, came back to France to help lead the revolt

Northern Renaissance examples of Humanism

1. Erasmus -Critical of the Catholic Church and a Christian Humanist 2. Brueghel -The Harvesters

Legacy of Napoleon

1. Europe had to be restructured 2. Spread the ideas of the French Revolution 3. Europe would not be able to go back to pre-1789

Medical Practice

1. Faith Healers, apothecaries, physicians -Faith healers believed that patients were possessed by evil spirits—must pray, lay on hands to heal -Apothecaries developed herbal treatments →Did help in some areas like laxatives →Became part of the new consumer culture -Physicians were apprenticed →Willing to try new methods →Still relied on bloodletting 2. Hospitals and Surgery -Surgeons gained experience with amputations because of war -Hospitals were unclean; anesthesia not used 3. Midwives -Women trained in helping deliver children -Sometimes criticized 4. Smallpox -Biggest problem after the plague ended -Early vaccinations

Voltaire (1694-1778)

1. Freedom of expression—natural right to use the pen

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

1. Freedom with responsibility—freedom is not necessarily doing what you want but what you should 2. Education by experience 3. General Will—kind of like majority rule When an individual becomes part of a group, he agrees to go along with the will of the group. Same with government.

Why did the English and French find success colonizing the New World

1. French -Good at trading with Natives -Treat the Native Americans as fellow trading partners 2. English -Focus on people that come to the colonies (Sending families)

Napoleon peak years

1. Greatest control 2. Divorced Josephine and remarried Austrian so that he could produce an heir. 3. Did have a son - Referred to as Napoleon II

General Idea of Cause of Reformation

1. Growing ideas of humanism 2. People are more educated 3. Church is corrupt 4. Printing press allows quick spread of ideas 5. Growing middle class which resented the Church's view of usury

Napoleon's downfall

1. Growing nationalism (ideas of the Rights of Man and Citizen spread from French soldiers)—countries were tired of French control 2. Peninsula War—Spain -Spanish guerillas -Napoleon did not know how to combat guerillas -Goya's Third of May 3. Continental System backfired—also hurting other countries 4. Russia broke their treaty with France 5. Napoleon decided to invade Russia -June, 1812 -Supposed to be quick -Headed to Moscow -Russians practiced scorched earth—burned the lands around the armies -Napoleon took Moscow—parts of it were burned -Waited in Moscow too long—Russian winter came early -Retreat—lost 500,000 men 6. First major defeat—Leipzig (Battle of Nations) 7. Napoleon fled back to France—was deposed -Napoleon abdicated - exiled to the island of Elba—off the coast of Italy -Escaped 8. 100 Days -Napoleon returned to France -Claimed the government (Louis XVIII had been placed in charge) -Began military expansion 9. Final defeat—Battle of Waterloo 10. Sent to St. Helena (exiled)—off the coast of Africa 11. Died in 1821—rumors of poison

Causes of the SCIENTIFIC Revolution

1. Growth of universities -Foster more questioning 2. Renaissance humanism 3. Technological advances -Invention of the lens -Telescope -Microscope 4. Beginnings of exploration 5. Challenges of the Church

Religious Authority and Beliefs (era of expansion)

1. Importance of church in daily life 2. Catholic view of monastic orders -Jesuits -Maria Theresa and "unproductive" orders 3. Protestant changes -Pietism: protestant revival movement that started in Germany and Scandinavia—make religion more emotional and exciting -John Wesley—Methodist Church →Wanted the church to become more inspiring →Circut Preacher - traveled throughout England 4. Catholics -Still a strong influence in people's lives -Jansenism

Sophie (regent), Ivan V, & Peter I situation

1. Ivan V (r. 1682-96)- Mentally disabled - slow 2. Peter I (r. 1682-1725) 3. Sophie (r. 1682-89) 4. Ivan was mentally disabled. Sophie was to be his regent. Peter was healthy but young. 5. Sophie tried to overthrow Peter (kill him) in the Streltsy Revolt 6. It failed, but she got to be regent for both boys. They would be co-tsars. 7. Revolt affected the way Peter viewed the Russian nobles and Moscow. 8. She tried to overthrow Peter again, and he had her arrested.

Northwest Passage Explorers (know 1 for Essays)

1. Jacques Cartier—France—1534 -Explored the St. Lawrence River -Found the Great Lakes -Claimed land for France -Eventually led to the establishment of Quebec 2. Sir Francis Drake—England-1577-1580 -Sea Dogs -Works for Elizabeth -Circumnavigation -Greatly influenced the development of the English navy and encouraged English colonization 3. Henry Hudson—Netherlands—1609-1610 -Hudson River, Hudson Bay -Claimed territory in the New World for the Dutch -Sets Dutch on par to be a powerhouse

Economic Causes of the Reformation

1. Land owned by the church -Church owned approximately 20% of land in Europe -Tax exempt -Land from people becoming priests and having to give up their land (worldly possession)

English Civil War

1. Land owners and rural areas supported the king. 2. Middle class and townspeople supported Parliament. 3. Cromwell established the New Model Army and captured the king 4. Charles still refused to cooperate. Parliament found that he was contacting the French for helped. Charles was accused of treason and beheaded.

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

1. Last Spanish Habsburg dies (Charles II dies without heir, he was "special" because of inter-marrying) 2. Louis's grandson, Philip of Anjou (Austrian Habsburg cousin also held claim) was named as the heir. 3. He assumed the throne, but he could also be Louis's heir. 4. Spain and France fought against the Netherlands, England and Austria. 5. Peace of Utrecht ended the war. - It stated that Philip could rule Spain but not France. 6. He became Philip V and established the Spanish Bourbons.

What made the Northern Renaissance different from the Italian Renaissance?

1. Less secular -More religious 2. Did not focus as much on the classics -No Greco-Roman references 3. Still funded by trade -Merchant based funding 4. More concerned with social issues

French governments during the Revolution

1. Louis 16 (monarch) 2. National Assembly 3. Legislative Assembly (limited monarch) 4. Robespierre (republic) 5. Directory (military controlled government) 6. Napoleon (emperor)

Spain (absolutism and constitutionalism)

1. Many problems following the reign of Philip II 2. Philip III, Philip IV, Charles II -All weak kings -All encounter poor economy -No diversity in their economy AND Philip IV added war expenses With 30 Years' War 3. After the War of Spanish Succession, Spanish Bourbons takeover (Philip V)

Henry VIII Background (Marriages)

1. Married Catherine of Aragon -One surviving child—a daughter, Mary -Divorced Catherine of Aragon 2. Marriage to Anne Boleyn -Produced a daughter—Elizabeth -Accused Anne of treason and she was beheaded 3. Married Jane Seymour -Produced a son—Edward VI -She died from complications relating to childbirth -(kept marrying for more sons) 4. Anne of Cleves—divorced 5. Catherine Howard—beheaded 6. Catherine Parr—survived Henry

The Directory (1795-1799)

1. Military dominated government 2. Focused on the war effort 3. Restored order 4. Created the situation for a military dictator to come in to power— Napoleon

Religious Causes of the Reformation

1. Moral Issues -Use of Latin (in services) -People didn't understand the services 2. Corruption -Misuse of church money and questionable money-making practices a) Tithes: 10% of income: sometimes misused (NOT BAD) b) Simony: selling of church positions c) Pluralism - buying more than one position d) Absenteeism - not showing up for responsibility -Indulgences: selling forgiveness a) Buying relatives souls out of purgatory -Paying to see holy relics

Joseph II (r. 1765-1790) Austria

1. Most enlightened 2. Freed the Surfs 3. Promotes education 4. Religiously tolerant

Political Causes of the Reformation

1. Nationalism -People wanted to support their local churches and keep their money local 2. Pope's political power -Excommunication -Interdiction: excommunicate an entire country -Pope was able to hold this power over the rulers to keep them in line

Marriage and the family in the era of expansion

1. Nuclear and extended families -Extended families were not the norm -Nuclear family was parents and children 2. Married late in life—average was 27-25 years old -Support themselves independently of parents -Tradition—needed landowner approval (wanted to keep number of landless peasants to a minimum—population control) -Most income is rural -Combination of late marriage and nuclear family distinguished Europe from other areas in the world—may have given Europe an advantage economically - weren't overpopulated 3. Work -Boys → Plowing and weaving - farmhands, Apprenticeships in town -Girls → Spinning, tending animals, Limited apprenticeships—seamstress or midwife, Domestic service—many young girls were abused by families 4. Community Controls -Birth control did exist—unreliable -Young people did engage in sexual activities, but there were very few illegitimate births until 1750 -Community controls/pressure to get married -Humiliating public rituals 5. New patterns -Illegitimacy explosion from 1750-1850 -Young people could choose own partners -Had earned more money sooner and were more economically independent. -Rise in sexual activity—some pregnancies did not result in marriage

Wars started by Luther

1. Peasants Revolt 1524/25 -Huge peasant class following a) Everyone equal to God b) Translated into their language -Peasants thought that Luther intended for them to be equal politically as well as spiritually -Luther did not... -Peasants were crushed 2. Wars among the German princes -Ended by the Peace of Augsburg: 1555 -German princes could choose the religion of their area based on majority in their region -First recognition of a different religion other than Catholic (in Europe (*****)

Great Fear—countryside

1. Peasants feared the nobility 2. Began burning the homes of nobles to destroy the ledgers -Burned fields/crops causing a potential food shortage 3. Law of the Fourth of August was issued to stop the peasants -Ended feudalism

