AP European History - full year set
manor lord
also known as the seigneur was responsible for maintaining order
Diplomatic system
ambassadors were sent to various places
Lazarillo de Tormes
among the first modern novels (Spanish Picturesque novel)
Ben Johnson
an English writer who wrote plays
taille
an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy, and the Nobility was exempt from
Cathay
an archaic or literary name for China
guilds
an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards. Student, merchant, and craft
Confessions of Augsburg
an attempted compromise of religous faith between Lutheran and Catholic princes of the HRE. The statement was rejected by the Catholic princes, but became traditional statement of the Lutheran Church. The statement included the ideas of salvation through faith alone, the bible as the sole authority and priesthood of all believers.
salon
an informal gathering held regularly in private homes and presided over by a socially eminent woman; spread from France in the seventeenth century to other countries in the eighteenth century
Louis XI
'Spider King" Able to get taille into a permanant tax forming an income for the government. Used swiss to kill Charles The Bold and take his land: Burgundy.
Erasmus
(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist, religious education. Wrote Praise of Folly.
Long Parliament
(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament
knight
(Fr.)chevalier, (Sp.)caballero, originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry
slavery statistics
10-20 milliion slaves taken from Africa to various places, 1/5 of population in US were slaves, SC 60%, New England 3%, 1/2 of population in Brazil was slaves
Royal General Farms
100 wealthy financial families, the crown leased out its right to collect the salt tax in return for large lump-sum advances from this unit
Fourth Lateran Council
1215, culminated the reforms of the past century . 1200 bishops and abbots with nobles from across Europe, defined fundamental doctrines
parlements
13 courts in France's judicial system
Crécy
1346 the first real battle of the 100 Years' War, French army overwhelmed the English who massed their archers onto surrounding hills
Poitiers
1356 John II attacked an English army and was captured
Golden Bull
1356, an edict that officially recognized that the various German princes and kings were autonomous rulers. It also established the procedure that the HRE would be chosen by seven great princes without the interference of the pope
Ciompi revolt
1378, Florence. Wool workers revolted and forced recognition of two guilds of laborers and the guilds of masters who controlled the government until 1382
Great Rebellion
1381 English peasants rose against new taxes
Agincourt
1415 French knights dismounted and ran through a muddy field in an attempt to attack the English who overcompensated and slaughtered the French
Assembly of Notables
150 individuals convened for the purpose of enlisting their support for reforms of Calonne
Twelve Articles
1525 - writen by representatives of the Swabian peasants in a Greman city, expressed their grievances, summarized the agarian crisis of the early 16th century
Twelve Articles
1525 list of complaints made by the peasants in the German Peasant revolt
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
slavery stats
1600, 9,500 Africans exported to the New World every year; by 1700 36, 000 exported to the New World annually
Book of Sports
1618 order by James I of England which permitted games on Sunday for people who attended the Church of England services; this upset the Puritans, who believed quite the contrary was appropriate; rescinded after many clergy refused to read this order from the pulpit
Petition of Right
1628 restated right to a fair trial, no parlimentary taxation, and the confiscation of property by martial law
Petition of Right
1628. Signed by Charles I. No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time.
Neapolitan Revolt
1647 after Spanish began taxing fruit
Declaration of Rights
1689
toleration act
16899 granted religious freedom to almost all groups of protestants
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
16th C. Queen of Scots, executed for assassination plots of Elizabeth I
War of American Independence
1775-1783, French borrowed money at high rates to help support the 13 colonies against the British in this war
Cecil Rhodes
19th century British explorer, found diamond mines in Rhodesia
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
26 August, based on the Enlightenment works of Montesquieu and Locke. Established property as a "natural" right of man, institutions based on liberty
Hapsburg-Valois Wars
5 wars between France and Germany (1521-1555)
Avignon Papacy
70 years of French control over the Roman Catholic Church
départements
83 administrative units created by the Constituent Assembly
John of Leyden
: led a radical group of Anabaptists to take control of the northwestern German city of Munster. He had 16 wives.
Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia
????
Girolamo Savonarola
A Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty
Leonardo Bruni
A Florentine who was the first to propose civic humanism in his book "New Cicero".
George I of Hanover
A German prince from Hanover who became King of England thanks to the Act of Settlement.
John Pym
A Parliamentary leader of the opposition to the throne. He led Parliament in refusing to give funds to the king until he gave into their grievances.
Earl Harold Godwinson
A claimant for the throne of King Edward the Confessor, defeated the Norwegian's army and the king but was killed at Hastings
Taille
A direct tax on the peasantry and a major source of royal income. Increased by Colbert.
Priesthood of All Believers
A doctorine that states all baptised followers of Christ are preists in the eyes of God.
Peasants' War
A group of German peasants that took up arms against their wealthy landowners. Luther did not approve
Treaty of the Pyrenees
A humiliating treaty forced on Spain, making France Europe's dominant power.
Corvee
A labor tax that created a national force of drafted workers to improve roads and conditions of internal travel.
Grand Remonstrance
A list of grievances of the throne given to Charles I by the Long Parliament.
Battle of Marston Moor
A major Scottish/Parliamentary victory against the Royalists in 1644.
vassal
A man loyal to his lord and sustained by the land, a fief, granted to him by the lord. Had the right to the land as long as he continued to provide the service to the lord, ran the manors
Bohemia
A marriage between the royal families between Bohemia and England spread the ideas of Lollard (attacks Pope's authority) & Hus - leads to revolution when Hus is killed
Linear Perspective
A mathematical system for creating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface. The system originated in Florence, Italy in the early 1400s.
Hampton Court Conference
A meeting between King James and Puritan leaders. James I refused to acknowledge any of their grievances, so this meeting was largely fruitless.
Council of Trent
A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.
Diet of Worms
A meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw.
Anabaptists
A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.
Peace of God
A movement that attempted to protect peasants, merchants, and clerics from aristocratic violence and limit the times when warfare was allowed
Truce of God
A movement that attempted to protect peasants, merchants, and clerics from aristocratic violence and limit the times when warfare was allowed
serf
A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord
Thorough
A policy encouraged by Thomas Wentworth that supported absolutism. It did so by levying extraparliamentary taxes.
Bishop Jacques-Benigne' Bousset
A political theorist and an ardent supporter of absolutism. Coined the "divine right of kings."
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II was removed from his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. This was extermely popular and sanctioned by almost all of Parliament.
politique
A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France).
Navigation Acts
A series of laws that regulated trade in the English colonies strictly between them and the mother country. The colonists hated this because they could get better prices elsewhere.
Habsburg-Valois (or Italian) Wars
A series of wars lasting almost 100 years between most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, most of the major states of Western Europe, as well as the Ottoman Empire, basically over territory
Fronde
A series of widespread rebellions in response to the policies of Cardinal Mazarin. Resistance to France's transition to an absolute monarchy.
Sebastien Vauban
A skilled military engineer and adviser to Louis XIV. He perfected the arts of fortifying and besieging towns.
Ship Money
A tax imposed during wartime on coastal cities to fund a navy in return for naval protection. Charles I levied this tax during a time of peace to make money, and he also extended it to inland provinces.
King William's War
A war between France and England in North America. Fought during the same period as the Nine Years' War.
Nine Years' War
A war between France and the League of Augsburg.
War of Devolution
A war between Spain and France over a claim to the Spanish Belgian provinces.
presented a pamphlet that captured the spirit of the Third Estate's representatives.
Abbie Sieyes
A man paying annual taxes equal to three days of local labor wages, and only they could vote. They chose electors, who then in turn voted for the members of legislature.
Active Citizen
Cardinal Richelieu
Adviser to Louis XIII. He encouraged the king to adopt absolutist policies. Laid the foundations for the political acendancy of the French monarchy.
Cardinal Mazarin
Adviser to Louis XIV. Encouraged absolutism.
League of Augsburg
After France conquered Stasbourg, England, Spain, Sweden, the United Provinces, and the electorates of Bavaria, Saxony, and the Palatinate formed this to oppose France.
Après moi le deluge
After me the flood, everything fell apart after the reign of Louis XV
Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy
Allied himself with the English, profited from the war with a lordship including Flanders
open-field system
Allots all peasant households a portion of all different sorts of land
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
Riksmuseum
Amsterdam, Rembrandt and Van Gogh
Machiavelli, The Prince, The Discourses
An Italian philosopher/writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science
Leon Battista Alberti
An accomplished humanist scholar who was a noted architect and builder in Florence.
Solemn League and Covenant
An alliance forged between the Roundheads and the Scots, under the condition that the Scottish Presbyterian system would be adopted by the Church of England after the Civil War.
Patronage system
An approach to managing the bureaucracy whereby people are appointed to important government positions as a reward for political services they have rendered and because of their partisan loyalty
Treaty of Utrecht
An armistice between France and England. Concluded hostilities with Holland.
Mercantilism
An economic system which exploits colonies and territories by encouraging exportation of goods to the mother country.
Colonel Thomas Pride
An officer of Oliver Cromwell, who was responsible for Pride's Purge.
Hanseatic League
An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.
Pilgrimage of Grace
An uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power.
Oroonoko
Aphra Behn
William Laud
Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. He tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer. He was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War.
Peter Parler
Architect of Saint Vitus Cathedral, used height/space and individualism to rethink architecture and sculpture
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
As part of his final stage of his persecution of French Huguenots, Louis XIV did this. As a result, Protestant churches and schools were closed,
Brienne turned to this group to get funding for the national debt, they refused and reduced its existing contribution to the government.
Assembly of Clergy
Met with Calonne, demanded that the aristocracy be allowed greater share in the direct government of the kingdom. Drawn from the upper ranks of aristocracy and the church.
Assembly of Notables
arengo
Assembly which contained all adult male citizens, held sovereignty in the Italian communes
Government bonds based on the value of confiscated church lands issued during the early revolution.
Assignants
Neoplatonism
Attempt to synthesis plato's views with church; idea that material world is reflection of spiritual world and everything is bound by love
The Hundred Years' War
Based on three conflicts concerning Gascony, Flemish cloth towns, and succession to the French throne
More than 800 French citizens marched to Bastille, a fortress that once held political prisoners, in search for weapons for the militia.
Bastille
medieval tournament
Battles with individual knights held, jousting with wooden lances
Geneva
Became home to protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas. Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540
Ancient History
Began with the development of written language
Modern History
Began with the discovery of the new world
Medieval History
Began with the fall of the Romans (476)
Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds
Bernard de Fontenelle
Colonnade in piazza in front of St. Peter's basilica
Bernini's greatest architectural achievement
Canopy over St. Peter's Tomb
Bernini's sculpture
Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Bernini's, alterpiece, evokes emotion.
Castiglione, Book of the Courtier
Book on how to be a good renaissance man or woman
Index of Prohibited Books
Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe
usury
Borrowing and lending on credit. Practice condemned by the church because it was thought to be making money by manipulating time
Henry IV
Brilliant politique king of France who brought the religious wars to a close. He passed the Edict of Nantes, which helped bring tranquility to the state. He purified the Catholic League by making France a Catholic country that tolerated Huguenots, although he was Protestant.
Spanish Gentry
Caballeros and Hidalgos are known as this
list of grievances submitted to the French crown with the Estates General met in 1789.
Cahiers de doleances
predestination
Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.
Roger Mahony
Cardinal of the Los Angeles Catholic Diocese
Cardinal Mazrin
Cardinal who along with Queen Anne advised Louis XIV
Thomas Wolsey
Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Jansenists
Catholics whose doctrines and practices resembled some aspects of Protestantism, stressed the need for God's grace in achieving salvation, Louis XIV closed them down
Early Renaissance (art)
Centered in Florence, this era showed a renewed interest in the classic art form. It showed great interest in the early Greek and Roman styles of art. It inspired humanism and a close look into human anatomy.
High Renaissance (art)
Centered in Rome, commissioned by the public and the state
Maupeou
Chancellor, attempted to overthrow the Parlement of Paris, sent magistrates into exile and established new courts on appointment. Attempt failed but it revealed the dependency of the monarch
Crushed the attempts of urban workers to protect their wages by enacting the Chapelier Law, which forbade workers' associations.
Chapelier Law
Became minister of finance. Encouraged internal trade, to lower some taxes, and to transform peasants' services to money payments. He urged the introduction of a new land tax that would require payments from all landowners regardless of their social status.
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
Thomas Wentworth
Charles I's most trusted adviser, who later became the earl of Stafford. He favored absolutism, and imposed the "Through" policy.
Cavaliers
Charles I's private forces that remained loyal to him throughout the English Civil War
Declaration of Indulgence
Charles II suspended all laws against Catholic and Protestant dissenters, but Parliament refused to continue funding the Dutch war unless it was rescinded
Declaration of Indulgence 1672
Charles II's attempt at extending protection to "Protestant nonconformists" i.e. Catholics.
Battle of Poltava
Charles XII of Sweden invaded Russia and was defeated
Earl of Stafford
Charles' I loyal political adviser
Avignon
City in France where Clement V decides to reside instead of Rome - causes great Schism
Transformed the Roman Catholic Church in France into a branch of the secular state, and created embittered relations between the French church and state.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Gregory VII
Clashed with King Henry VII. Excommunicated the king of England for appointing bishops and then attempting to depose him but forgive him after Henry traveled across the Alps as an act of repentance. Was chased out of Rome after he tried to depose Henry again
Henry IV
Clashed with Pope Gregory VII. After an attempt to depose the pope, he was excommunicated and then traveled across the Alps to repent in front of the pope. After he was granted forgiveness he began appointing bishops again and was thus deposed. But this time, his bishops supported him and chased Gregory to southern Italy
Classicism
Classicists retained the ideals of the Renaissance and produced art that was much more restrained and ordered than their Baroque counterparts. This was the art of science.
merchant-drapiers
Cloth makers. In a small extremely wealthy group, they strictly regulated production and trade
The National Guard's insignia, an emblem with red, white, and blue stripes. Became the revolutionary war badge and eventually the flag of France.
Cockade
Pride's Purge
Colonel Thomas Pride kept royalist members of Parliament from taking there seats, creating a Rump Parliament of 50 antimonarch members. Oliver Cromwell used this Parliament to further his own agenda.
Established by the Convention that became more important and eventually enjoyed almost dictatorial power.
Committee of Public Safety
Committee of representatives from the sections of the city that the government of Paris passed to.
Commune
crossbow
Complicated weapon, smaller, more difficult for knights to wield
Decretum Gratiani
Concord of Discordant Canons, Church law. Prepared in 1140 in Bologna by Gratian
longbowmen
Considered the most important soldiers in professional companies, they wielded longbows as their weapons. Powerful weapons that required less training time
Lead by Gracchus Babeuf, he and his followers called for more radical democracy and more equality of property.
Conspiracy of Equals
Reflected the Thermidorian determination to reject both constitutional monarchy and democracy
Constitution of the Year III
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Controller general of finances and a brilliant adviser to Louis XIV. Created a economic base for Louis XIV to finance his wars.
Short Parliament
Convened to raise money to fight the Scots when they rebelled. It was dissolved when Pym demanded Charles redress political and religious grievances
The French radical legislative body
Convention
Alexander VI
Corrupt Pope of the Borgia family, encouraged his son (Cesare) to create Italian state by any means necessary
The lower body of the legislature that was was composed of men at least thirty who were either married or single.
Council of 500
The upper body of legislature that was composed of men over forty years of age who were either husbands or widowers.
Council of Elders
Council of Constance
Council set on ending the Great Schism -- Forced all popes to resign, and elected a new one
Catholic Reformation
Counter Reformation; A 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation
Richard
Cromwell's son was Lord Protectarate after him but was unable to continue his hold on powe
The deistic cult that reflected Rousseau's vision of a civic religion that would induce morality among citizens.
Cult of the Supreme Being
Jan Hus
Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation. He questioned the infallibility of the Catholic Church. Was excommunicated for attacking the corruption of the clergy; he was burned at the stake
William and Mary
Daughter of James II who was protestant she and her husband ruled England
Leopold II and Frederick William II issued this to promise to intervene in France to protect the royal family and to preserve the monarchy of the other major European powers agreed.
Declaration of Pillnitz
The National Constituent Assembly issed the Declaration of the Rights f Man and Citizen, which was a statement of broad and political principles before the new French Constitution.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Written by Olympe, it demanded that women be regarded as citizens and not merely as daughters, sisters, wives, and mothers of citizens.
Declaration of the Rights of Women
Act of Supremacy
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534
William of Normandy
Defeated Earl Harold Godwinson at Hastings to claim the English throne
The National Constituent Assembly abolished the ancient French provinces and established 83 departments of generally equal size names after geographical features.
Departments
Capetians
Descendants of Hugh Capet, all of whom between 987 and 1314 left a male heir, they were able to absorb land of other ruling families. Built a power base in the Île-de-France
King John of Bohemia
Died at the Battle of Crécy when he lead men into battle with their horses tied together
The executive body that was to be a five-person group chosen by the Elders from a list submitted by the Council of 500.
Directory
Petition of Right
Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land
Yearly grant from the church to the monarchy.
Don Gratuit
Philip, Duke of Anjou
Duke who was named heir to the Spanish throne after Charles II died
rise of the Dutch merchant class
Dutch had a middle class that was known for trading, the Dutch business was business, most prosperous and best educated in Europe
A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform, he defended inherited privileges and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy, and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.
Edmund Burke
Elizabethan Settlement
Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately
Aristocrats who left France and settled in countries near the French border
Emigres
Third Crusade
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Philip II Augustus, and Richard the Lion-Hearted. Frederick drowned in Anatolia, Philip returned to France, and Richard signed a peace treaty with Saladin before he was captured
Peace of Lodi 1454
Ended a war among Milan, Florence, and Venice. Cosimo de Medici made a lasting peace by having an alliance between Milan, Naples, and Florence on one side, and Venice and the Papal States on the other. Lasted for 40 years, and represents one of earliest appearances in European history of a diplomatic balance of power for maintaining peace.
Peace of Nijmwegen
Ended the hostilities of the second invasion of the Netherlands. There were minor territorial adjustments. Only the United Netherlands maintained all of its territory.
Grand Alliance
England, Holland, and the Holy Roman Empire formed this to oppose France's expansion.
Triple Alliance
England, Sweden, and the United Provinces of Holland formed this to combat France.
William Langland
English author of Piers Plowman, society from peasantry perspective
Geoffrey Chaucer
English author of The Canterbury Tales, characters represent the spectrum of society
Mary Astell
English author, first feminist of the times, wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, Reflections upon Marriage, Essay in Defence of the Female Sex
Wars of Roses
English civil war between the house of York, white rose, and the house of Lancaster, red rose
Quakers
English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania; Anabaptists
Henry VIII
English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
Oliver Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
Extreme sans-culottes leaders
Enrages
Otto I the Great
Established the main outlines of German imperial policy. Defeated the Magyars. His succeeding dynasties included the Saxons, Salians, and Staufens
The notables claimed that they had no right to consent to new taxes and that such a right was vested only in the medieval institution of the Estates General of France. The notables believed that calling the Estates General would produce a victor for the nobility over the monarchy.
Estates General of France
Louis XVI dismissed Calonne and replaced him with Etienne, archbishop of Toulouse and chief opponent of Calonne.
Etienne Charles Lomenie de Brienne
First Crusade
European nobles conquered Jerusalem in 1099 and established a Latin kingdom in Palestine
Triangular trade
Europeans take sugar, cotton, rum, tobacco and coffee back to Europe, these things produce pots, pans, guns, alcohol and horses which are taken to Africa and exchanged for slaves, slaves taken to the Americas, slaves used to produce goods (cycle continues)
Jagiellon Dynasty
Family of monarchs of Poland-Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary that became one of the most powerful in east central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries
Gascony
Fief of the French king held by the English, one of the causes of the 100 Years' War
Formigny
Final major battle of the war, the French used gunpowder
Philip VI
First Valois king of France after Charles IV died without a throne
naval wars with England
First, Second, and Third Anglo-Dutch wars, finally stopped when William and Mary got on the throne of England
Ypres
Flemish cloth town
Peter Paul Rubens
Flemish painter known for his large, lush style
Rubens
Flemish school of art, voluptuous women
Filippo Brunelleschi
Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance; built first dome
John Wycliffe
Forerunner to the Reformation. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.
Richard the Lionhearted
Fought in the Third Crusade, signed a peace treaty with Saladin
Dominic
Founded an order of friars, preached to society and emphasized intellectual activity
Ignatius Loyola
Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
Cardinal de Fleury
France finally achieved a measure of financial stability under his leadership, most powerful member of the governemnt after the deathy of the regent, aimed to avoid adventure abroad and keep social peace at home, balanced the budget and carried out a large project for road and canal construction
effects of the wars of Louis XIV
France was in debt and lost a bunch of lives, only thing they gained was Strausburg
Adalbero of Laon
French bishop who described the ideal structure of society as composed of three groups: those who worked, fought, and prayed
Rabelais
French humanist who authored the satirical writings "Gargantua" and "Pantagruel".
Louis XIV
French king how established a powerful centralized monarchy. Established the prototype of absolutism.
Clement VII
French pope chosen after Urban VI refused to resign, took up residence in Avignon
Bernard de Fontenelle
French writer who wrote Conversations on the PLurality of Worlds. Presented as a dialogue between anaristocratcic woman and a man of the world, made the Copernican, heliocentric view of the universe available to the literate public.
Romance languages
French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese
Sebastian Bach
German Lutheran composer wrote St. Matthew Passion, composed secular works for the public and a variety of private patrons
House of Hanover
German Protestant family who had a great-grandson of James I and became the rulers in Great Britain
Electors
German princes who chose the Holy Roman emperor
burgher
German townsmen
Maria Sibylla Merian
German-born painter-scholar whose engravings were widely celebrated for their brillian realism and microscopic clarity, separated from her husband and joined the Labadists, whose members didn't believe in formal marriage ties
Group of Jacobins in the Legislative Assembly that assumed leadership.
Girondists
The Calling
God's voice to work for the church
trivium
Grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Part of the basic education and the first three of the seven liberal arts
Charles IV
Grandson of Henry VII, loyal to Prague, king of Bohemia. Established the University of Prague after U of Paris, cultural policies
Louis XVI
Grandson of Louis XV, obsessed with locks and keys, married to Marie Antoinette
Edward III
Grandson of Philip IV the Fair through his daughter, heir to the French throne
Louis IX
Grandson of Philip who fine-tuned France's administrative machine. Pious and serious about his responsibility as king. He was captured in 1248 as the result of a disastrous crusade. He led the Seventh and Eighth Crusade
An intensification of the peasant disturbances that had begun in the spring and swept across the French countryside.
Great Fear
Christus
Greek word for "sacred oil", anointed kings as one of many representations of God on Earth
Dominicans
Group of friars who gravitated towards the cities of western Europe and its universities
The Plague of the Late Twentieth Century
HIV/AIDS, spread among male homosexuals and IV users
Rudolf I
Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I
Hapsburg emperor in the HRE, tried to make the HRE centralized (eventually failed), was the reason for Hapsburg family fortunes (strategic marriages, etc)
Johann Eck
He defeated Luther in the Leipzig Debate over indulgences in July 1519. He forced Luther to deny authority of popes and councils.