Main Beliefs of John Calvin/Calvinism

1. Predestination -Elect are the chosen who are going to heaven a) If you had money you fit some of the categories for the Elect - Did not appeal to the poor -God already knows who is predestined 2. Theocracy -Calvin believed Geneva was the city of God on earth (Model city) -Church controlled state 3. Other ideas were similar to Luther's 4. Not as wide-spread—very strict

Cardinal Richelieu

1. Raison d'etat - right of state -Whatever is good for France is good for everybody 2. Goals: Make Louis the most powerful person in France and make France the most powerful country in Europe 3. To make Louis all powerful Richelieu had to undercut groups who challenged Louis -Nobels - curb the power of the nobles: he allowed non-land owners to purchase titles of nobility (noblesse de la robe) and then appointed the new nobles to political positions (Intendants). -Created a new "class" of nobles. He also spied on the nobility. -Hugenots - Richelieu also took power from the Huguenots by taking away their military, political, economic, and social rights in the Edict of Nantes. NOT their religious rights - doesn't want them to have power 4. To make France all powerful in Europe, Richelieu had to fight the Habsburgs: Thirty Years' war Richelieu spent a great deal of money. --------------------------------------- 5. Louis XIII and Richelieu died in the same year. 6. Louis XIII left a five year old son. 7. Richelieu trained a replacement—Cardinal Mazarin

Enlightenment Characteristics

1. Reason and natural law Skepticism 2. Humanitarianism 3. Pacifism—against war unless there is a reason 4. Religious view -No emotional connection with God -Limited appeal

Napoleon Reforms

1. Reconstructed government - put prefects in charge of each department who answered to Napoleon 2. Law: Napoleonic Code—organized law code -Affected women - took rights from women. 3. Economics: began the First national Bank of France. Helped people regain confidence in the economy. 4. Education: Created a national system of public education; stressed universities and started technical schools and trade schools. 5. Church: signed the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church and Pope. Restored the Pope's authority within France. (Check textbook for land issues) 6. 1803—sold Louisiana (Be sure to read about relationship with Haiti in text) 7. 1804—crowned himself emperor. Crowned Josephine empress.

Pre-Scientific Revolution

1. Religious explanation for events 2. Supernatural causes 3. No dissection of human remains 4. Geocentric theory prevailed -Earth centered universe -Supported by the Catholic Church -Any scientist who challenged that was going against the church

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

1. Religious war that turns political 2. Stages 1 and 2 - Bohemian stage and Danish stage - Religious -the Habsburgs win 3. Stage 3 - Swedish stage -Richelieu Switch-a-roo -Richelieu wants Habsburgs to lose to gain power -Gives Sweds money and Sweds lose 4. Stage 4 - Swedish-French stage -Swedish and French vs. Habsburgs -Habsburgs lose 5. Peace of Westphalia (1648) -Holy Roman Empire weakened—German princes gained power. -Switzerland and Netherlands recognized as countries. -Habsburgs no longer a threat to France 6. Results of the war -Devastation of German land and heavy loss of German life -France emerged as leading European power.

Henry III (r. 1574-1589) / War of the Three Henrys

1. Religious war. War of the Three Henrys—1587-1589 -Henry III—moderate Catholics -Henry of Guise—radical Catholics -Henry of Navarre—Huguenots 2. Henry of Guise was killed 3. Henry III was assassinated by a monk and stabbed to death 4. Passed throne to Henry of Navarre

Popular Culture and Consumerism (era of expansion)

1. Rise in literacy -Both men and women -Bible—most popular book -Other types of literature →Chapbooks →Practical literature like almanacs →Some Enlightenment pamphlets 2. Leisure -Village tavern—main gathering spot -Gardens, theaters, libraries -Fairs and Festivals -Blood sports—popular with mass culture -Religious festivals like carnival 3. Foods -Bread—sometimes consumed 2 pounds a day. -"Fair" price -Different diets depending on class →Rural poor—peas, beans, cabbages, fruit (limited to summer months), milk used to make cheese and butter. Very limited meat. Could not hunt game on the lands of nobles. (Gaming laws - kept you from being able to hunt) →Small traders and artisans—more variety because of markets. →Richer classes—meats and fishes—dinners could last for five hours or more. -New farming methods helped with diets →Low Countries (Netherland) and England →Potatoes (Spreads all across Europe) -New products →Sugar →Tea →Coffee →Chocolate 5. Consumerism -Consumer revolution—growth in consumption and attitude of consumer goods -New techniques for inciting demand—marketing, displays -Clothing—main indicator in growth of consumerism. →Prices were lower because of colonies →Fashion mainly associated with women -Functions of rooms, utensils, furniture.

Romanov Dynasty

1. Russia went into the Time of Troubles -Civil war -Determine next tsar -Romanov family asked to rule by the church 2. Mikhail (Micheal), Alexis, Fedor III, Sophie (regent), Ivan V, Peter I

Northern Renaissance examples of Nationalism

1. Shakespeare -wrote in English

Relationship between Luther and the Pope/Holy Roman Emperor

1. Summoned to Rome by the Pope, Luther refused to go 2. Frederick of Saxony (local German ruler, elector of the Holy Roman Emperor) offered Luther protection 3. Luther was excommunicated -had a debate and agreed with a heretic 4. 1521: Diet of Worms (meeting) -Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor: summoned Luther -Wants to arrest Luther and kill him -Luther defended his position and would not repent 5. Escaped -Luther goes into hiding -Spent the rest of his life translating the Bible into German, writing hymns, living with his wife and children

Social Causes of the Reformation

1. Technology: Invention of the printing press which helped to spread ideas -Spread the ideas of reformers quickly 2. Growing middle class which resented the Church's view of usury -Make money (no land) -Resent being told that they were sinning for working in usury

Galileo(1564-1642)

1. Telescope 2. Numerous experiments 3. Movement of planets; movement of earth 4. Moons of Jupiter 5. Arrested by the Italian Inquisition 6. Tortured and forced to recant his teachings (Italian)

National Assembly

1. Tennis Court Oath—vowed to write a constitution for France. 2. People of Paris feared an attack by the military. -Stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789 -Purpose was to free political prisoners and get weapons. 3. Emotional start of the revolution—first bloodshed.

Causes and effects of the Enlightenment

1. The shattering of the unity of Western Christendom 2. Exploration 3. The Scientific Revolution: rational thinking can progress not only science but human society 4. Opposition to Absolutist Rule 5. In Europe numerous enlightenment thinkers will emerge

Reasons Europe began exploration

1. To find new trade routes to the East. Tired of paying the Arab and Italian middlemen profits on trade goods. 2. Humanism—began during the Renaissance and encouraged people to think and question -Applies to men like Columbus who had new ideas. 3. New navigational devices: compass, astrolabe, new ships (caravels) and charts. Helped with exploration. 4. Government support: exploration was expensive, and governments were willing to pay for the voyages because the returns and profits would outweigh the initial expenses. 5. Spread Christianity—especially appealing to the Catholic countries. 6. (To restate) God, Gold, Glory

Italian examples of Nationalism

1. de Vinci -Madonna of the Rocks portrays a realistic Italian background 2. Machiavelli -books written in Italian

Importance of Northwest Passage

1. idea that an all water route existed in the north since Magellan's voyage had already uncovered the Southern route 2. None of the explorers found the passage, but they initiated new European expansion in the New World

Louis called in the Estates General—parliament

1.Needed money 2. Each estate was represented but only received one vote. Third Estate was outnumbered. 3. Abbe Sieyes wrote "What is the Third Estate?" Third Estate is France. 4. Third Estate received more delegates but not additional votes. 5. May, 1789, meeting began @ Versailles 6. Third Estate stalled the proceedings for six weeks. -Wanted to have more representation/votes 7. Finally the Third Estate separated and formed its own government—the National Assembly. First act of the revolution. June 17, 1789.

Role of Africa (trading at indian ocean)

1450, Africa had few large empires Cairo: center of Islamic learning and African trade Ethiopia was another major center of Africa Gold sold in ports of North Africa Inland nations grew wealthy from trade Slaves important object of trade Slave trades in coastal regions of East Africa

War of the Roses

1455-85. Great Britain. House of LANCASTER vs. House of YORK. Won with the TUDORS.

Columbus' Voyage

1492. Landed in SAN SALVADOR. Marked beginning of SPANISH EMPIRE in Americas

Ferdinand Magellan

1519; mariner for Spain; circumnavigated the globe

Francisco Pizzaro

1531; conquered the incas in peru; from spain

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Peace of Augsburg

1555. (Age of Religious Wars) The RULER of a land determines its RELIGION. Granted for LUTHERANS, but not for Calvinists until end of the 30 Years' War.

English defeat of Spanish Armada

1588. PHILIP II (Spain) vs. ELIZABETH I (England) on England's Protestantism. Defeat marked DECLINE of SPAIN'S GOLDEN AGE.

Edict of Nantes

1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants. 150 garisoned towns.

Edict of Nantes

1598. By Henry IV. Assured RELIGIOUS TOLERATION for HUGUENOTS in France within their own territories. Catholics disapproved. "Long hot war" --> "Long cold war".

Peace of Westphalia

1648 Ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Dutch Indepence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists, weakend the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; turning point in European political, religious, social history. Switzerland and Holland gained independence fomr the Habsburgs. France gained international recognition.