Blaise Pascal
He published "Provincial Letters" in defense of Jansenism.
Investiture Controversy
Henry IV versus Pope Gregory VII, separate spheres of power
Henry VII
Henry Tudor of the Lancastrian faction, first king of the Tudor dynasty. Married Elizabeth of York
Edward VI
Henry VIII's Protestant son and successor who saw the continuation of the growth of the Church of England; adopted Calvinism
Frederick I Barbarossa
Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190, drowned in Anatolia during the Third Crusade, tried to reimpose imperial authority on northern Italy
Frederick II
Holy Roman Emperor who regained Jerusalem through a peace treaty with the Muslims in the Sixth Crusade
Charles V, Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor who tried to keep Europe religiously united
Charles V
Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
Hussites
Hus's followers who largely controlled Bohemia throughout the 15th century
Henry II
Husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine, father of Richard the Lionhearted, Duke of Normandy and King of England
L'etat c'est moi
I am the state Louis XIV
Louis of Bavaria
Ignored Pope John XXII's attempt to prevent his succession, invaded Italy and was proclaimed emperor by the people of Rome
Treaty of Dover
In 1670, Charles II and Louis XIV had a secret meeting and allied against the Dutch, as long as Charles promised to convert England to Catholicism when conditions permitted.
Spanish and Italian Inquisitions
In Spain, Moriscos (Christian Moors) and Christian Jews were suspected of returning to their original faiths (Muslim and Judaism) and were thus persecuted or eliminated. In Italy, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull accusing Jews of killing Christ and ordered Jews to be placed in ghettos. Both of these occurences led to increased persecution of Jews throughout Europe.
Anno Domini
In the year of our lord
agricultural revolution
Increasingly aggressive attitudes toward investment in and management of land that increased production of food in the 1700s
lampblack
India ink, less expensive
Pope Innocent VIII
Instated a crusade - and called for the burning of witches
Spanish Inquisition (1478)
Institution organized by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions; subjects of persecution included Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and witches.
War of Devolution
Invasion of Spanish Netherlands by the French, French vs. Spain, Dutch Republic, England and Sweden, ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
relations with Ireland
Ireland revolted and Cromwell went and defeated the rebels, Scots came and repopulated the areas devastated by the massacres
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
Raphael
Italian Renaissance painter whos art exemplifies this time period; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
Martin V
Italian cardinal whose election to the papacy ended the Great Schism
Paolo Uccello
Italian painter and a mathematician who was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art. Best known works are the three paintings representing the battle of San Romano.
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect
Titian
Italian painter, the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school
Carvaggio
Italian painter-1st important painter of Baroque era-depicted highly emotional scenes
Giovanni Boccaccio
Italian poet who made Italian a vernacular language
Francesco Petrarch
Italian poet who made Italian a vernacular, coined the phrase "Babylonian captivity"
Pope Paul III
Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.
Urban VI
Italian pope who was elected under the pressure of Italian citizens, reformed the curia in an undiplomatic way which led to the cardinals demanding his resignation
Cellini
Italian sculptor who killed a critic, unapologetic
Dante Alighieri
Italian writer, wrote the Divine Comedy
Radical republican party during the French Revolution that displaced the Girondins.
Jacobins
Jacquerie
Jacques Bonnehomme @ Beauvais. A spontaneous outburst against the nobility by the peasants, ended at Meaux
The most prominent leaders of the Committee of Public Safety, were all strong republicans who opposed the weak policies of the Girondists.
Jacques Danton & Maximilien Roberspierre & Lazare Carnot
Swiss banker and French director-general of finances. Revealed that a large portion of royal expenditures went to pensions for aristocrats and other royal court favorites.
Jacques Necker
Duke of Buckingham
James I's secret lover. His closeness to James I made many of the members of his court upset. He encouraged James to enforce impositions
Charles I
James I's son who ruled England when during the civil war
Glorious Revolution
James II fled to France and was protected by Louis XIV and William and Mary were put on the throne with little bloodshed
Declaration of Indulgence 1687
James II's attempt at total religious freedom in England. Not passed because he was deposed after the Glorious Revolution soon afterwards.
conciliarists
Jean de Gerson & Pierre d'Ailly, supported Ockham's attack on papal absolutism
Quietism
Jeanne Marie Guyon's own Catholic brand of Pietism and included a mystical union with God through prayer and simple devotion
Rothschild
Jewish banking family that sponsored Napoleon
Rouen
Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in this town on May 30, 1431
Areopagitica
John Milton argued that even controversial books about religion should be allowed because the state could not command religious belief
The days on which the populace of Paris redirected the course of the revolution.
Journees
Third Rome
Kiev, Russia, Russian Orthodox Church
William and Mary
King and Queen of England after the Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.
John
King of England and vassal of King Philip, lost his continental possessions to the French, was forced to sign the Magna Carta after his many military defats lead to a financial crisis
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
King Matthias Corvinus
King of Hungary - Established a well-organized bureaucracy, patronized the new humanist culture, made his court one of the most brilliant outside of Italy, but after his death this was all practically undone.
War of Polish Succession
King of Poland died without a heir and France and Austria had claim to the throne... war ensued... Louis XV of France and Leopold II of the Holy Roman Empire, France received Lorraine from Austria
Frederick William I
King of Prussia, doubled the size of the Prussian army but never used it... one of the first rulers to wear a military uniform as his everyday dress, subordinated the entire domestic administration to the army's needs, installed a system for recruting soldiers by local district quotas
Saladin
Kurdish Muslim commander, defeated the Latin kingdom at the battle of Hattin and reconquered Jerusalem
Peter Abelard
Laid the foundation of the Scholastic method, taught in Paris, had an affair with his niece
fief
Land presented to a vassal by his lord. A parcel of productive land with the serfs and privileges attached to it
Castile
Largest Spainish kingdom - united with Aragon when Isabella & Ferdinand marry
France
Largest and most populated kingdom, commercial and intellectual capital with industrialized cities
Charles II
Last Habsburg king of Spain. Left his entire inheritance to Louis's grandson, Philip V.
radical nominalism
Latin "nomen" for name, denied that human reason could aspire to certain truth
Permitted the revolutionary tribunal to convict suspects without hearing substantial evidence.
Law of 22 Prairal
Bernard of Clairvaux
Leader of the Cistercians, under the observance of the rule of Benedict, called for European Christians to take up the cross
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the New Model Army in the English Civil War, where he led the Roundheads to victory against the Cavaliers. He became Lord Protector of Great Britain
Jansenists
Led by Cornelius Jansen, this Roman Catholic group formed in opposition to the political influence of the Jesuits.
Robert of Molesme
Left a Benedictine monastery in France to establish a new one at Cïteaux, led a life of strict observance of the rule of Benedict
The Constitution of 1791 established a constitutional monarchy, the major political authority of the nation would be a unicameral Legislative Assembly.
Legislative Assembly
The Hammer Museum
Leonardo's Codex-charcoal works
The government seized all control of resources in preparation to war, and required all young men to enlist in the army.
Levee en masse
Giorgio Vasari
Lives of the Great Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
British Museum
London, Magna Carta and antiquities
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.
Ad Sacram Sedem
Louis XIV permitted this to be enforced in France, thus banning Jansenism.
court life
Louis XIV used a systematic policy of bestowing pensions, offices, honors, gifts, and the threat of disfavor and punishment, he induced the nobles to cooperate w/him and made himself the center of French power and culture
Duke of Orleans
Louis XV's regent until he was 15 (the nephew of the dead king)
King convicted of conspiring against the liberty of the people and the security of the state, beheaded.
Louis XVI
comte d'Artois
Louis XVI's brother in Turin, incited counterrevolution in France
Katherine Von Bora
Luther's wife, raised to be a nun but ran away to Luthur's teachings. Had 6 children, supported Luthur but argued about women's equality in mariage.
The Prince
Machiavelli, handbook for a ruler with a long-lasting government, purely secular
Marie-Medeleine Pioche de La Vergne
Madame de Lafayeete, wrote several short novels that were published anonymously because it was considered inappropriate for aristocratic women to appear in print
Ivan III (Ivan the Great)
Made Moscow the new capital of Russia and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia.
Joan of Arc
Maid of Orléans, deeply religious French girl who went to Charles VII with an order from angels to save Orléans and have the dauphin crowned at Reims, captured by the Burgundians
Theresa de Avila
Major Spanish leader of the reform movement for the monasteries and convents
Thomas Mill
Man who was shamed in England
The Princess of Cleves
Marie-Medeleine Pioche de La Vergne
Craft guild
Mastercraftsmen, journeymen, and apprentices belonged to this guild
quadrivium
Mathematical disciplines of geometry, theory of numbers, astronomy, and musical harmonies
Tories
Members of Parliament loyal to the throne
Whigs
Members of Parliament who believed in a constitutional monarchy system.
Don Quixote
Miguel Cervantes, first modern novel
Sforza Family
Milanese family who, through despotism, came to power in 1450; ruled without constitutional restraints or serious political competition; produced one of Machiavelli's heroes, Ludovico il Moro
Ludovico il Moro
Milanese leader during the Wars of Italy, called upon France for aid
Tartuffe
Moliere
The Middle-Class Gentleman
Moliere
Cistercians
Monastic movement, established a strict system of control over their houses through a hierarchy of abbeys. Built monasteries in the wilderness and discouraged close ties with secular society, Cïteaux
The Jacobins who worked with the sans-culottes to carry the revolution forward.
Mountain
Pomposi
Mr. Toy's favorite gelato place
jihad
Muslim equivalent of a crusade, a holy war
Tennis Court Oath
NA's vow to stay together until they had written a constitution, made at an indoor/grass tennis court
Charivaris
Namegiven to French who are shamed for being cuckoled
Five Powers
Naples, Milan, Papal States, Venice, Florence
Wars of Italy
Naples/Florence/Papal States vs. Milan/France, Venice/Papal States/Spain, battleground in European war of dynastic supremacy
a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate in to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.
National Assembly
The National Assembly renamed, composed of a majority of members drawn from all three orders, who shared liberal goals for the administrative, constitutional, and economic reform of the country.
National Constituent Assembly
The militia of Paris, offered its command to the Marquis de Lafayette.
National Guard
Dutch masters
Netherlands, unique style of painting, Rembrandt school of art
Atlantic System
New system of trade and expansion that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Had a major deal with slave trade. Ironically was going on at the same time as the Enlightenment.
On this day members of the Convention shouted Robespierre down whenever he rose to make a speech. He was arrested and executed that night.
Ninth of Thermidor
New Model Army
Oliver Cromwell's army that defeated the Cavaliers at the battle of Naseby
In 1791, Olympe composed a Declaration of the Rights of Women, which he ironically addressed to Queen Mare Antionette.
Olympe de Gouges
Botticelli
One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, recognized for his paintings of mythological scenes.
Ficino Marsilio
One of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism, and the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. His Florentine Academy, an attempt to revive Plato's school, had enormous influence on the Renaissance and the development of European philosophy.
Aragon
One of the strongest & second largest kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula. Royally united with Castile when Ferdinand and Isabella marry
King James Bible
One positive outcome from the meeting between James I and the Puritans at Hampton Court, this english translation of the bible was commissioned by King James
Statue of limitations
One year and one day, the time restriction that a lord could redeem his runaway serf in
Pico della Mirandola
Oration on the Dignity of Man, humanist, influenced by Plato. Humans were divinely endowed with the ability to determine their own fate
Albigensian Crusade
Organized by Pope Innocent III, absorption of Toulouse
Fifth Crusade
Organized by Pope Innocent III, manned primarily by nobles from Austria and Hungary. Failed after crusaders refused an offer by the sultan al-Kamil to exchange Damietta for the Latin kingdom
Baker's Dozen
Originated from feudalism when bakers would make thirteen slightly smaller loaves of bread so they could keep more for themselves
fall of Constantinople
Ottoman attack on last remaining stronghold of the Byzantine empire, 1453
Mehmed II
Ottoman prince who conquered Constantinople and Athens and threatened Rome
John Wycliffe
Oxford theologian who attacked the doctrinal and political bases of the church, God gave ecclesiastical power and was in the Eucharist. Lollards suppressed only under Henry V
Georges de La Tour
Painted the Fortune teller
Versailles
Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. Was once a hunting lodge.
Louvre
Parisian art museum, home to the Mona Lisa
Etienne Marcel
Parisian cloth merchant who led an uprising of merchants and peasants to take control of royal finances
Test Act
Parliament passed this in response to Charles II's declaration of indulgences; required all military members to swear an oath against transubstantiation.
Roundheads
Parliament's forces that waged war against Charles I and his Cavaliers.
Long Parliment
Parliment called for 13 years starting in 1540
House of Lords
Part of parliment that advised the king and was made up of nobles
Provincial Letters
Pascal
Great Northern War
Peter the Great of Russia joined an anti-Swedish coalition and Charles XII of Sweden got mad... war ensued. Sweden ended up giving its eastern Baltic provicnes to Russia and lost territories on the north German coast to Prussia and the other allied German states. Ended Sweden's absolutist regime and removed Sweden from great power corruption.
Babylonian Captivity
Petrarch, analogy between the Jews being captives in Babylon and the papacy in France
buccaneers
Pirates of the Caribbean who governed themselves and preyed on international shipping
Bouvines
Place of battle where Philip defeated John's ally, Otto IV which sealed the English loss of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Poitou, and Touraine
Duke Charles of Orléans
Poetry contest, "I die of thirst beside the fountain"
Pope Clement VII
Pope during the reformation, wouldn't give Henry VII a divorce.
Benedict XII
Pope who launched a relief effort for peasants in northern France in 1339
Gregroy XI
Pope who returned from Avignon to Rome but died upon arrival
Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
Pope, cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priests, laity. Archdiocese, diocese, parish
preu
Powerful fighters, describes men of high-rank
Miles
Powerful free persons who belonged neither to the old aristocracy nor to the peasantry, "soldier"
Jan Hus
Prague, learned from Wycliffe's teachings and demanded reforms, attacked German dominance of Bohemia. Outraged John XXIII and King Wenceslas IV. Excommunicated, tried by the Council of Constance, burned at the stake
Francis of Assisi
Preached the importance of obedience and repentance in the urban communities of Italy
François Villon
Prison-poet, "I die of thirst beside the fountain"
Tragedy at Munster
Protestants and Catholics capture city and execute anabaptist leaders
new attitudes toward poverty
Protestants could help the poor but the poor should also be helping themselves, big difference between the deserving poor and the lazy
Marian Exiles
Protestants that fled England fearing persecution under Bloody Marry
puritains
Protostants who worked to purify the protostant church and to make its doctorine more persise. Then disliked Elizabeth I because of her retaining Cathlic Traditions and because of the current system of church government
Mary Tudor
Queen who succeeded Edward VI and attempted to return Catholicism to England by persecuting Protestants; Bloody Mary
Raison d' etat
Reason of state. Richelieu indoctrinated the French people in the meaning of this.
One of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism, regards the French revolution as an applicant of a blind rationalism that ignored the historical realities of political developement and the complexities of social relations.
Reflections on the Revolution in France
Individuals who were removed from their clerical functions because they did not support the Civil Constitution.
Refractory Clergy
Marie de Medicis
Regent of Louis XIII. Signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau. Appointed Cardinal Richelieu to assist her son.
Period of time when the French Revolutionary state used extensive executions and violence to defend the Revolution and suppress its alleged internal enemies.
Reign of Terror
England
Relatively small and sparsely populated kingdom, economy much less tied to international trade
Benedictines
Religious men who sought to lead a life of strict observance of the rule of Benedict
Albrecht Durer
Renaissance German artist known for his engravings and woodcuts with Italian Renaissance techniques
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Renaissance philosopher who wrote 'Oration on the Dignity of Man' which was a key text of humanism
demesne
Reserve of the lord, serfs must work a certain number of days to produce crops for the lord
Pantheon
Rome, burial site of Brunelleschi, inspiration for Monticello
Intendants
Royal civil servants who subjected parlements and other privileged groups to stricter supervision. They prevented abuses from the sale of royal offices.
Medici, Lorenzo and Cosimo
Rulers of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance - known for their sponsorship of art and architecture
Eastern Orthodox Church
Run by the Patriarch or Father
Roman Catholic Church
Run by the Pope, also the Bishop of Rome
Peter the Great
Russian czar Peter I, who undertook the Westernization of Russia and built a new capital city named after himself, St. Petersburg
Philip II Augustus
Ruthless monarch who more than quadrupled the size of the French revenue, confiscated all of the continental possessions of King John
Pope John Paul II
Said that HIV/AIDS was Gods will, punishing victims for their immoral lifestyles
peddlers
Salesmen who traveled between fiefdoms to sell their goods
Without knee-breeches , the lower-middle class and artisans of Paris
Sans-culottes
John Law
Scottish financier who set up an official trading comapny for North America and a state bank that issued paper money and stock (both crashed and burned)
John Knox
Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)
Conversos and Marranos
Secret Jews & Musulims in Spain
When the Paris Commune executed or murdered about 1,200 people who were in the city jails.
September Massacres
Concordat of Worms
Series of compromises which established a novel and potent tradition in Western political thought, the definition of separate spheres of authority for secular and religious government
Peace of Alais
Shortened the Edict of Nantes by denying Protestants the right to maintain garrisoned cities, separate political organizations, and independent law courts.
Treaty of Fountainebleau
Signed by Marie de Medicis. A mutual defense pact with Spain. Arranged for the marriage of Louis XIII to the Spanish Infanta.
Troubadours
Singers at medieval tournaments and fairs
Corpus iurus civilis
Sixth century compilation of law prepared on the order of Justinian. Commentaries made on it by teachers beginning in the eleventh century
commune
Small communities of citizens who governed themselves, Italy
Society of militant citizens who wanted to fight the internal enemies for war production.
Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
Protestant work ethic
Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group
pikemen
Soldiers in professional companies, wielded large pikes as their weapons. Long spear
Edward I
Son of Henry III, a strong and effective king who conquered Wales, defended the remaining continental possessions, and expanded common law
Charles IV of France
Son of Philip IV the Fair who died without an heir
Cesare Borgia
Son of Pope Alexander VI. Had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control. Was a prototype of Machiavelli's 'the Prince'
Luis de Leon
Spanish poet who wrote about the fundementals of life
William of Ockham
Spiritual Franciscan, imperial power was from the people. Believed in a secular government, Christian Aristotelianism
stadholder
States General representative for each province of the Dutch Republic, responsible for defense and order
Papel States
States under the control and jurisdiction of the Pope
Louis XIII
Successor of Henry IV. Relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu.
Thomas Aquinas
Summa Against the Gentiles and Summa of Theology, reconciled human reason and divine revelation,
Necker
Swiss banker, controller-general, measured the total income vs the expenditures to find the budget, decided that there was no need for new taxes, miscalculations. Reduced ordinary expenses, made enemies in high places
The Convention declared this to be the Cathedral of Notre Dame as part of French de-Christianization.
Temple of Reason
The National Assembly moved to a nearby tennis court and its members took an oath to continue to sit until they had given France a constitution.
Tennis Court Oath
Angevin Empire
Territory from Scotland to south-central France
Magna Carta
The "great charter of liberties" which King John was forced to sign. A conservative feudal document that demanded that the king respected the rights of his vassals and of the burghers of London
Orléans
The "key to the south" as far as the French were concerned
Sandro Botticelli
The Birth of Venus & Spring, dreamlike quality
Christine de Pisan
The City of Ladies; Began a new debate over the proper role of women in society. Europe's first feminist, and well educated
Baldesar Castiglione
The Courtier-public life of the aspiring elite, an etiquette book
Jan van Eyck
The Flemish painter who was among the first to use and perfect the technique of oil painting.
The French Revolution
The Great Revolution, First stage-bourgeoisie/liberty, Second stage-peasant/equality
Franciscans
The Order of Friars Minor grew by thousands and followed the idea of radical poverty, simplicity, and service to others, conventuals
Urban II
The Pope who called for the First Crusade in 1095, asking Western knights to free the Holy Land from Muslim occupation
Piero della Francesca
The Resurrection, technical aspects of composition
L'etat, ce'st moi
The alleged declaration of Louis XIV regarding divine right. "I am the state."
Bill of Rights
The beginning of constitutional monarchy in England. It gave parliament the power to convene and dismiss themselves, and subjected the King to the law.
Divine Right
The belief that a king's word was law.
Fourth Crusade
The capture and sacking of Constantinople, encouraged by Venetians
New Model Army
The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.
Enlightenment
The eighteenth-century intellectual movement whose proponents believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem
Glorious Revolution
The events of 1688 when Tories and Whigs replaced England's monarch James II with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, Dutch ruler William of Orange; William and Mary agreed to a Bill of Rights that guaranteed rights to Parliament
Duke of Sully
The finance minister of Henry IV. The two established government monopolies, which provided for a mercantilist system.
Henry VII
The first Tudor king that worked to establish a strong monarchical government and ended the private wars of nobles in England.
Philip of Anjou/Philip V
The grandson of Louis XIV. Charles II gave him his entire inheritance. First Bourbon king of Spain.
Stenka Razin
The head of a powerful band of pirates and outlaws in southern Russia who led a rebellion that promised peasants liberation from nobles landowners and officials; he was captured by the czar's army and publicly executed in Moscow
Charles II
The king of the restoration of the monarchy. HE was a closet Catholic who was secretly trying to reestablish Catholicism in England.
War of the Roses
The last civil war between the English nobles and king, war between the ducal house of Lancaster (red rose) and the ducal house of York (white rose), Henry VII (house of Lancaster) won the war against the last Yorkist king, Richard III
Versailles
The location of the palace court. Became the residence of Louis XIV.
primogeniture
The medieval practice that dictates that the oldest son gets everything from his father when he dies
Innocent III
The papacy reached the height of its powers under this man, organized the Fifth Crusade
Leo X
The pope who excommunicated Martin Luther and who bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith
Sistine Chapel
The pope's private chapel, fresco on the ceiling by Michelangelo
lay investiture
The practice by which kings and emperors appointed bishops and invested them with the symbols of their office
lectio divina
The process of reading and studying the Old and New Testaments
Domesday Book
The recorded comprehensive survey of William's kingdom taken shortly after he took part. It was the most extensive investigation of economic rights
Lord Protector
The title Cromwell took for himself after failing several times to establish a constitutional monarchy.
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
The two sovereigns of Spain in the 1500s that married to join Aragon and Castile in order to further strengthen them in their rivalry with Portugal; Expelled Jews, and supported Columbus in his voyage
Marquis de Louvois
The war minister to Louis XIV. A superior military tactician. Instituted good salaries and improved the discipline of the French army.
The period of the executions of former terrorists.
The white terror
Reaction against radicalism of the French Revolution, associated with the end of Reign of Terror and establishment of the Directory.