Treaty of Westphalia

1648. ENDED 30 YEARS' WAR. Restated Peace of Augsburg and made CALVINISM acceptable religion. FRANCE emerged afterward as the dominant European power. Swiss and Dutch lands INDEPENDENT.

Fronde

1649-1652. French noble REVOLTS against MAZARIN. The humiliation forced Louis XIV to carefully control nobility.

Treaty of Paris

1763. Prussia gets Silesia. Britain gains ALL of France's North American COLONIES.

Witch Hunts

80% were single, widowed, 40+ WOMEN. Up to maybe 100,000 people sentenced to burn for witchcraft. Accused of doing perverted stuff with the devil. Bad reputation from CLERGY. Ended partly because SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION reduced SUPERSTITION.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. Only adults baptized.

Pugachev

A peasant who claimed to be Peter III and led a peasant revolt against Catherine but it resulted in worse conditions for them than before (1773-1774)

Pazzi

A powerful, rich family in Florence who rivaled with the Medici. Eventually, they plotted with the pope in an attempt to assassinate leaders of the Medici family.

REVOLUTION

A radical, forcible overthrow of government or social order in favor of a completely new system

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. Spread catholaclism throughout the world, focused on education and military, strict.

Seven Years War

Austria vs Prussia; Austria abandoned old ally Britain for France and Russia; Prussia joined with British (WINNERS); significance: no territorial changes in Europe, Britain gained complete control over the overseas colonies of France (called The French and Indian War in North America); Russia and Prussia emerged as powerful forces in European affairs 1754 to 1763

Michealangelo

Avoided an apprenticeship by working for Lorenzo d'Medici and avoided being forced to copy a master for years. In Rome in 1496, he made the Pietá, which was never outdone by his later works and was one of the greatest sculptures of the Renaissance. In Florence, by age 26, he was well-known and thus was commissioned to sculpt his David, which united Renaissance and Classical styles. He then went on to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, against his wishes, and finally built Saint Paul's Cathedral over the base of St. Paul's grave, which was one of the most harmonious - and large- domes in architecture. 1475 to 1564

Mercantilism

CLOSE GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF ECONOMY that seeks to MAXIMIZE EXPORTS and accumulate as much precious metals (bullion) as possible for the state to defend its economic and political interests. Belief that RESOURCES ARE LIMITED; expansion through CONQUEST.

Scientific Revolution Worldview

Changed 17th and 18th century by making it more SECULAR, advancing EXPLORATION, and advocating EDUCATION.

Scientific Revolution

Changing views of the universe in the 16th and 17th centuries. SECULAR SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT in astronomy, philosophy etc.

English Civil War

Charles I's CAVALIERS vs. Parliament's ROUNDHEADS. Ended with execution of Charles I, the CROMWELL Puritan republic.

Role of China (trading at indian ocean)

China entered economic expansion, growth, and urbanization China desired luxury products China advanced economically Admiral Zheng He was an explorer for China, reaching as far as Egypt China will eventually abandon maritime expeditions due to political conflicts India an important contributor of goods like pepper and cotton

Sack of Antwerp

City destroyed in the Dutch Revolt. Angry/unpaid Spanish soldiers decided to pay themselves by looting Antwerp for 3 days (killing 7000). Amsterdam will benefit by becoming the new commercial center for the dutch. Example of the atrocities both sides will commit in the name of religion and others try to avenge.

Test Act

Civil/military officials of crown to swear OATH against TRANSUBSTANTIATION. CATHOLICS banned from serving as officials or in military

THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE

Considered the official start of the French Revolution On July 14, 1789, an angry crowd marched on the Bastille, a medieval fortress in Paris that was housed political prisoners. To many people in France, the Bastille was as a symbol of the monarchy's abuses and tyranny. The Bastille's gunpowder and cannons were seized and the seven prisoners were freed.

Dutch Golden Age

Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry.

James I (r. 1603-1625)

ENGLAND 1. Asked to rule because Elizabeth did not have an heir. He was Mary of Scots' son. 2. Wanted to be an absolute monarch 3. Problems with Parliament -Money—James was too extravagant in his spending, and he hated having to ask Parliament for money. -Foreign policy—too friendly with Spain. -Religion—Parliament had many Puritans in it who wanted to change the Anglican Church. They were excited to get James because he was Presbyterian. He really wanted to be Catholic. He refused to allow changes except for a new version of the Bible. 4. He died before any problems were resolved.

James II (r. 1685-1688)

ENGLAND 1. Catholic 2. Wanted to be an absolute monarch 3. Was older, and he had 2 Protestant daughters as his heirs. 4. Wife gave birth to a son, which meant a long line of Catholic rulers. 5. Parliament invited William and Mary to come from the Netherlands and overthrow James. 6. They did—1688—Glorious Revolution. Bloodless revolution. -Power is more Parliament now than monarch 7. James fled. His son later makes a grab for the English throne.

Richard Cromwell (r. 1658-1660)

ENGLAND 1. Not very effective 2. Tumbledown/Wannabe 3. A group from Parliament decided he needed to be replaced - Contacted Charles II who was in France and invited him to return.

Charles I (r. 1625-1649)

ENGLAND 1. Parliament handed Charles the Petition of Rights—document that would give more rights to people. 2. He refused to sign it and dismissed Parliament from 1629-1640. 3. The Scots rebelled, which caused Charles to reconvene Parliament. 4. Parliament made demands on Charles. -Asking him to sign the Petition of Rights again 5. He refused to cooperate/sign it and the English Civil War began 6. (after war) Charles was found contacting the French and was beheaded for treason

Charles II (r. 1660-1685)

ENGLAND 1. The Restoration of the Stuarts 2. Merry Monarch (restored fun) -Pubs and theaters open again 3. Period of artistic and scientific development in England 4. Charles II owed his position to Parliament. Did not argue with them. -Charles passed things that benefit the Protestant Parliament and restrict Catholic representation and elections 5. Succession issue -No legitimate heir -Brother, James would succeed him -Brother was Catholic -Parliament divided into political parties over the issue of James. -Whigs—did not support James as kings -Tories did support James. -James became king.

William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)

ENGLAND 1. They ruled together. 2. Also ruled the Netherlands. 3. Fought in wars against Louis XIV while in Netherlands and brought England into those wars -France kept invading the Netherlands so William was anti-Louis 4. Parliament gained: -Bill of Rights - Rights for the people of England -Act of Settlement (1701)—ruler of England must be Protestant.

Philosophe

ENLIGHTENMENT WRITERS AND CRITICS who forged attitudes favoring CHANGE. Championed REFORM

Adam Smith

Economic Liberalism Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) Self-interest will lead to a competitive market Limited government intervention Felt guilds should be abolished Regulations on business should be let go

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

ENCLOSURE

Enclosure movement: agricultural experts argue it is better for farming results Enclosed holdings, fenced-in fields, takes away the communal pastures and fields Small landholders and poor peasants oppose enclosure Without communal land, many were left without any access Their opposition will keep enclosure at bay in many parts of Europe But more than half including the Netherlands and England will adopt it Enclosure gave rise to market-oriented estate agriculture and proletarianization: the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

Joseph II

Enlightened monarch. Austria. Centralized Authority, ecclesiastical policies, economic and agrarian reform

Catherine II (r. 1762-1796) the Great of Russia

Enlightened: 1. Promoted education and science 2. Tries to write a new constitution 3. Converse with philosophers Not: 4. Fights in wars, dismantles Poland 5. Doesn't free the serfs

Demands for liberty and equality (causes for revolution in general)

Enlightenment ideas on liberty and equality Influence of the American Revolution

Table of Ranks

Established by PETER THE GREAT to draw NOBILITY INTO STATE SERVICE. Equated social status with rank in bureaucracy/military instead of lineage.

Council of Trent

Established by church to ADDRESS CATHOLIC DOGMA and make necessary reforms. Important reforms regarded INTERNAL CHURCH DISCIPLINE. Curtailed simony, rules established for bishops, required seminaries etc. Counter-Reformation. Frequently interrupted by war, plague, politics.

Role of Europe (trading at indian ocean)

Europe was a minor player and outpost in trade Venetian merchants established relationship with powers in Cairo to gain access to trade goods such as spices, silks and carpets (1304) Demand for European products low in the East so they traded firearms, slaves and metals Genoa sponsored failed expedition to India (1291) Genoese merchants financed Spanish colonization Merchants purchased slaves in the Balkans but lost this source to the Ottomans they sought a new supply of slaves Genoese and Venetian merchants would become important players in the Atlantic slave trade

Enlightened Despots

European rulers who sought to apply some of the reforms of the 18th century Enlightenment to their governments without giving up their own absolutist authority. These rulers were characterized by legal, administrative, and educational improvements when it suited the state and as a means to enhance its power. Examples of these rulers include Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786), Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796), and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1780-1790).

Mestizos:

Europeans (mostly Spanish) and Native Americcan

Francis Bacon

Experimental EMPIRICAL METHOD. Using sensory EXPERIMENTS and OBSERVATIONS to construct scientific theories and philosophy. Backbone for modern scientific method.