Thermidorian Reaction
Tonnage and poundage
These were taxes on transactions, like today's sales taxes, levied to raise money without calling Parliament.
magnates
They elected the German kings who were then consecrated as emperors by the Pope, ability to expand their own power at the expense of Slavic neighbors led to the weakness of the German monarchy
The branch of the French Estates General representing all of the kingdom outside of the nobility and the clergy.
Third Estate
St. Peter's Basilica
This beautiful church is a Late Renaissance church located within the Vatican City
Elizabeth I
This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England
Treaty of Westphalia
This treaty brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to an end. Rescinded Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution.
Peace of Ryswick
This treaty secured Holland's borders and thwarted Louis's expansion into Germany.
Michelangelo
This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling
James II
This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government
Johann Tetzel
This was the man who was hired by Archbishop Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences, which he did extremely successfully
sale of indulgences
This was the way that many people were granted salvation. This was a common method of the church to gain power and money
Institutes of the Christian Religion
This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin
Richard III
This weak English king from the House of York was defeated by a rival, Henry Tudor, at Bosworth field in 1485.
Divine Comedy
Three-part poetic journey through hell (Inferno), purgatory (Purgatorio), and heaven (Paradiso)
Christian Reconquest
Took place on the Iberian peninsula. Castile, Aragon, and Portugal ignored Muslim Granada
Treaty of Rastadt
Treaty that confirmed Philip V as king of Spain. Gave Gibraltar to England, making it a Mediterranean power. Won Louis's recognition of the right of the House of Hanover to accede to the English throne.
Tsar Alexei
Tried to extend state authority in Russia by imposing new administrative structures and taxes, developing a bigger army, getting exclusive control over state policy, and obtaining a greater say in religious matters. Imposed the Law Code of 1649 and imposed firm control over Russian Orthodox church.
Treaty of Karlowitz
Turks signed this to end fighting between the Turks and the Austrians and settle the dispute over Hungary
Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty Nine Articles
Two Anglican doctrines that Parliament strictly imposes to keep Charles II and his Catholicism quiet.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Under this treaty, Louis XIV gained control of certain towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands.
dutch reformed church
United Provinces of the Netherlands. The rise of Calvinism here set the stage for a revolt against the Inquisition of King Philip II of Spain
blue nails
Unskilled and semiskilled artisans, worked with blue dye. At the bottom of urban society
Sixtus IV
Used Nepotism to promote his own family in the church
Marco Polo
Venetian, traveled to the East and brought back a new view of life: gunpowder, spices, porcelain, red clay, paper money, white clay, silk
Arthur Ash
Victim of HIV/AIDS through a blood transfusion
War of Spanish Succession
War caused by claims to the Spanish throne by Louis XIV and Leopold of Austria.
Andrea Mantegna
Was one of the foremost north Italian painters of the 15th century who mastered perspective and foreshortening and made important contributions to the compositional techniques of Renaissance painting
Premsyl
Wealthy family of Central and Eastern Russia
In this pamphlet, Sieyes contrasted the vital contributions of the Third Estate to the nation with its exclusion from political and social privilege.
What is the Third Estate?
Militia Ordinance
When Charles I tries to take control of Parliament with military force, hoping the divisions were deep enough to support his actions, Parliament escaped and passed this, allowing them to raise a standing army against him.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Wife of Henry II, mother of Richard the Lionhearted, married and divorced Louis VII, ruled the Angevin Empire, buried at Fontevrault
Political Arithmetick
William Petty
Bill of Rights
William and Mary agreed not to raise a standing army to levy taxes without Parliaments consent, also agreed to call meetings of Parliament at least every three years, to guarantee free elections to parliamentary seats, and to abide by Parliament's decisions and not suspend duly passed laws
Invasion of the Netherlands
Without English support the Triple Alliance crumbled, leading Louis to seek revenge. He launched this operation for a second time.
October 5th, a crowd of armed Parisian women marched to Versailles demanding more bread and milled about the palace, demanded the king and his royal family return to Paris.
Women's March on Versailles
Philip Melanchton
Writer of the Confessions of Augsburg; Luther's friend
In Defense of the SEven Sacraments
Written by Henry VII of England; earns him the title "defender of the faith"
Colloquy at Marburg
Zwingli officially split with Luther over issue of Eucharist
Legislative Assembly
a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791, replaced the Nat'l Assembly
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
pietism
a Protestant revivalist movement of the early eighteenth century that emphasized deeply emotional individual religious experience
Michael Servetus
a Unitarian humanist from Spain, was burned at the stake in 1553 for his denial of the Trinity
Bernini
a baroque architect and sculptor. Made the Colonnade for piazza in from of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and was his greatest architectural work, and the Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter's Cathedral, and the altarpiece The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, that shows a lot of emotion
Imitation of Christ
a book of spiritual direction that continues to be the most widely read religious text after the bible
chivalry
a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle
Diego Velazquez
a court painter to Phillip IV of spain
Court of the Star Chamber
a court that the king personally controlled
Milan
a duchy, Lombardy as major city. Most warlike of the city-states, it was a despotism ruled by the Visconti family
Louis de rouvroy
a duke who spent much of his life in King Louis XIV's court
enclosure
a fence or hedge used to separate a piece of land for the lord
Carnival
a festival that came before lent where people would do all the things that they would be giving up
Europeans in Asia/Africa
a few toeholds in Africa for future expansion, Chinese didn't like the Europeans because they became associated with European merchants who the Chinese considered pirates, good influence in Java and and in India
the fronde
a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism
Sir Thomas Fairfax
a general in the Parlimentarian army
oligarchy
a government administered by a restricted group
Francois Boucher
a great French rococo painter who painted middleclass people at home during their daily activities
Inigo Jones
a great architect who designed sets
Arminians
a group within the Church of England who rejected Puritanism and the Calvinist doctrine of predestination in favor of elaborate ceremony and Episcopalianism; supported by Charles I
Unitarians
a member of a religious group that emphasizes reason and faith in an individual; deny the idea of the Holy Trinity
sprezzatura
a natural ease and superiority that was the essence of the gentleman
bureaucracy
a network of state officials carrying out orders according to a regular and routine line of authority
Charivari
a noisy mock serenade (made by banging pans and kettles) to a newly married couple
Quentin Massys
a painter in the 16th century
Sir Henry Lee
a painter who depicted Elizabeth
Humanism
a philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance
Moliere
a playright who wrote Tartuffe, which made fun of religious hypocrites and was loudly condemned by church leaders, Louis XIV forced public performances of it to be delayed but did not dismiss it
William Shakespeare
a playwright whose works wrote in faver of the monarchy
Dance of Death
a popular image in art and literature that depicted naked, rotting corpses dancing in front of the immobile living
Martin Luther
a protestant leader in Germany who at first supported the German peasant revolt but retracted when they turned to violence
Ket's Rebellion
a rebellion in estern England that arose in reaction to enclosure
Suriname
a republic in northeastern South America on the Atlantic
Order of the Garter
a select group of nobles who were to embody the highest qualities of chivalry
Crusades
a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims
Witch Hammer
a set of instructions for rooting out witches
royal councils
a small group of leading office holders who advides the king
the poor rate
a special tax that supported the poor and provided them with subsistence until they remarried or found employment
treasury of merit
a spiritual bank account made up from the penance done by saints, established the pope as a "banker"
Millenary Petition
a statement of Puritan grievances given to James I by the Puritans in England; he reponded by stating that he would not give into the demeands of the Puritans, just as Elizabeth hadn't, so as not to further the strife in the Church of England
rococo
a style of painting that emphasize irregularity and asymmetry, movement and curvature, but on a smaller, more intimate scale than the baroque
common law
a system of law based on precedent and customs, expanded by Edward I
Ship Money
a tax in port towns used to build ships in england
price reovlution
a time of inflation when wages fell a lot
The King's Players
a troup of actors pratoned by the monarchs in England
The Spirit of Laws
a widely influential work on comparative government, written by Montesquieu
principle of privilege
abolished by the Nat'l Assembly, caused anger amongst the peasants who lost their rights to common grazing and gathering
Act of Union 1707
abolished the Scottish Parliament and affirmed the Scots' recognition of the Protestant Hanoverian succession
Charles I
absolutist who was forced to agree to the Petition of Right, didn't call Parliament for 11 years because he was upset by the Petition of Right, finally called it into session because he needed money, eventually executed
Cardinal Richelieu
advisor to Marie de Medici, regent of Louis XIII, was a politique and greatly influenced Louis XIII
Whigs
advocated parliamentary supremacy and toleration of Protestant dissenters such as Presbyterians
pneumonic
airborne form of the black plague that killed within days if not hours
John Locke
all men are created equal
Rump Parliament
all that was left of the Parliament when Cromwell was ruling (he had gotten rid of the House of Lords and the Presbyterians from the House of Commons)
hospitals
all-purpose religious institutions providing lodging for pilgrims, the elderly, and the ill
Navigation Acts
allowed imports only if they wre carried on English ships or came directly from the producers of goods, aimed at the Dutch who dominated world trade
Toleration Act
allowed non Catholics places of worship and public rights throughout all of England.
pluralism
an official holding more than one office at a time
cité
ancient island part of the Île-de-France
pipe rolls
annual payments recorded on these, the first continuous accounting system in Europe
the Sergeant King
another name for Frederick William I
robot
another name for labor service
William Laud
archbishop of Canterbury, imposed increasingly elaborate ceremonies on the Anglican church, had the Puritans put before the Court of Star Chamber, eventually executed
Thomas á Becket
archbishop of Canterbury, refused to accept Henry II's claim that the king had greater jurisdiction than clergy. Was exiled on the Continent but returned to England in 1170 when he was beaten by loyal knights
Leviathon
argued for unlimited authority in a ruler, Hobbes
French Fronde
aristocratic rebellion against the regency of Louis XIV
émigrés
aristocrats who fled France because of opposition
Bastille
armory and debtor's prison, stormed by angry French men and women on 14 July 1789
Uffizi
art gallery in Florence, Raphael's School of Athens
Academia
art museum in Florence, new Pietá
The Prado
art museum in Madrid
Baroque Art
art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit
Code of 1649
assigned all subjects to a hereditary class according to their current occupation or state needs, slaves and free peasants were merged into serfs and couldn't move from the land
Venice
at the head of the Adriatic Sea it was the leading maritime power, ruled by a hereditary elite headed by an elected doge and a variety of elected councils, Grand Canal, Piazza San Marco. Known as the Most Serene Republic but was actually an oligarchy
Catherine of Siena
ate only the Eucharist, water, and bitter herbs
Boniface VIII
attempted to prevent Philip IV from taxing French clergy, was kidnapped, robbed, and then died
Niccolò Machiavelli
author of The Prince and Discourses on Livy, education in practical affairs
Charles XI
avoided war to conserve resources, sent the nobles home, governed with qualified commoners
Tories
backed the Stuart line and the Anglican church
Poland Lithuania
became a major supplier of serials
Gdansk
became the most important agricultural seaport in the world
sturdy beggars
beggers in england who were capable of work but could find stable jobs
Thomas Hobbes
believed in the social contract theory, made his case using science, wrote Leviathon
Ulrich Zwungli
believed that the bible was the sole authority on religious practice, like Luther; established a Theocracy in Zurich
Florence
birthplace of the Renaissance, preeminence in banking because of the Medici family
Clement V
bishop of Bordeaux, in a close relationship with Philip IV. Moved the papal residence to Avignon
Mirabeau
black sheep among nobility, spent time in prison for disrespecting his father, deputy for Aix and Marseilles to the Third Estate
tabula rasa
blank slate
Titian
bold shades of red with his name
Book of GOld
book in Venice which distinguished the local elite from the ranks of ordinary citizens
The True Law of Free Monarchies
book written by James I defending divine right
A Trew Law of Free Monarchies
book written by James I of England in which he strongly advocated the divine right of kings - he believed that he should rule with a minimum of consultation beyond his own royal court
Townsmen
bourgeoisie, burroughmen, freemen, burghers
woodblock printing
brought from Asia, press onto paper with ink
vellum
calf skin
Papal States
capital @ Rome
James II
catholic brother of Charles II who became king of England and tried to force Catholocism on his subjects, kicked him and his Catholic wife and newborn son out because they didn't want the little boy taking precedence over James adult Protestant daughters
Three Vows
celibacy, poverty, obedience
Florence
center of Renaissance culture, Arno as main waterway. Normally a republic, was ruled by the Medici banking family for the fifteenth century
Apennine Mountains
chain that extends down the center of the Italian peninsula
mestizos
children of Spanish men and Indian women who accounted for more than a quarter of the population in the Spanish colonies
National Guard
citizen militia, organized by Marquis de Lafayette
Palermo
city who revolted when their loaves of bread were made smaller (Italy)
Gottfried Leibniz
claimed that he had invented Calculus, helped establish scientific socieities in the German states
Table of Ranks
classification system of noblemen into military, administrative, and court categories, a codification of social and legal relationships in Russia that would last for nearly two centuries
Sieyès
clergy member who frequented Parisian salons, voted with the Third Estate
clerical ignorance
clergy was ignorant; many preached in Latin that they couldn't read or understand
escutcheon
coat of arms
Baroque
combined Renaissance with Mannerism, dramatic, dynamic, ornate, expert use of light and shade
Pope Julius II
commissioned Michelangelo to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Eucharist
communion wafer, taught to be the actual body of Christ
Frederick William (the great elector)
consolidated areas around Prussia into an absolutist state, realized that needed a strong military, developed an efficient mail system and good roads specifically for the military, made a deal with the jonkers to collect taxes and they could rule
Shakespeare
contemporary of Cervantes, relatable tales, all male actors
Archbishop de Brienne
controller-general, emergency loans, disbanded the Paris Parlement, caused aristocrats to demand a consitution
Calonne
controller-general, shifted the tax burden, land-tax proportional to land value, lightening of peasant tax and sale of Church lands, failed attempt
Frederick I
convinced the Holy Roman Emperor to name him King in Prussia (thats why he has a I in his name)
indulgences
could be purchased for personal use or for the soul of a loved one already in purgatory
English Royal Society
counterpart to the one in Frane, grew out of informal meetings of scientists in London and Oxford rather than direct goverment involvement
Duke of Buckingham
country gentlement who gained entrance into the courts because Queen Anne James I's wife liked him
Persian Letters
criticized the pope and the last years of Louis XIV, about two Persians who come to France for love of knowledge, written by Montesquieu
taille
crown's basic commodity tax in Frane
Pietá
crucified Jesus with Mary, The Pity
impostions
custom duties in franc
Brethren of the Common Life
dedicated themselves to preaching and charity in the Low Countries
Thirty-Nine Articles
defined the creed of Anglican Church
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
denied the existence of any innate ideas and asserted that each human is bron with a mind that is a blank slate
priories
dependent communities throughout Europe, ran by Cluniac monks
Great Fire
destroyed most of London but also got rid of the plague
Estates-General
did not meet between 1614-1789, was divided by three tiers called orders/estates
taille
direct tax levied on persons or land according to region
Levellers
disgruntled soldiers in Cromwell's New Model Army who wanted to "level" social differences and extend politcal participation to all male property owners
excessive individualism
distorted humanism
Constituent Assembly
divided France into new administrative units to establish better control over municipal governments
elb river
divided the serfs (east) and the free peasants (west)
aide
drink or food tax
three-field system
each field divided into three, one left fallow for the season
bourgeoisie
educated, middle class of france; provided force behind the Revolution, members of the Third Estate, enveloped various professions
Spanish school
el Greco-the Greek, Velasquez-disproportionately elongated torsos
Marquis de Condorcet
elected to the Legislative Assembly, one of the first to raise the issue of women's rights
Treaty of Nijmegan
ended the Dutch War
Treaty of Nystad
ended the Great Northern War
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
ended the War of Devolution
Treaty of Rijswijk
ended the War of the League of Augsburg
Peace of Utrecht
ended the war of spanish succession, Philip was recognized as king of Spain but had to renounce any claim to the French throne. Spain surrendered its territories in Italy and the Netherlands to the Austrians and Gibraltar to the British; France gave possessions in North America to Britain. France no longer threatened to dominate European power politics.
John Milton
english Puritan poet who wrestled with the inevitable limitations on individual liberty, published writings in favor of divorce, Areopagitica, Paradise Lost
Clarendon Code
established Anglican religion as the only recognized religion, only Anglicans could serve in parliament, attend universities, hold religious services...
Constitution of 1791
established a constitutional monarchy with a ministerial executive power answerable to a legislative assembly, only wealthy men had the right to vote/hold office
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
established priests as paid agents of the state, priests had to declare an oath of loyalty to the state
Peace of Lodi
established two balanced alliances between Florence/Milan and Venice/Naples, states pledged mutual nonaggression
nuclear
families consisting of the married couple and their children
Polish constitutionalsim
fatally weakened the state and made it prey to neighboring powers,
Independents
favored entirely autonomous congregations free from other church government (part of the Roundheads)
Jean-Baptiste Lully
favorite composer of Louis XIV, wrote sixteen operas for court performances and many ballets
Beguines
female religious folk who formed miniature towns-within-towns in northern cities
Rites of May
festival that celebrated the rebirth of spring
The Twelve Days of Christmas
festival that inagurated the slow days of winter
Raphael
finished the dome on St. Peter's cathedral, School of Athens
Turgot
first controller-general, economic growth, reforms were not passed because they offended established interests, emphasis on laissez-faire
Petarch
first humanist; father of the Renaissance; writer; makes effort to imitate cultures of Rome and Greece
western influence in Russia
first theater opened in the Kremlin, Alexei's daughter translated French plays, some nobles began to wear German-style clothing, and some argued that service and not just birth should determine rank
Catherine of Aragon
first wife of King Henry VIII. Queen of England. Produced Henry a daughter. Divorce was the initial step of Reformation in England.
tricolor flag
flag of the Nat'l Guard, red/blue-Paris, white-Bourbon
corvée
forced labor of peasants on the road, their abolition threatened un-taxed privileged groups
septicemic
form of the plague that attacked the blood
Bank of England
founded in 1694 and endured (unlike the French bank) enabled the government to raise money at low interest for foreign wars, by 1740s government could borrow more than four times what it could in the 1690s
Angela Merici
founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the 1530s to proved education and religious training
beatniks
free-thinking members of the Bohemian movement
Land Hierarchy
freeholder, laborer, and leaseholder
huguenots
french calvinists
Phillip Duplessis Mornay
frenchman who wrote A Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants
Jeanne Marie Guyon
frenchwomen who attracted many noblewomen and a few leading clergymen to her own Catholic brand of Pietism, known as Quietism, claimed miraculous visions and astounding prophecies, urged a mystical union with God through prayer and simple devotion
Masaccio
frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel, shading of light and shadow and linear perspective. The Expulsion of Adam & Eve and The Holy Trinity
Hanseatic League
from "Hansa" which means "company", monopolized the northern grain trade and forced Denmark to grant its members exclusive rights
Senate
from the body of the Great Council, members served one-year terms
Jansenists revival
funeral of Jansenist priest, crowd claimed to witness a series of miraculous healings, cult formed around the priest's tomb and clandestine Jansenist presses were reporting new miracles to the reading public
universals
general concepts that could be analyzed through the use of logic
Oliver Cromwell
general in the Parlimentarian army who later gained the title Lord Protectarate
Pascal
genius mathematician who wrote Provincial Letters to defend Jansenism against charges of heresy
Lorenzo de' Medici
grandson of Cosimo de' Medici, diplomat, patron to Michelangelo and Pico della Mirandola, leading citizen of Florence
Toleration Act of 1689
granted all Protestants freedom of worship, but non-Anglicans could still not attend universities; Catholics did not get any rights but were left alone to worship privately
Petrarch
great Italian humanist poet scholar, the father of humanism, revived Cicero
Louis XV
great-grandson of Louis XIV, was apathetic to the problems of the French government under his reign
College of Cardinals
group of cardinals who elect the next pope
universitas
guild of students at Bologna, law students
popular religious culture
had "paganism" and carnivals and superstitions some villages had never even herad of Jesus Christ
Swedish Absolutism
had an absolute monarchy but fought all the time, Charles XI and Charles XII
Lukardis of Oberweimar
had an errotic vision of Christ
authority in the Ottoman Empire
had constantly shifting systems and alliances, the sultan allowed bands of bandits to keep control in various provinces
Charles II
had full partnership with the Parliament because he didn't want to be executed like his dad...
17th century Poland-Lithuania
had serfdom, elected kings, nobles had a veto, constant chaos, very diverse, official language was latin, no national army, every country tried to take a "bite" out of them
Witches' Hammer
handbook for inquisitors
peasants in Eastern Europe
hardly differed from slaves in status, and their "masters" ran their huge estates much like American plantations
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
head of royal finances, public works, and the navy; used the bureaucracy to establish a new economic doctrine, mercantilism
dauphin
heir to the French throne
Council of Constance
held under emperor-elect Sigismund. Deposed the Avignon and Pisan popes, the Roman pope abdicated, elected an unaffiliated Italian cardinal
quilombo
hideouts for the runaway slaves
parlements
high courts
Montesquieu
high-ranking judge in a French court; wrote Persian Letters and published anonymously, also wrote The Spirit of Laws
Jacob Burkhardt
historian who was the first to categorize the Middle Ages as a "Dark Age" and the Renaissance as a "cultural rebirth."
Civic (southern) Humanism
humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society
condition of Hungary
hungary's population had decreased so much that they called for people throughout Europe to come and settle it, led to ethnic disagreements.... World War I....