Changes in the world caused by exploration

Exploitation of Indigenous People Society in colonies: European language takes over all areas •Difference in society between "civilized" and "savage" •Mixing of indigenous peoples and Europeans •"Mestizo" and "mulatto" •Brazil developed into a racially complex society (not with English)

Louis XIII (r. 1618-1643)

FRANCE 1. Bourbon Dynasty 2. Was eight years old when his dad was assassinated. 4. Mom, Marie de Medici, was his regent from 1610-1618. 5. She got rid of the Huguenot advisors put in power by Henry IV (like Duke of Sully) 6. Regent brought in an important advisor—Cardinal Richelieu --------------------------------------- 7. Louis XIII and Richelieu died in the same year. 8. Louis XIII left a five year old son. 9. Richelieu trained a replacement—Cardinal Mazarin

Charles IX (r. 1560-1574)

FRANCE 1. Regent--mother, Catherine de Medici 2. Regent persecuted Huguenots (France's middle class) 3. As Charles matured - He sought a compromise with the Huguenots 4. Arranged a marriage between his sister and Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot) - Huguenots celebrated 5. Later, Huguenots revolted - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre—1572 6. French government attacked the Huguenots—70,000 killed 7. Charles IX took the credit, but historians usually associated the attack with Catherine - Charles didn't want people to know his mom "went over his head"

Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)

FRANCE 1. Regent—Anne of Austria (r. 1643-1651) - Anne relied heavily on Cardinal Mazarin who also became Louis XIV's advisor. He advised until 1661. 2. Mazarin tried to follow Richelieu's ideas, but the French people didn't like him. 3. The Fronde—1648-1652 -Rebellion of the French against Mazarin -Against high food prices and high taxes -Louis thought the revolt was against him—made him dislike Paris 4. L'etat, c'est moi - I am the state 5. Sun King—Louis's nickname 6. Advisors -Jean Baptiste Colbert: financial. - Made sure France has money, which Louis then spent (name isn't important just idea) 7. Versailles -Eleven miles from Paris -Took thirty years to build -Major expense -Made the nobles move there for part of the year in order to control them -Symbol of beauty and power 8. Warfare 1667-1714—four major wars all of which upset the balance of power -Not about religion -War of Spanish Succession -Louis just wanted more land 9. Religion -Older Louis got the more religious he became -Louis wanted everyone to be Catholic. -Revoked the remaining Huguenot rights in the Edict of Nantes -Richelieu had only taken away some of it -Huguenots can't worship anymore -When Louis died, France was practically bankrupt.

Henry IV (Navarre)

FRANCE 1. start of Bourbon Dynasty 2. Converted to Catholicism ("Paris is worth a mass") 3. It's worth being King, I can put up with being Catholic - Politique (gave up personal preference for country) 5. Appointed Huguenot advisors -Strengthen France economically and politically -Start to develop French silk trade -Transportation within the country 5. Edict of Nantes—1598 -Gave rights to the Huguenots: political, social, religious 6. Henry IV was assassinated

Huguenots

FRENCH CALVINISTS. French Civil War: Conflict/oppression from Catholics. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Nobles of the Sword

FRENCH aristocracy whose nobility came from MILITARY SERVICE

Nobles of the Robe

FRENCH aristocracy whose nobility came from serving in the BUREAUCRACY or BUYING their title

Charles I

First king in European history to be executed by his own subjects. Beginning of the commonwealth/republican governments.

Michael Romanov

First of the Romanov dynasty. Brought STABILITY and BUREAUCRATIC CENTRALIZATION to Russia.

Frederick William the Great Elector

Formed the PRUSSIAN lands into a MODERN STATE. HIs son FREDERICK I made Prussian into a KINGDOM

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises. This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the JESUITS,a Counter-Reformation movement that was PRO-CATHOLIC, and taught Catholics to fully obey higher church authorities. Emphasis on education.

ESTATES GENERAL MEETING

France's debt could no longer be ignored Louis calls a meeting of all three estates in 1789 at Versailles When they met there was instant debate and they could not agree on much The King and the top two estates wanted to tax the common people even more In order to try to bypass the third estate the government decided each estate should meet and reach their vote separately This would lead to a 2 over 1 majority of the top two estates By this time the third estate had renamed itself the National Assembly When the 3rd estate demanded that they all meet together, they were mysteriously locked out

Seven Years' War

Frederick II gets aggressive and starts attacking countries left and right. Fought in NORTH AMERICA and INDIA

Louis XIV

French ABSOLUTIST king. Believed in DIVINE RIGHT of kings. In his 75-yr reign, France became a huge EUROPEAN POWER with HIGH CULTURE and POPULATION. Lived at VERSAILLES.

Henry IV (of Navarre)

French Bourbon king. A POLITIQUE. Converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to support his country. ("Paris is worth a Mass"). Proclaimed the EDICT OF NANTES. LAID FOUNDATION FOR FRANCE TO BECOME THE STRONGEST EUROPEAN POWER IN THE 17TH CENTURY

Huguenots

French Protestants

Louis XIII

French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles. Ruled 1610 to 1643.

Parlements

French noble councils that regulated the legislation of the king

Rousseau

French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society. French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland

Montesquieu

French philosopher. Wrote "The Spirit of Laws". Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate.

René Descartes

French philosopher/mathematician. Advocated DEDUCTIVE REASONING. Invented analytical geometry. Divided all existence into MIND and BODY.

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. Freedom of thought

John Calvin

Genevan Reformation. Theocracy established in Geneva--a haven for Protestant exiles. Calvinist beliefs---PREDESTINATION, transubstantiation is symbolic

Junkers

German/Prussian noble landlords

Civic Humanism

Inspired by PETRARCH. In Florence. Used their classical education for the public good.

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the PRINTING PRESS and MOVABLE TYPE, one of human history's biggest inventions, leading to the increase in EDUCATION and spread of IDEAS. First printed BIBLE.

Boyle

Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691). Helped create chemistry and gas laws.

Pragmatic Sanction

Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.

Northwestern European Household

Kids lived in households until teens, then moved out for job, then left home and got their own families, having kids ASAP. Servants lived with them and was very important.

King's Great Matter

King Henry VIII of England created the Church of England so he could divorce Catherine of Aragon 1527

Thirty Years' War

Last and most destructive RELIGIOUS WAR. Began with a failing Peace of Augsburg, religious division, and a fragmented German nation. 4 phases. Began as religious war but ended as a POLITICAL one. Ended 1648 with TREATY OF WESTPHALIA. France emerged dominant while Spain/Habsburgs lost power.

Ulrich Zwingli

Leader of SWISS REFORMATION. Established THEOCRACY in ZURICH. Only the EUCHARIST was symbolic. LITERAL interpretation of Scripture.

Oliver Cromwell

Led ARMY for Parliament during ENGLISH CIVIL WAR. Established himself as head of a PURITAN REPUBLIC .

Seven Years War

Left France and England in Major debt France lost much of its territory to Britain as a result France will see no other choice but to rely on heavy taxes in order to make up the difference

Negative conditions of agriculture

Low output Poor climate conditions Soil exhaustion: overuse strips soil of its nitrogen Eastern Europe: serfdom used, farm workers tied to the land, in debt, very little freedom Western Europe: serfdom not common anymore, people were either small land owners or laborers High taxes, high rents on working poor

Enlightened absolutism

MONARCHIAL government in which absolutist power was STRENGTHENED at the cost of others.

Enlightenment Women

Mainly SPONSORED SALONS for philosophe discussion. Argued for higher women's EDUCATION since they were stuck in DOMESTIC gender spheres.

Eastern European Household

Marriage before twenty. Wives older than husbands. Serfs cultivated land.

Renaissance Art

More SECULAR themes, a focus on naturalistic things, study of PERSPECTIVE, CHIAROSCURO. Developed FRESCOES and OIL paints. HUMANISTIC ideals and EMOTION. PATRONIZATION by Renaissance merchants.

WOMEN'S MARCH ON VERSAILLES

October 5, 1789 A large crowd of pesant women demanding bread for their families gathered other angry Parisians and marhed toward the Palace of Versailles. When they arrived, soaking wet from the rain, they demanded to see King Louis XVI. The king, aware of the danger, agreed to distribute food from the palace. Some protestors discovered an unlocked gate and broke into the quarters of Queen Marie Antoinette. In the chaos inside the palace, several protestors and palace guards were killed. Marie Antoinette escaped through a secret passageway. The crowd demanded bringing the King and his family back to Paris to "live among the people". Louis conceded to their demands and agreed to go to Paris with the mob, believing it would only be a temporary inconvenience. The event, however, removed forever the aura of invincibility that once cloaked the monarchy.

Intendent System

Official appointed by the French crown under Louis XIV to administer a territorial département. Their powers were extensive but counteracted to some extent by other local officials. The term was also used for certain administrators in Spain, Portugal, and Latin America. Used by Cardinal Richelieu to weaken the nobility in France. Replaced local officials with civil servants that reported directly to the king.

Scientific Revolution Women

Only NOBLEWOMEN and women from the ARTISAN CLASS could dabble slightly in science.

Frederick the Great

PRUSSIA. Enlightened monarch. Promotion through merit, religious toleration, administrative and economic reforms.

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Thomas Paine

Pamphlet COMMON SENSE motivated American colonists to separate from Britain.

German Peasants' Revolt

Peasants demanded the end of SERFDOM in the TWELVE ARTICLES and cited MARTIN LUTHER, which really pissed him off since Luther was SOCIALLY CONSERVATIVE

Creoles

People born in the NEW WORLD of SPANISH DESCENT

Cardinal Richelieu

Politique CHIEF MINISTER for Louis XIII and XIV. Laid groundwork for Louis XIV's ABSOLUTISM. Developed INTENDANT SYSTEM

Political classes finding the reformation appealing

Poor/middle class people seeing as the reformation promoted equality

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Pope Alexander VI settles the competition over these lands between Spain and Portugal

Social changes (causes for revolution in general)

Population increase inflation poor were working longer and harder granting them access to consumption more women in labor force new inequalities mixed elite a product of miscarriages between nobles and educated consumers bad weather lead to crop failure and food shortages

Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, which led to Portuguese control of the spice trade

Habsburgs

Powerful ROYAL FAMILY in Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain. Fought in a bunch of wars and owned huge territory. Huge impact.

Slave Life

Process called SEASONING upon arrival to new life, tried to group according to LANGUAGE and CULTURE, and forced to CONVERT to Christianity. Europeans HATED them.

Voltaire

Prominent PHILOSOPHE advocating religious toleration.

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

War of the Austrian Succession

Prussia's Frederick II seized SILESIA, violating PRAGMATIC SANCTION, and it grew into a huge WAR with Austria gaining ALLIES from all over the place. Led to SEVEN YEARS' WAR.

Galileo

Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. Italian astronomer.

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

Changes in Europe Due to Exploration

RELIGIOUS CONVERSIONS & DEBATE Catholic friars sought understanding of native cultures and languages NEW IDEAS ABOUT RACE Race based on religious and blood differences To protect their profitable labor systems Europeans argued that enslavement benefitted Africans Convinced themselves that blacks were destined by God to serve them as slaves

Peter I -the Great (r. 1682-1725)

RUSSIA 1. Energetic; tall - 6'8" (over 6 feet) and a red head 2. Realized Russia was behind the rest of Europe because most of his advisors were non-Russians. 3. Needed to trade 4. Only port—Archangel—frozen most of the year. 5. Needed a navy and a warm water port. 6. Made 2 trips to Western Europe to get advisors. 7. Fought both the Ottoman Turks and Swedes for land. -Lost to the Turks 8. Defeated the Swedes (in the Great Northern War) to gain the land that became St. Petersburg 9. New capital—made the nobles move there. Window to the West 10. Forced nobles to appear more modern—dress and facial hair. Beard tax. 11. Table of Ranks—used to rank the service of the nobles 12. Peter decreed that tsar could choose his successor. He chose his wife—Catherine I. 13. Peter's legacy was that Russia had to be forced to modernize. Used force to get Russia to move forward

Ivan III (r. 1462-1505)

RUSSIA 1. The great 2. Rurik Dynasty 3. Defeated the Mongols and stopped paying taxes to them. 4. Officially a Grand Prince of Moscow. 5. Married a Byzantine princess which gave him access to Byzantine symbols and titles including term—tsar. -Pope married princess (Sofia) off to Ivan -This allows Moscow to become a powerhouse of Christianity in East Europe since Constantinople is now Istanbul and Muslim 6. Established Moscow as the Third Rome since Constantinople had fallen to the Turks in 1453. - (Rome is Rome 1, Constantinople is Rome 2, Now Moscow is Third Rome) 7. Succeeded by his son who died and left a young son to rule. Wife would be regent but she was murdered. 8. Ivan the Great's grandson is Ivan the Terrible

Anabaptists

Radical Protestant group that believed only ADULT BAPTISM conformed to Scripture. Established Old Testament theocracy in Münster; allowed polygamy. Rebaptism becomes capital offense in HRE.

Positive changes of acriculture

Rotating crops New crop supply from New World (Americas) Some discoveries from Scientific Revolution Increase of animal supply: Ø More meat Ø More dairy Ø More manure Ø More help for labor ❏ ❏ Open field system vs. enclosure

Separate Gender Spheres

Rousseau advocated this, that men and women be kept in different areas of work and life.

Spain's Golden Age.

Rule of PHILIP II. Riches from NEW WORLD. Increased POPULATION.--> Triggered INFLATION. Efficient bureaucracy and MILITARY. Ended with Spanish ARMADA DEFEAT.

Maria Theresa

Ruled HABSBURG Empire under PRAGMATIC SANCTION. Said to have PRESERVED the Habsburg state. Allowed Magyar nobility autonomy. War of AUSTRIA SUCCESSION.

Charles V & I

Ruler of Austria, Netherlands, Spain & its possessions and elected HRE. Most powerful ruler of his day. Then acquired Hungary and Bohemia - afraid of Turks who were pushing westwards. Also under constant challenge from Valois kings of France and faced with upheaval of Reformation (religious upset) Many feared that Euro faced with Universal Monarchy i.e. a dominating, all-powerful ruler. THIS CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL MONARCHY WILL BE A REPEATING THEME IN EURO HISTORY.

Russian Absolutism

Russia would grow in its power when Mongol rule ended in the region

French Civil War

STRUGGLE FOR POWER between 3 noble families led to ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE, initiating War of the Three Henrys (French civil war) in which HENRY IV of Navarre (Bourbon) emerged victorious

John Locke

Scientific Revolution thinker. Criticized absolutism and advocated rights of LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY. Viewed humans as creatures of REASON and GOODWILL. Theory of "TABULA RASA": the mind at birth is a blank slate to be influenced by education and environment

Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776) Tretise on Human Nature; believed people believed in God out of fear

Medici

The family members were wealthy politicians, businessmen, and patrons of the arts who influenced both individuals and the bigger picture, in Florence and all of Europe. Cosimo de Medici ruled Florence for five years after strategically getting himself elected, and used his grandson Lorenzo as a diplomat so that he was aquainted with other leaders of Europe. Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts, like other members of his family, and helped many artists such as Michelangelo. He also helped spread Florentine art and culture throughout Italy. Lorenzo used personal charisma and diplomatic prowess to end a war against Naples and the Papacy in 1479, but shortly after his death, wars tore apart Italy and lowered it from its status of the center of European civilization. aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century. Wool business to banking for the pope.

Kepler

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun. German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Peace of Paris

This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. The result was the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America. 1763

The Fronde

This was a rebellion against the regency of Anne of Austria by the officeholders, Parisian landowners, and nobility of France. While Louis XIV was a child, she and her advisory Mazarin ruled. The rebellion was in response to taxation, and was led by the Parliament of Paris, which refused to register various taxes that Anne wanted to pass. They demanded control of the government's financial policy, but Anne had several of them arrested before she, Louis, and Mazarin fled Paris. There was some military conflict, which Mazarin ended in order to avoid a Spanish invasion. In the end, Louis XIV became a powerful king and this group accomplished very little. 1648 - 1653 French civil wars resenting the increase power of the monarchy & important players in society feeling ignored.

Frederick of Saxony

This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms "the wise"

Defender of the Faith

Title given by the pope to England's Henry VIII prior to England's break from the Catholic church. For his critism of Lutheranism.

Castiglione

Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art. "how-to" advice to a member of the court of the Renaissance

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, Locke believed the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Wrote Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants in response to the 1525 Peasant Revolt. Salvation by faith alone. Gets authority to challenges the church from the bible/word of God. In HRE, Charles V & I is the ruler.

Ivan the IV (the Terrible):

assumed power when he was only 3 years old in 1535. He had to work with the boyars (landowning nobles in Russia) When Ivan becomes an adult he declares himself Czar

Divine Right

belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

The Ursuline order of nuns:

convents to train future wives

Council of Blood

created by the Duke of Alba, Spanish governor of the Netherlands, in 1567. The job of this Council was to try cases of suspected treason committed by Protestant rebels against the Catholic government imposed by Spain. Sent by Philip II

OPEN FIELD SYSTEM

had been used in Europe for many years Divided land into several open fields Traditional village rights: reinforced communal patterns of farming in which villagers rotated field crops, maintained open meadows, allowed the poor to glean the grain, and held surrounding woodlands in common. Sustained fairly large numbers of people, but it did not produce material abundance They began to rotate crops to help with soil

The Junkers:

nobility in Prussia Junkers accepted taxation without consent in exchange for authority over serfs

Russia (general info before dynasties)

not important

Ferdinand Magellan

sent in the name of Spain to find the still unfound route to Asia: the route is found but it takes 3 years and many die

Ivan IV

set up secret police, the most powerful of the early czars. Learned, religious, and cruel. Saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongul lands to the east and south of Moscow. "The Terrible"

Causes of the Reformation

spread of new ideas, corruption of the Catholic Church, invention of the Printing Press

The 1648 Peace of Westhalia ended

the Thirty Years War

Frederick William I

the son and successor of Frederick I who disliked French ways and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and makign it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. He also created an efficient government bureaucracy and encouraged trade and the development of new industries. He required that all parents send their children to school. The Soldier's King; built up an army but never used it. Began rule in 1713

Serfdoms

when you would work and not be paid, but your work instead paid off your rent or debt Lords had power over serfs everyday life too

95 Theses

written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

❏ Creole:

your book says people of Spanish European ancestry born in Americas ❏ Many half-black, half-white children come out of this time ❏ In Spanish America mixed-race populations sometimes rose to the colonial elite ❏ Conquistadors had consolidated their power through marriage to daughters of local rulers and their descendants had become some of the powerful inhabitants. ❏ In South America mixed race people were often freed from slavery ❏ In the British colonies mixing was illegial and not accepted ❏ Masters would often rape or have relations with female slaves, but never as an open or accepted practice ❏ Jews who wanted in on the colonial commerce were often times discriminated against

NEWTON

§ Came up with 3 physical laws of attraction § Key feature was the law of universal gravitation: every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship based on the objects' quantity of matter and the distance between them. § United the whole universe in one coherent system

KEPLER

§ Combigned natural philosophy (study of universe) with mathematics § Three Laws of Planetary Motion 1. The orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular 2. The planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits. 3. In 1619 Kepler put forth his third law: the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is related precisely to its distance from the sun.