Popish Plot
hysteria over the belief that Charles II's wife was plotting to kill him and put his brother, James, an open Catholic, on the throne
shifts in rural society structure
ik
Ghibellines
imperial faction, named after Waiblingen castle belonging to the family of Frederick II
League of Schmalkalden
in Northern Germany formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V's drive to re-Catholicize Germany
monetary payments
in the 16th century began to replace labor service by the tenants
village justice
included "rough music" "ride on a donkey" skimmington" "charivari"
Plague of Insurrection
inheritance of wealth and power on the part of the surviving peasants which led to peasant revolts
Charles VIII
invaded the Italian peninsula in 1494, forced Florence to surrender Pisa
Johannes Gutenberg
invented the printing press (Gutenberg Press)
Louis XV
king of France after Louis XIV (his grandson) could care less about ruling the country, created a state bank
Nu Pieds
knowns as the barefooted people who rose against changes in salt tax and wine tax in france
urban social life
landed nobles -> gentry -> aritsans and shopkeepers -> journeymen, apprentices, servants, and laborers -> unemployed poor
exchequer
large checkerboard with the function of a primitive computer to audit the returns of sheriffs
siege of Vienna
last time the Turks moved into Europe
Pierre Bayle
launched an internationally influential campaign against religious intolerance from his safe haven in the Dutch Republic, wrote New from the Republic of Letters, took a general stand in favor of religious toleration, wrote Historical and Critical Dictionary, Even religion must meet the test of reasonableness
Kublai Khan
leader of China at the time of Marco Polo's visit
Duc de Conde
leader of the Parisian rioters against Louis XIV
condottieri
leaders of the mercenary armies, from the name of their contract. Were expensive and dangerous to maintain
Sixth Crusade
led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II who regained Jerusalem through a peace treaty with the Muslims
Toussaint L'Ouverture
led the slave rebellion for black independence in Saint Domingue in 1791
Cicero
legacy of eloquence, dominant model for Renaissance poets and orators,
milk parents
life in the home of the family of a wet nurse, for the children of the wealthy
gatekeeper
locked up the town every night, protected from highwaymen
Tartuffe
made fun of religious hypocrites and was loudly condemned by church leaders
First Estate
made up of clergy, 300 members
Third Estate
made up of commoners, lack of privilege, identified by work, 300 members-->600 members
Second Estate
made up of nobility, 300 members
Titus Oates
made up stories that Charles II's wife was plotting against him because he was a true Anglican and was having an affair with his brother James. He took his accusations to court and caused much hysteria.
black magic
magic used for evil
witchcraft
magin used for evil
Daniel Defoe
male counterpart to Haywood, wrote about many things but was a novelist who wrote Robinson Crusoe, and Moll Flanders which portrayed the new values of the time: to survive
Beghards
male religious folk who formed miniature towns-within-towns in northern cities
Archbishop William Laud
man appointed Archbishop of Canterbury who wanted to estiblish the same Book of Common Prayer in Scotland
Jan Sobieski
man elected king of Poland-Lithuania but could not stop the decline into powerlessness
Cardinal Richelieu of France
man of a noble family who was King Louis XIII favorite
Trade Hierarchy
masters, journeyment,a nd apprentices
magistrate
member of the aristocracy who also belonged to a parlement
National Assembly
members of the 3rd and liberal members of the 1st/2nd, an assertion of its true representation of France
Body Politic
metaphor used to describe society stressed the notion of interdependency even more strongly
Condottieri
military brokers that provided mercenary armies to Italian despots.
elect/visible saints
model christians, church members who had their conversion experience
Saint Domingue
modern day Haiti, home of a slave rebellion in 1791
dowry
money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage
Lorenzo Valla
most influential of the humanists, worked for Alfonso I of Naples, used philology to disprove the Donation of Constantine
Ottoman Turks
name derived from Osman, their original leader, replaced the Byzantines, most directly affected Venice, closed off the markets of eastern Europe
the "middle passage"
name for the trip that the slaves made across the Atlantic, took about three months, 25% of slaves died on the voyage, jammed into ships like sardines
Skimmingtons
name givent to the English who are shamed for being cuckoled
Agnes
name of woman who was shamed in England
Donatello
naturalistic forms, revived the equestrian and the free-standing statue, Judith Slaying Holofernes,
St. Petersburg
new capital city that Peter the Great had built for himself
Humanism
new outlook on life, more to life than preparing for the afterlife. Everyone has different gifts from God that they should embrace
inner light sects
new sects that formed and emphasized the "inner light" of individual religious inspiration and a disdain for heirarchical authority, emphasized equality before God and greater participation in church governance
Heloise
niece and lover of Peter Abelard, their marriage lead to his castration and she moved to a monastery
balance of power
no single power emerged from the wars of the first half of the eighteenth century clearly superior to the others
Dutch Eclipse
no stadholder in Dutch Republic after WIlliam of Orange died, Dutch trade suffered due to bans on imported goods in other countries, political and military grip lost in India, Ceylon, and Java
Count Duke Olivares
nobleman of a lesser brance and was a favorite of King Phillip IV
podestas
nonpolitical professional city managers from outside of the community
English/Irish relations
not so good
cahiers de doléances
notebooks containing the grievances of the people of France, carried to Versailles by deputies elected to the Estates-General
Alfonso I
of Aragon, secured the throne of Naples in 1443 to end 50 years of civil war
gentle
of good birth, describes the attitude of a knight and his lady
Getty Museum
oil industrialist, works purchased on the black market, Van Gogh's Irises
ancien régime
old regime, the monarchical or absolutist rule in Europe before the French Revolution
4-Aug
on this date the Nat'l Assembly abolished privilege in France, citizen/citizeness, had to buy out of feudal services
Baptists
one of the "inner light" sects, insisted on adult baptism because they believed that Christians should choose their own curch and that every child should not automatically become a member of the Church of England
George Handel
one of the first composers to grasp the new directions in music, wrote oratorios, Messiah
Antoine Watteau
one of the great French rococo painters, captured the melancholy side of a passing aristocratic style of life
On the Excellence of the Kings and the kingdom of france
one of the most popular french histories in the 17th century
tithing
one-tenth of income goes to the Roman Catholic Church, taxes
the Protectorate
only time in England's history when there was not a king
The Middle-Class Gentleman
only true nobles by blood can hope to act like nobles, also showed how the middle classes were learning to emulate the nobility; if one could learn to act nobly through self-discipline, could not anyone with some education and money pass himself off as a noble?
monasteries
orchestrated the cult of the dead who we saints and the ordinary dead, communities of professional prayers
Council of Ten
organ of Florentine government that had responsibility for war and diplomacy
nobility
originally known as the warrior caste
buboes
painful swellings in the lymph nodes of the groin or armpits, bubonic plague killed within five days
Cornelius Buys
painted Feeding the Hungry to depict the new poor
Peter Paul Ruben
painted several portraits of Marie de Medicis
Jan van Eyck
painted the Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovana Cenami
Jan Vermeer
painted the Milkmaid depicting a domestic servant
Joris Hoefnagel
painted the weeding feast at Bermondsey
curia
papal court, Avignon popes created a central bureaucracy that increased papal revenues
Guelphs
papal faction, named after the Welf family which opposed Frederick's
increases in literacy
parish schools, emphasis on Bible reading, more books and periodicals released then ever before
Sejm
parliament in Poland-Lithuania where the nobles all had an absolute veto power
Roundheads
parliamentary forces, cut their hair short, dominated by the Puritans and the gentry
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
part of Louis XIV's efforts to have France have only one religion, he closed huguenots churches and schools, banned all their public activities, and exiled those who refused to embrace the state religion
House of commons
part of the English parliment that advised the king and used legislative power usually made up of bourgeousie
peninsulares
people born in Spain in the colonies
Creoles
people descended from those who lived in Spain in the colonies
mulattos
people that are a mixed race of white and black
Parlimentarians
people that believed that monarchy should be limited
intendants
people who acted as provencial governors in france
Astrologers
people who analyzed the movement of the stars
Royalists
people who believed in an absolute monarchy
Old Believers
people who rejected church efforts to bring Russian worship in line with Byzantine tradtition, whole communities starved or burned themselves to death rather than submit
Purians
people who wanted to purify the Anglican church of anything catholic
freeholders
people who were able to break up the common fields and initiate legal action against their lord
Magicians
people who worked with plants and herbs
Alchemists
people who worked with rocks and minerals
Witch Craze
period between 1550-1650 were people were accused of witchcraft
Francis Bacon
philosopher and scientist who worote the history of Henry VII
confraternities
pious religious organizations of lay people and clergy who ministered the sick and the poor
coffeehouses
places where discussions of politics and other social matters could occur, very popular throughout Europe and the colonies
women in 17th century society
played an important role in etiquette
constable
police officer of the medieval towns
estates
political units of knights, burghers, and clergy. Presented a united front in dealing with their prince
Pius VI
pope who denounced the principles of the revolution
early eighteenth century population increases
population surge in Europe about 20% vetweeb 1700-1750, cities grew, London's pop. tripled, Paris doubled
matins
prayers recited at monasteries after midnight
Roger Bacon
predicted that science would be the most prominent study of the future
nonjuring priests
priests that went into hiding after the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
calico
printed cotton material from India that is floral and colorful and is less expensive than silk or velvets or broquades
citizens
privileged class in Germany could only be men
Noble Privileges
privileges rank, title, coat of arms, highest offices of state and military, rights of political participation, tax exemptios
subsistence farming
producing just enough to get by rather than surpluses for the market, dominated farming in western Europe and Scandanavia
Diggers
promated rural communism, believed in collective ownership of all property
German Burghers
prosperious townsmen in Germany
Church of England (Anglican Church)
protestant church under Henry VIII
Marquis de Lafayette
provided financial aid for America during its fight for independence, fought with George Washington, helped organize the Nat'l Guard
Act of Settlement
provided that the English crown would go to the German Hanovers if none of Queen Anne's children survived
Addison and Steele
published The Spector
Taborites
radical faction that demanded the abolition of private property and the institution of a communal state
Brethren of the Free Spirit
radical group that believed that God was all things and that all things would return to God
Brunelleschi
radical synthesis of old and new, geometric principles. Dome on the Florence Cathedral or Il Duomo, first to use perspective,
Aphra Behn
real-life target of the English playwrights, one of the first professional woman authors who supported herself by journaism, wrote plays and poetry, and translated scientific works, wrote Oroonooko
Renaissance
rebirth, The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history
Test Act of 1673
recquired all government officials to profess allegiance to the Church of England and in effect disavow Catholic doctrine, also explicitly denied the throne to a Roman Catholic, didn't become a law
Book of Gold
registration for members of the Great Council
Thomas Cranmer
replaced Wolsey and convinced Henry in 1533 that he could divorce Catherine by breaking away from Rome
english reformation
result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom
Midland Revolt
revolt in 1607 against enclosure
German Peasant Revolt
revolt in Germany 1524-1525
regents
rich merchants and business men who held the power in the Dutch Republic
Cosimo de' Medici
ruled Florence, was one of the richest men in Christendom, humanist and patron of the arts, international banker
Milan
ruled by strong monarchs - a produced a long line of powerful dukes. Was a major city-state in italy during the ren.
Charles XII
ruler of Sweden during the Great Northern War, invaded Russia and was defeated
Piazza Della Signoria
ruling councils of the states
Great Council
ruling group of Venice with fixed membership
Papal pardoners
salesmen who used high-pressure sales pitches to sell indulgences
gabelle
salt tax
Rhodes Scholarship Trust
scholarship system to train renaissance men, two years of study @ Oxford/Cambridge
Star Chamber
secret trials in England, where the nobles were tried without a jury, could not confront witnesses and were often tortured.