PTOLEMY

§ Created the accepted standard map of the time § Discovered the idea that planets move in circles § It only had three continents v Africa v Asia v Europe

RENE DESCARTES

§ Deductive Reasoning: test a theory § Math as the starting point

VOLTAIRE

§ François Marie Arouet (known as Voltaire) § A reformer not a revolutionary § Believed in religious tolerance § Combining science and reason would be good for society and individuals § The best hope for society was a good monarch

DEISM

§ God exists, created you, but then no longer intervenes in your life § Your own moral sense, not Bible dictates what is right and wrong

FRANCIS BACON

§ Inductive Reasoning: develop a theory Based on Observation

ROUSSEAU

§ Jean-Jacques Rousseau § Strongly believed in individual freedom § He felt however, that rationalism destroyed instead of liberated the individual § Feeling and emotion had to be considered § Intellect could be cold § The Social Contract: § David Hume and Adam Smith will also elaborate on the place of human feelings § Sense vs sensibility ❏

English Reformation

§ King Henry VIII (r. 1509 - 1547) § Reformation of country caused be the King's desire to marry Anne Boleyn § Pope Clement VII: denied Henry his divorce from his first wife who was Catholic § Henry makes himself the supreme head of the Church of England § Thomas More beheaded for his radical ideas such as those in Utopia § Henry dissolved English monasteries § Tudor dynasty and new Protestant Church

CONQUEST OF SMALLPOX

§ Lady Mary Wortley Montagu of England is the first to try out smallpox vaccine on her son § Spread practice of smallpox inoculation from Muslim lands of western Asia to England § Risks of inoculation: 1 in 50 could die § Edward Jenner: Will create first successful vaccination in 1796 § New method of treatment spread rapidly and smallpox disappeared

Protestantism

§ Lutheranism was the first of a series of "Protestant" Christian faiths that broke from the Catholic Church. § People rejected catholicism to become protestant § simpler person religion attractive § believed everyone should read the scriptures § Idea that clergy should pay taxes and not have legal privileges appealed to townspeople

95 Theses

§ Martin Luther was also deeply troubled by the church's selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation. In 1517, martin wrote a list of arguments against the church practices, called § Martin Luther was also deeply troubled by the church's selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation. In 1517, martin wrote a list of arguments against the church practices, called § They were a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther. They started the Reformation, which would cause a break within the Catholic Church which profoundly changed Europe

MIDWIFERY

§ Midwives delivered the majority of babies § Labor and birth part of the female world § Male surgeons rarely entered female labor or birth § Invention of forceps will lead to involvement of male surgeons § Madame du Coudray, Manual on the Art of Childbirth (1757) § Midwives lost no more babies than male doctors § Female religious orders ran hospitals

Social Order under absolutism

§ Monarchs seen as semi-divine § Clergy seen as working for God § Nobles had power from bloodlines and their service on battlefield § Peasants and artisans made up the majority of the population § Families were patriarcial (power goes through the male/ father of the family) § Way home is run is how society is run (father has power to use force translates to kings using force) § Fathers had the power to punish and use force § Most Europeans lived in countryside § Peasants served noble landowners

Religious wars

§ Rulers determined official religion § Few believed in religious liberty § German rulers influenced by Lutheranism § Charles V was a defender of Catholicism · Huguenots were French Protestants · There was constant war

IMPROVEMENTS IN SURGERY

§ Serious study of anatomy § Army sergons on battlefields were very knowledgeable § Amputation became an option for saving lives § Operations performed without painkillers § Many died from the agony and shock § Many death based on unsanitary conditions and lack of knowledge about bacteria and infections

MONTESQUIEU

§ The Baron de Montesquieu § Wrote The Persian Letters § The Spirit of Laws: 1. Monarchies 2. Republics 3. Despotisms § Believed in the separation of powers

DUTCH REPUBLIC ADVANCEMENTS

§ The Dutch were the leading agriculturalists § Their high population forced them to find proper solutions § They became expert swamp and marsh drainers as well § Improvements in livestock developed from selective breeding methods.

❏ American Revolutions: causes

§ The debt from the Seven Years War (known as the French & Indian War) causes major taxation from the British onto the American colonists § Restrictive Acts such as the Navigation Acts § Taxation without representaton Ideas of self-government § The French and Indian War § Taxes were raised n British citizens in colonies to pay for it § Costs were high to for employing British troops to watch over the colonies § The greatest benefits to the victory in war were playing out in North America

COPERNICUS

§ The sun is the center of the Universe not Earth § All planets rotate around the sun

FAITH HEALING & GENERAL PRACTICE

§ Traditional healers, apothecaries (pharmacists), physicians, surgeons, and midwives. § Traditional healers used folk knowledge: used herbs or exorcisms § Apothecaries sold herbs, drugs, patents § Apothecaries advertised their wares § Diagnosed through oral dialogue without official examinations § Physicians came from prosperous families § Stress on purging and bloodletting

GALILEO

§ Used mathematics to study motion and mechanics § Experiments demonstrated that a uniform force such as gravity produced a uniform acceleration and led to his law of inertia

PHILOSOPHES

§ group of French intellectuals § France became the central hub for Enlightenment thought due to: 1. French was the International language of the educated 2. Was the wealthiest and most populated country in Europe 3. The unpopularity of the French Monarchy created discontent with the educated elite 4. Created the Republic of Letters

Council of Trent

§ reaffirmed the seven sacraments and the teaching on transubstantiation, gave equal validity to the Scriptures and to tradition as sources of religious truth and authority, and tackled disciplinary matters such as pluralism, simony, and the sale of indulgences. § The council required every diocese to establish a seminary to educate and train clergy and laid great emphasis on preaching and instructing the laity, especially the uneducated.

Catholic Reformation

§ within catholic areas the inquisition was used to get rid of haresy § Pope Paul III was the Pope who would change it all by being open to reform

Black Death

· Appeared in western Europe in 1347 · Normally afflicts rats and is passed through the fleas that live on them · Originated in western China and then spread throughout multiple radiations into Europe, Africa, and elsewhere in Asia · Medieval conditions were ideal for spread of disease: (Narrow streets filled with refuse, human excrement, dead animals, poor personal hygiene, lack of quarantine measures, etc.) · Florence lost between 1/2 and 2/3 of their population when the plague hit in 1348

Calvinism

· Did not believe humans had free will · Believed in predestination

Economic effects of the Black Death

· Drop in population allowed less fertile land to be abandoned, making yields per acre somewhat better · Turned to less labor-intensive types of agriculture such as raising sheep · High mortality = fall in production, shortage of goods, and a general rise in prices · Wheat, sausage, cheese prices increased · Jews were used as scapegoats · Flagellants whipped and scourged themselves as penance for their own and society's sin

Criticism of the Church

· During the times of the Black Death) Members of the clergy challenges the power of the pope, and laypeople challenged the authority of the churches itself

The Hundred Years War

· From 1337 to 1453 England and France fought one another over disputes such as disagreements over rights to land, a dispute over the succession to the French throne, and economic conflict · Immediate political cause of the war was a disagreement over who would inherit the French throne after Charles IV of France died childless in 1328 · War began with a series of French sea raids · War then fought mostly in France · Battle of Poitiers = One battle of the Hundreds Years War · France won

Printing Press:

· Ideas of Erasmus were spread quickly through print, allowing hundreds or thousand of identical copies to be made in a short time (inner spirituality and personal morality rather than Scholastic theology or outward observances) · The writing of Erasmus's books. They were based on education in the Bible, inner spirituality, and personal morality, which influenced the people of the time to go to Church, and receive blessings. · Johann Gutenberg in 1440 invented printing press ❏

Climate Change

· In 1300s climate became colder/wetter · 1300s - 1800s = little ice age · Rivers freezed and crops never ripened · Archeological evidence: collapsed houses and emptied villages of Greenland · Viking colony on Greenland died out completely

City-States:

· Intensity of local feeling perpetuated the dozens of small states and hindered the development of one unified states · Five powers dominated the Italian peninsula: Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples · They controlled the smaller city-states (Siena, Mantura, Ferrara, and Modena) and they fought among themselves for territory

Christian Humanism:

· Northern humanists shared the ideas of Ficino and Pica about the wisdom of ancient texts, but they went beyond Italian efforts to synthesize the Christian and classical traditions to see humanist learning a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spirtual lives · Thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combines · Thomas More wrote "Utopia" = where all children receive a good education

Patronage

· People paying for works of art · Pope Julius II was patron for the Sistine Chapel · Had artists create portraits of their family and to flaunt their wealth, some patrons included slaves in their portraits

Humanism:

· Program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature · Around 1350, a new education in which young men would study the works of ancient Roman authors, using them as models of how to write clearly, argue effectively, and speak persuasively · People who advocated it were known as humanists and the program as humanism · Plato emphasizes on the spiritual and eternal over the material and transient fit well with Christian teachings about the immortality of the soul · Platonic idea = highest form of love was spirtual desire for pure, perfect beauty uncorrupted by bodily desires could easily be interpreted as the Christian desire for the perfection of God · Ficino and his student Giovanni Mirandola taught that the universe was a hierarchy of beings from God through spirtual beings to material beings, with humanity as the crucial link that possesses both material and spirtual natures · Artists could also exhibit virtue, an idea that Vassari captures in the title of his major work, "The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects" · Niccolo Machiavelli was a civic humanist and best known political theorist · Machiavelli's "The Prince" as often seen as the first modern guide to politics