Mennonites
sect which arose from the Anabaptists
Francesco Sforza
seized reins of power in Milan
Clarendon Code
series of laws by Parliament that excluded Roman Catholics and Presbyterians from religious and political life
Treatises of Government
served to justify the Glorious Revolution
Lady Wortley Montagu
she helped spread the use of inoculation in Europe
parchment
sheep skin
Queen Anne
sister of Mary (as in William and Mary monarchs of England) succeeded the throne after their deaths, died leaving no heir
public health and hygeine
slightly improved, starting to realize that air quality and garbage and densely packed together people were not a good mix
The Commons
small forests shared by farmers where their animals could graze
Quakers
society of friends, believed that anyone inspired by a direct experience of God could preach, they manifested their religious experience by trembling, or "quaking"
Cardinal Mazarin
sold new offices, raised taxes, and forced creditors to extend loans to the government, was advisor to Anne of Austria and helped rule as regent for Louis XIV, was presented a charter of demands that would give the parlements power, didn't sign it, and arreseted the leaders
James II
son of Charles I who ruled England after Cromwell was overthrown; however, he was a catholic and was soon overthrown
Sigismund
son of Charles IV, religious conflicts with Czech reformers and German-speaking minority in Prague, oversaw the Council of Constance
Patron of the Arts
sponsors of the poor who have talents, the Medicis
Black Death
spread by the fleas of infected rats from Messina, Sicily
Dutch War
started by Colbert over trade, France vs. Dutch, Spain, and Holy Roman Empire, ended with the Treaty of Nijmegan
War of the League of Augsburg
started by Louvois over "stolen land" attacked the Holy Roman Empire, Treaty of Rijswijk ended it, France only retained Strausburg, gave up all other lands that it had gained, France vs. everybody
Tuileries Palace
stormed August 10, 1792, symbolized the loss of respect and love for the monarch
Oroonoko
story of an African prince mistakenly sold into slavery, adapted by playwrights and performed repeatedly in England and France for the next hundred years
Leopold I
strong ruler, Holy Roman Emperor, used aristocrats to rule, invited foreign aristocrats to court, his palace, Schonnbrun imitated Versailles
male writers' views on women
stuck to the traditional view of women that women were less capable of reasoning than men and therefore did not need systematic education
James I
succeeded Elizabeth in the rule of England and was the son of Mary Queen of Scots
Royal Academy of Science
supplied fifteen scientists with government stipends that met in the King's Library in paris founded by Colbert
Whigs
supported Hanoverian succession and the rights of dissenting Protestants
Tories
supported a strong, hereditary monarchy and the restored ceremony of the Anglican church
milliones
tax on consumption in Spain
paulette
tax on office holding in francte
Impositions
taxes passed by James I based on past customs duties known as tonnage and poundage
fresco
technique of painting directly onto wet plaster so the image is firmly embedded into the wall
penance
temporary punishment that could take the form of fasting, prayer, or a good deed
ovism
that the female egg was essential in making new humans
pluralism
the ability of individuals to acquire numerous ecclesiastical benefices across Europe
perspective
the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer, first used by Brunelleschi
rhetoric
the art of expression
philology
the art of language
genre paintings
the art that reflected everyday life
If only the king knew!
the belief of French men and women in the inevitability of their fate and benevolence of their king
divine right
the belief that a king/queen is given the right to rule by God
the esch
the best land in the German villages
simony
the buying and selling of spiritual goods
ville
the commercial center of Paris on the right bank
terra firma
the conquest of Italy seen by Venetian islanders
Austrian absolutism
the country was very ethnically divided and the rulers only had absolute power by letting the nobles have some power
social contract theory
the doctrine that all political authority derives not form divine right but from an implicit contract between citizens and their rulers
mercantilism
the doctrine that governments must intervene to increase national wealthy by whatever means possible
presbyterianism
the doctrines and practices of the Presbyterian Church: based in Calvinism
James I
the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)
monastery of Cluny
the first international organization of monastic centers, life of luxury and liturgy as opposed to other spiritual activities
The Spectator
the first literary magazine published by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele
Robert Walpole
the first, or "prime" minister of the House of Commons of Great Britain's Parliament. Although appointed initially by the king, through his long period of leadership he effectively established the modern pattern of parliamentary government.
plays of Moliere
the greatest French playwright of the seventeenth century who wrote comedies of manners that revealed much about the new aristocratic behavior, The Middle-Class Gentleman, Tartuffe
the université
the intellectual center of Europe on the left bank
Cavaliers
the king's army of royalists
compline
the last evening prayer at monasteries
Parliament
the lawmaking body of British government
Intolerance in Poland
the once open Poland now became a place where it was assumed that a good Pole was a Catholic
Naples
the only Italian city-state controlled by a hereditary monarchy
Palazzo Medici
the palace of Cosimo de' Medici which he spent lavishly on
Voltaire
the pen name of Francois-Marie Arouet who was the most influential writer of the early Enlightenment, wrote Letters Concerning the English Nation, Elements of the Philosophy of Newton, and he took inspirations from Bayle was penpals with Catherine the Great
nepotism
the practice of awarding ecclesiastical positions to people you favor
neopotism
the practice of rewarding relatives with church positions.
Anne of Austria
the queen regent and mother of Louis XIV
consumer revolution
the rapid increase in consumption of new staples produced in the Atlantic system as well as of other items of daily life that were previously unavailable or beyond the reach of ordinary people
sheriffs
the reeves of each shire
Donation of Constantine
the right of the pope to withhold recognition of the king, supposedly ceded to the papacy by Emperor Constantine
Signoria
the ruling Council in Florence's republican form of government
benefices
the sale of Church offices, the pope collected a hefty tax for every appointment
Anne Boleyn
the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I
simony
the selling of Church offices
assizes
the semianual sessions of the county court
Gentry
the social group that emerged during the 16th century
interdict
the suspension of all religious services when rulers dared to contradict the pope
Turkish threat
the turks and the austrians fought over hungary for 150 years, the turks were impending europe
lord and the priest
the two basic forces that tied the rural community together
Charles XII
the war with Russia destroyed him, the nobles took control, Riksdag controlled the government, and this ended absolutism in Sweden
John Locke
theorist of the Glorious revolution and wrote THe Treatsies on Civil Governments
John Locke
there are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to human beings, Life, Liberty, and Property
sugar/tobacco
these two items' popularity spread during this time period
Parlements
these were the state courts in france
Romanesque style
thick walls and few windows
highwaymen
thieves who attacked people traveling along the highway
ride backwards on a donkey
thing a man was forced to do if he had been cheated on by his wife or if he had failed to get her obedience
council of Pisa
this council deposed both existing popes and elected a new one
Great Schism
this event divided western Christendom
vote by order
this process allotted one vote to each estate, this lead to the 1st/2nd estate's control of the Estates-General
vote by head
this process gave one vote to every member of the Estates-General, with liberal nobles and priests it would have given power to the Third Estate
group more than individual
this was the of mentality that people had of social life in the 16th century
Jacobitism
those who supported Bonnie Prince Charlie (son of the deposed Catholic King James II)
cathedral
three separate parts: the church, the bell tower, and the baptistry
Varennes
town in France where the royal family was captured by the Nat'l Guard, they were the on their way to Metz
Silk Caravan
trade route across Asia
Oxford Reformers
traveled to Italy from Oxford to learn about the culture/skills, spread traits across Europe
Northern Humanists
traveled to Italy to learn about the culture/skills, spread traits across Europe
assignats
treasury bonds backed by confiscated church property, bank notes/compulsory legal tender, demand became greater than supply but they continued to be printed
Leon Battista Alberti
treatise On Building, geometric principles and the humanist spirit, impact on civic architecture, On the Family-classic study of urban values
John XXII
tried to prevent Wittelsbach Louis of Bavaria from taking the throne
Benedict Spinoza
tried to reconcile religion and science,
doge
true officer of the Great Council, the position was chosen for life
the Deluge
two decades of tumult that resulted from Ukrainian Cossack warriors revolting against the king of Poland-Lithuania, during this time tried to resist everyone taking a "bite" out of them
city-state
unit of government with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
Leonardo da Vinci
universal man, The Last Supper, psychological portrait: La Gioconda or The Mona Lisa
l'uomo universale
universal man, renaissance man, applies to Leonardo da Vinci
letrados
university trained lawyers who were members of nobility in spain
Statute of the Six Articles
upheld the seven sacraments, maintained Catholic theology, and replaced the authority of the pope with that of the monarch; Anglican Church maintained most of the catholic doctrines
5-Oct
uprising of women at Versailles, decapitated guards and chased Marie Antoinette out of her room
Paradise Lost
used biblical Adam and Eve's fall from grace to meditate on human freedom and the tragedies of rebellion, individuals learn the limits to their freedom, yet personal liberty remainds essential to their humanity
John Locke
used the notion of a social contract to provide a foundation for constituionalism, wrote Two Treatises of Goverhment and Essay Conecrning Human Understanding, virtue can be learned and practice, human beings possess free will, individual must become a "rational creature"
Teutonic orders
used the sword to spread Christianity along the Baltic coast, created their own state
Presbyterians
wanted a Calvinist church with some central authority (part of the Roundheads)
War of Spanish Succession
war fought after the death of Charles II of Spain to see who would get the throne, Phillip (second grandson of Louis XIV) was named heir and Leopold I refused to accept this
Julius II
warrior pope who personally led armies against his enemies
Great Chain of Being
was a description of the universe in which everything had a place, from God at the top of the chain to inanimate objects
fair
was an event that brought venders from across Europe together
Margaret Cavendish
was invited by the Royal Society of London to attend a meeting to watch the exhibition of experiments even though she was a women, wrote poems, essays, letters, and philosophical treatises
Ferenc Rakoczi
wealthy Hungarian noble landlord who raised an army of seventy thousand men who fought for "God, Fatherland, and Liberty" until 1711
The Norton Simon Museum
wealthy industrialist, Pasadena, Raphael's Portrait of Jupiter
Lord Protector
what Oliver Cromwell had people call him
Holy Synod
what Peter the Great replaced the office of patriarch with, was a bureaucracy of laymen under his supervision
skepticism
when some scientists and others developed a skeptical attitude toward attempts to enforce religious conformity
Restoration
when the Stuarts were returned to the throne of England after Cromwell's son failed miserably at being a successor, Parliament invited Charles II (Charles I son) to come back and rule
enclosure movement
when the biggest British landowners consolidated their holdings by putting pressures on small farmers and villagers to sell their land or give up their common lands, the big landlords then fenced off their property, eliminated community grazing rights
Battle of Naseby
where the New Model Army defeated the Cavaliers and where Charles I surrendered
Christine de Pisan
widowed at 25, turned to literature and history and began writing poems. Defied the stereotype of the medieval woman, Hymn to Joan of Arc
Marie Antoinette
wife of Louis XVI, dressed up and played in a miniature village, "Let them eat cake"
Gothic style
windows and more light, flying buttresses to support weaker walls
courtly manners
women set the standards for etiquette and they reached the upper reaches of society through the etiquette set in salons
Michelangelo Buonarroti
worked for Lorenzo de' Medici, the Pietà & David, fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the building of St. Peter's
95 Thesis
written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.
A Serious Proposal to the Ladies
written by Mary Astell, advocated founding a private women's college to remedy women's lack of education
Essay in Defence of the Female Sex
written by Mary Astell, attacked "the Usurpation of Men; and the Tyranny of Custom' which prevented women from getting an education
Reflections upon Marriage
written by Mary Astell; criticized the relationship between the sexes within marriage
Historical and Critical Dictionary
written by Pierre Bayle, cited all the errors and delusions that he could find in past and present writers of all religions
News from the Republic of Letters
written by Pierre Bayle, criticized the polities of Louis XIV and was quickly banned in Paris and condemned in ROme
Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
written by Valtaire; popularized Newton's scientific discoveries
Letter Concerning the English Nation
written by Voltaire; several chapters were devoted to Newton and Locke and he used the virtues of the British as a way to attack Catholic bigotry and government rigidity in France
Arcangela Tarabotti
wrote "Monastic Hell"and "Innocence Undone"
Eliza Haywood
wrote Love in Excess, earned her living turning out a stream of novels that all showed a concern for the proper place of women as models of virtue in a changing world, published a magazine, The Female Spectator, which argued in favor of higher education for women
William Petty
wrote Political Arithmetick, this quickened the interest of government officials everywhere, offered statistical estimates of human capital, the popuatlion and wages, to determine Britain's national wealth
Juan de Mariana
wrote The King and the Education of the King in opposition to monarch
John Milton
wrote The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates in opposition to a absolute monarchy
Shakespeare
wrote Troilus and Cressida
Jean Bodin
wrote the "Six books of the commonwealth" defending the monarchy
Jean-Baptiste Racine
wrote tragedies set in Greece or Rome that celebrated the new aristocratic virtues that Louis aimed to inculcate: a reverance for order and self-control, characters regal or noble, lofty language, aristocratic behavior
Pierre Corneille
wrote tragedies set in Greece or Rome that celebrated the new aristocratic virtues that Louis aimed to inculcate: a reverance for order and self-control, characters regal or noble, lofty language, aristocratic behavior