Joan of Arc

· rench success rests on actions of Joan, a French peasant girl whose visions and military leadership revived French fortunes and led to victory · During adolescence, she began to hear voices, which she later said belonged to Saints · In 1428, these voices spoke to her urgently telling her that the dauphin, the uncrowned King Charles VII, had to be crowned and the English expelled from France · Joan traveled to the French court, had an audience with Charles, and secured his support to travel with the French army · There she dictated a letter to the English ordering them to surrender · She inspired and led French attacks, forcing the English to retreat from Orleans · In 1430, she was captured and sold to the English

Spanish (what they did, where, why, how) SPAIN IN THE AMERICAS

• Columbus is from Genoa, Italy but is hired by the Spanish Crown • Expecting to find Asia instead lands in the Caribbean • Because he assumes he is in India, he names the Natives he finds there "Indians" • Enslaved the people of Hispaniola and established settlers in new territories • Revolts broke out against Columbus and he was sent back to Spain • The territories were now under royal control

§ The French and Indian War

• Conflict in the Ohio Valley: both French and British were wanting to have trading posts in area • Britan and its Colonists vs. French and most indians • England and the colonists will eventually defeat the French • Ends with Treaty of Paris (1763) • Royal Proclamation of 1763: colonists not allowed to settle west of the Appalachian mountains

FRANCE (French rev)

• France had helped America during their war in order to try to weaken their enemy, the british • Hundreds of French officers had served in the American Revolutionary War • They studied the new American Constitution • They had been experiencing so much turmoil and dissatisfaction themselves • Revolution was brewing • Theirs would be more challenging more in depth and more impactful on the world stage

TENNIS COURT OATH

• June 20, 1789 • Having been locked out and left out they will come together and resist the power of the monarchy and the nobility. • They will take their meeting to a nearby indoor tennis court • Outraged that they were being ignored they swore a solemn oath not to turn on each other or give up until they had been recognized as the National Assembly

REASONS FOR NEW INCREASE

• New crops such as the potato (from South America) which could feed many people • Improvements in transport: supplies could be delivered to people in need • Plague dropped off • Smallpox inoculation • Less death in warfare: efficient • Improved water supply • Drained swamps and marshes: less mosquitos to transport diseases

Economic causes of European Voyages

•After the black death, population grew as well as demanded for goods •Desire for spices for cooking, medicines and perfumes •Desire for new trade access after Ottoman takeover

New Ways of Thinking (causes for European Voyages)

•Curiosity •Renaissance thinking was more open •Eagerness about the physical universe •More people can read •After black death population grew as well as demanded for goods

Religious causes for European Voyage

•Spices were also being used for rituals •Wanted to spread religion throughout new world •Competition with other states that had been religious enemies

❏ Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile, On Education

❏ (1762): boys education should include fresh air, exercise and life skills ❏ Believed women were born with domestic qualities ❏ Rousseau hypocritically will abandon five of his children to foundling hospitals

❏ Portuguese (what they did, where, why, how)

❏ Cape of Good Hope: Vasco de Gama, succeeded in rounding the Cape and proved that trade with the East was possible via the Cape route ❏ Lisbon will become the entrance port for Asian goods and laying the foundation for Portuguese imperialism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Absolutism in France

❏ Considered the boldest example of absolitost monarchial power ❏ Nicknamed himself the "Sun King" the center of everything, obsessed w making himself the most known king of France ❏ Worked very hard at the business of governing, ruling his realm through several councils of state, whose members were selected from the recently ennobled or upper middle class; he took a personal role in many of the councils' decisions. ❏ The Estates General was a council used to represent the different levels of societies, Louis never allowed them to meet in order to rule solely ❏ Revoked he Edict of Nantes: will lead to exiles and departures ❏ Changes things so that the state, not nobles, hires the army ❏ Mercantilism: export more than import ❏ Insisted on French made productions ❏ Supported old industries and created new ones ❏ Sent colonists to Quebec ❏ French explorers claimed "Louisiana" in America ❏ No massive tax increases or new offices ❏ Creates Versailles as his home and a place to nurture his relationship with nobles ❏ French classicism: custom of restraint, discipline, and balance ❏ Aristocratic women important to cultural force ❏ French culture inspired cosmopolitan European culture

Changes due to Consumer Revolution

❏ Consumer revolution: more buying ❏ Self-identity was tied to consuming practices ❏ Merchants inciting demand with marketing campaigns, boutiques ❏ Seized the reins of fashion from the courtiers ❏ Fashionable clothing more desirable ❏ Rise in clothing consumption ❏ Colonial economies supplied cotton and dyes ❏ Fashion blurred social group boundaries ❏ Women led in spreading of fashion ❏ More privacy in living spaces ❏ More individualized ways of life: a greater variety of cutlery and dishes; more books and prints; window glass that was more transparent; and cleaner, more efficient coal stoves. ❏ Hygiene standards improved: people bathed more often, city streets were cleaned more often ❏ Elite benefitted the most from new consumer economy

Afro-Eurasian trading at the Indian Ocean

❏ Crossroads for commercial and cultural exchange ❏ Trading volume increased ❏ China excercised powerful ecomic influence ❏ Indian ocean trade ❏ Marco Polo's travels fueled Western Fantasies

Constitutional States: England & Netherlands

❏ England and the Netherlands (the Dutch) will use constitutional states ❏ England will have a monarch but they cannot make any decisions without the use of parliament ❏ The Dutch will elect officials as representatives no monarch ❏ England will have major civil wars regarding religion (Protestant and Catholic) ❏ Charles I (King of England) will even be beheaded ❏ Oliver Cromwell not a King, just head of government, but will end up ruling as a military dictator

❏ French (what they did, where, why, how)

❏ English and French searched for a northwest passage to the indies ❏ Futile voyages of Newfoundland and Canada ❏ French exploration of the Atlantic ends with them trading furs and competing for fishing trade in Canada ❏ Leads to Quebec, Montreal, and some settlements in Louisiana

SEPTEMBER MASSACRES

❏ Fearing a Prussian invasion and riled up by rumors that counter-revolutionaries would aid the Prussians, angry crowds stormed the prisons and killed jailed priests and aristocrats, an incident known as the September Massacres.

Results of state building

❏ Greater taxation -at cost of the poor community ❏ Growth in armed forces ❏ Larger and more efficient bureaucracies (governing groups) ❏ Increased ability to compel obedience from subjects. ❏ They relied on trusted ministers to govern ❏ Their goal was to reach sovereignty or at least get near it (power is not questioned and comes from one single source) ❏ Built very large armies that were standing at all times: they were more professional, well trained

Haitian Revolution effects

❏ His assistant Jean Jacques Dessalines will take over and lead the revolt to a successful victory ❏ On January 1, 1804, Dessalines formally declared the independence of Saint-Domingue and the creation of the new sovereignty ❏ The Haitian constitution was ratified in 1805. ❏ Haiti, born from the first successful large-scale slave revolt in history, became the second independent state in the Americas and the first in Latin America ❏ Fearing the same for American slaves, President Thomas Jefferson will refuse to recognize Haiti

Napoleon Rise

❏ His succession in Italy made him extremely popular with the French people ❏ Napoleon was named first consul of the republic; a new constitution, approved in December 1799, maintained republican appearances while making Napoleon the real ruler of France. ❏ Napoleon used his popularity and charism to maintain and order and end civil stride by working out a bargin with the solid middle class...... ❏ The code reasserted two of the fundamental principles of the revolution of 1789: equality of all male citizens before the law, and security of wealth and private property. ❏ To win over peasants, Napoleon defended the gains in land and status they had claimed during the Revolution. ❏ Napoleon built on the established bureaucracy to create a centralized state and consolidated his rule by recruiting disillusioned revolutionaries for important posts. ❏ After 10 years of chaos from the revolution the people craved strict order and stability ❏ He brought a false sense of unity, expansion, and military victories, there were signs of tyranny ❏ Napoleon curtailed free speech and freedom of the press and manipulated voting in the occasional elections ❏ In 1804 he declared himself Emperor of France ❏ After 1810 political suspects were held in state prisons, as they had been during the Terror. ❏ Napoleon increasingly saw himself as the emperor of not only France but of Europe

Napopeon Fall

❏ However, French rule sparked patriotic upheavals and encouraged the growth of reactive nationalism, as Napoleon levied heavy taxes and conscripted men for his armies to support the prosperity and interests of France. ❏ The first great revolt occurred in Spain in 1808 when a coalition rebelled against Napoleon's attempts to make Spain a French satellite and waged guerrilla warfare against French armies. ❏ In 1810, when the Grand Empire was at its height, Britan still remained at war with France, helping the guerrillas in Spain and.... ❏ The Continental System backfired, as a computer-blockade instituted by Britan created hardships for the French population ❏ Napoleon turned on Alexander I, who had openly repudiated Napoleon's war of prohibitions against British goods, and invaded Russia in June 1812 with what was probably the largest force assembled to date. ❏ Though he had originally planned to winter in the Russian city of Smolensk, Napoleon recklessly pressed on toward Moscow. ❏ The great Battle of Borodino that followed was a draw, and Alexander ordered the evacuation of Moscow, which the Russians then burned in part, and refused to negotiate. ❏ After five weeks in the scorched and abandoned city, Napoleon ordered a retreat that turned into one of the greatest military disasters in history, as the Russian army, the Russian winter, and starvation cut Napoleon's army to pieces. ❏ Napoleon might still have saved his throne if he had been willing to accept a France reduced to its historical size, but he refused. ❏ All across Europe patriots called for a "war of liberation" against Napoleon's oppression, and on April 4, 1814, a defeated Napoleon abdicated his throne. ❏ The Quadruple alliance formed in the Treaty of Chaumont—Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain granted Napoleon the island of Elba as his own tiny state and allowed him to keep his imperial title. ❏ The allies also agreed to the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty under Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824).

War of Spanish Succession

❏ In 1700, Spanish King Charles II bequeathed the Spanish empire to Philip of Anjou (Louis' grandson) ❏ This will cause tension with other powers in Europe thereby triggering the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) between France and the Grand Alliance of the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians. ❏ The Peace of Utrecht, which ended the war in 1713, allowed Louis's grandson Philip to remain king of Spain on the understanding that the French and Spanish crowns would never be united and gave French territory in the Americas to England.

infant morality

❏ Infant mortality increased due to wet-nursing: travel, conditions in wet nurse homes ❏ High infant mortality rates balanced out with high fertility

Robespierre Reign of Terror

❏ Maximilien Robespierre from The Mountian would eventually take charge for himself ❏ He gains support by joining forces with the Sans Culottes ❏ In September 1793 Robespierre and his colleagues established a planned economy with overtones of socialism, setting maximum prices for key products and putting people to work producing arms and munitions for the war effort. ❏ Radical economic measures supplied the poor with bread and the armies with weapons, and the Reign of Terror ❏ He will use his Committee of Public Safety to carry out his Reign of Terror ❏ Approximately 40,000 French men and women either died in prison or were executed considered "enemies of the state" ❏ 300, 000 were arrested ❏ Used as a weapon by Robespierre to warn against dissent ❏ The Terror also brought the Revolution into all aspects of everyday life, sponsoring revolutionary art and songs, introducing secular festivals and holidays that celebrated republican virtue and patriotism, and initiating a campaign of de-Christianization, which aimed to eliminate Catholic symbols and beliefs. ❏ Many French people were stirred by a common loyalty and developed an intense emotional commitment to the defense of the nation and saw war as a life-and-death struggle between good and evil. ❏ The all-out mobilization of French resources under the Terror combined with the fervor of nationalism to create an awesome fighting machine. ❏ The Revolutionary government initiated he draft, and by January 1994, French armed forces outnumbered those of their enemies ❏ Well trained, well equipped, and constantly indoctrinated, the enormous armies of the republic were led by young, impetuous generals who had often risen through the ranks.

❏ The Renaissance:

❏ Rested on economic and political developments in the city-states of northern Italy ❏ Economic growth laid the material basis for the Italian Renaissance, and ambitious merchants gained political power ❏ By the middle of the twelfth century Venice, supported by a huge merchant marine, Venice had grown rich through overseas trade ❏ Florence's favorable location on the main road made it a commercial hub, and the city grew wealthy buying/selling all types of goods throughout Europe and the Mediterranean ❏ Florentine merchants loaned and invested money, and acquired control of papal banking ❏ They began to dominate European banking on both sides of the Alps, setting up offices ❏ The profits made from loans, investments, and money exchanges that poured back to Florence were pumped into urban industries such as clothmaking ❏ Wealth allowed imported luxuries, and leisure time to appreciate and patronize the arts ❏ Merchants and bankers commissioned public and private buildings from architects and hired sculptors and painter to decorate their homes and churhces ❏ Petrarch = father of Renaissance

❏ Thermidorian Reaction

❏ Robespierre continued his reign of terror and even started sentencing those he worked with ❏ As a result, a group of middle class professionals, who had the earlier part of the revolution, joined together and turned the........... ❏ He was executed on 9 Thermidor Year II (July 28, 1794) ❏ Thermidor was the new calendar system adopted by the new French Republic ❏ After Robespierre a new government named The Directory is put in place ❏ It is made up of a few individuals to avoid King tendencies, but the group will prove ineffective and weak ❏ Two years later Napoleon Bonaparte ended the Directory in a coup d'état, substituting a strong dictatorship for a weak one...

Transatlantic slave trade

❏ Slavery already deeply entrenched in the mediterranean ❏ Ottomans halted the flow of white slaves ❏ Portuguese merchants sought slaves along the western coast of Africa ❏ Slaves made 10 percent of population ❏ European demand for sugar grew ❏ Forced native islanders to work ❏ Transatlantic slave trade began in 1518 ❏ Dutch West India Company & Royal African Company ❏ 20 percent of aftican slave trade died in voyage

❏ Haitian Revolution: causes and effects

❏ St. Domingue was a French colony ❏ Mostly populated with slaves from Africa ❏ There were a few powerful French (creoles) who owned most property and held the wealth ❏ Their treatment of slaves was horrible: terrifying violence ❏ Slaves did not have a long life expectancy ❏ There was also a moderate amount of free people of color ❏ Hearing about the events within France and some new freedoms granted to people of color from the National Assembly will inspire a slave revolt ❏ Local governments will not acknowledge these rights ❏ Slaves are guaranteed freedom from National Assembly if they help French fight war against European foes ❏ The free people of color wanted equality with Creoles, slaves wanted freedom ❏ Slaves would have meeting in the middle of the night to plan ❏ Toussaint L'Ouverture will lead the revolution ❏ He will be captured by Napoleons forces and sent to Paris, where he will eventually die ❏

Baroque art

❏ Started as a result of the Catholic Reformation ❏ Dramatic and emotional ❏ Catholic Church encouraged the growth of an intensely emotional, exuberant art and wanted artists to go beyond the Renaissance focus on pleasing a small, wealthy cultural elite to a focus on appealing to the senses and souls of ordinary churchgoers, while proclaiming the power of the church. ❏ Two masters of the era: Peter Paul Rubens in art, and Johann Sebastian Bach in music

❏ American Revolutions: effects

❏ Statement of revolutionary ideals ❏ Similar to our Declaration of Independence ❏ "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights" ❏ "Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" ❏ Guaranteed: ❏ Equality before the law ❏ Representation government for the sovereighn people ❏ Individual freedom ❏ Religious freedom granted to French Protestants and Jews

Thirty Years War

❏ The Catholic and Protestant truce deteriorated ❏ The Protestant Union and the Catholic League were created as competitors ❏ Bohemian phase of the war: 1618-1625 ❏ Conflict spread through Holy Roman Empire (most of Europe) ❏ Horribly destructive for European economy and society ❏ Trade in southern German cities destroyed due to destruction to land, loss of land ❏ A large portion of the urban and rural population died in the war

Muslum contributions

❏ The Muslim World (the Middle East) was a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age. This is where many classic Greek texts were translated ❏ Algebra ❏ Geometry ❏ Trignomotry ❏ Calculus

How things will change due to Scientific Revolution

❏ The Renaissance: began the idea of looking to the classics to come to new, open conclusions, humanism, appreciation for knowledge ❏ Greek philosophers will once again be a major source of inspiration ❏ Creation of Universities ❏ Natural Philosophy (studying the physical universe) will become science ❏ Persuit of knowledge of geographical areas ❏ Unty of math and natural philosophy ❏ At the time alchemy and astrology are included

Restoration in England

❏ The Restoration of the Monarchy will happen with Charles II ❏ The monarchy will still battle over religious control until the Glorious Revolution which will finally lead to a true constitutional monarchy with William and Mary of Orange

Goals of State Building

❏ To protect and expand their frontiers ❏ Raise new taxes ❏ Consolidate central control ❏ Compete for new colonies in the New and Old Worlds

Changes in Leisure and Recreation

❏ Village culture remained largely oral ❏ Socializing story telling, singing, chatting ❏ Amusements in towns and cities: gardens, theaters, libraries, fairs ❏ Growing commercialization in leisure activities ❏ Profit-oriented spectator sports: horse racing, boxing ❏ Blood sports: cock fighting, bullbaiting ❏ Religious festivals and processions: carnivals and festivals after lent ❏ Educated elites criticized religious recreation as sinful and disorderly

Wet Nursing

❏ Women hired wet nurse to be able to go out and earn a living ❏ Rural wet nursing widespread business: baby would live with the wet nurse ❏ Wet-nursing common in northern France: half of the infants born in Paris were placed with rural wet nurses; 20 to 25 percent were placed in the homes of nurses; and 20 to 25 percent were abandoned to foundling hospitals.

Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690)

❏ by political philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) maintained that a government that oversteps its proper function—protecting the natural rights of life, liberty, and property—becomes a tyranny.

Industrious Revolution

❏ reduced leisure time, stepped up the pace of work, redirected the labor of women and children toward wage work ❏ Some argue that industrious revolution was bad due to longer work hours and stricter discipline ❏ While others insist that poor families made decisions based on their own self-interests. ❏ Membership restrictions ❏ Christian men ❏ experiencce ❏ Paid membership fees ❏ Had to have completed a "masterpiece" ❏ Their sons could inherit membership ❏ Most outsiders barred ❏ Privileges included exclusive rights to produce and sell certain goods, access to raw materials, and the rights to train apprentices and open shops. ❏ Served social and religious functions, providing group identity to the middling classes. ❏ Most urban men and women worked in non-guild trades as domestic servants, manual laborers, and vendors of food, clothing, and other goods.