AP exam psych
Accommodation
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Experimental group
group that gets the drugs
Carl Jung
he founded analytic psychology. His work has been infulential in many feilds including, anthropologu, literature, and many others.
Dependent variable
how tall you are at diffrent ages
biological perspective
hunger is an unconcious drive
Critical thinking
i am doing an experiemnt to test a persons theory to make sure their reuslts are correct
Hypothesis
i think that the new drug being tested will have postive reuslts
Theory
i think that the new drug being tested will have postive reuslts
cognotive perspectiuve
learning
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
makes sure the expeeriment is ethical
Social Exchange Theory
mary is pondering whether to donate blood. She identified the pros and cons. Since the rewards she anticipated from helping exceed the costs, then she will donate.
Binge-Eating Disorder
miller eats excessive amounts of food during one sitting. once he's done he feels ashamed and bad about himself. this is usually followed by bulimia but not all the time
GRIT
more mentally tough people are stronger
Placebo effect
Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active ingredient.
Semantic memory
Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
Roger Sperry
He researched the split brain theory, and found out that different sides of the brain play different roles and have different functions.
B.F. Skinner
He was an american psychologist, behaviorist, inventer, and author. He developed the theory of operant behavior.
Lawrence Kohlberg
He was best known for his theory of stages of moral development. He had six stages that he belived people developed throughout cognitive developmet.
Charles Spearman
He was known for his work in statistics, and as one of the original to come up with factor anaylisis, along with his rank correlation coefficient.
Richard Lazarus
He was one of the first to study emotion and stress that related to their cognition.
Sigmund Freud
He was the founder of psychoanalysis, and he believes that the human midn is structred into two parts, the concious and the unconcisous.
Dual processing
If Zoey is in math class, she is most likley aware of what she is learning in class and then also un aware that she is processing the information, this is called dual processing.
Prototype
If a child already knows that a circle and a square are both shapes, when they see a diamond they can very easily associate it to be a shape to, making it easy to keep track of the differnt shapes.
Intellectual Disability
If someone has a intelligence test scroe below 70, they are said to have an intellectual disability.
Scapegoat Theory
In WWII Hitler used the Jewish population of Germany as the scapegoat for Germany's economic troubles. He blamed it all on him
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally & automatically - triggers an unconditioned response (UR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, an orginally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
Self
In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Social Anxiety Disorder
Intense fear and avoidance of social situations
Interneurons
Interneurons play huge roles in regulating our reflexes.
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Proactive interference
Jack is learning about how to play volleyball, but he is having a hard time learning the rules because when his teacher is teaching him all he can remember are the rules to four square.
Posttraumatic Growth
James watched his family die in a plane crash every time he sees a plane he starts shaking now he doesn't do that
Source amnesia
Jared has source amnesia, he can not remember when he learned that he was going to have a granddaughter, this is an example of source amnesia.
Mania
John has mania, he makes very bad decisions and always feels like he is on top of the world and that he can do anything.
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classicalconditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
Group Polarization
Lilly is in Alcoholics Anonymous. When she is there she knows that everyone is against drinking or at least wants to be, so she is too.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Lily has DID. She has multiple personalities including a 6yr old girl, a 12yr old, and a 47 year old women.
Self-efficacy
Lily is a competence person, and self- efficacy is her sense of this.
Peripheral nervous system
Located outside of the CNS; the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Cognitive Therapy
Lydia is a psychologist and she teaches her clients new ways to think about their problems and to help them get over it.
Coronary Heart Disease
Many people have coronary Heart disease, including Jerold, his vessels that help nourish his heart muscle are clogged up.
Hierarchy of Need
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Fluid Intelligence
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood
Circadian rhythm
Our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 - hour cycle
Retinal disparity
Our eyes see different objects differenly and at different angles because there is two of them. This is why when we close one eye while staring at an object in front of us and then close the other while still staring at the object, it appears it moves what in reality it does not.
Instinct
Our instinct is to naturally breathe, this isnt taught or a learned skill you just know to breathe.
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Consciousness
Our subjective awareness of ourselves & our environment
Adaptation-level Phenomenon
Our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primary effect) items in a list
Glial cells
Outnumber neurons 50:1. Provide nutrition and protection for neurons
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors help us to be able to hear and see the tv, along with feeling the ice pack on our knee.
Sex
Sex is if someone has ovaries or testes, this is what makes them male or female. Becuase Brayden has male parts, this makes his sex a male.
Superordinate Goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Diana Baumrind
She had the theorys of parenting styles which had three main types, permissive, authoritive, authoritatian.
Elizabeth Loftus
She is an american cognitive psychologist and an expert on human memory. She is best known for the eyewitness memory and for decoding people's eyewitness claim's.
Carol Gilligan
She is best known for her work on moral development. She belives that women tend to develop in mortality stages.
Robert Sternberg
Sternberg is best known for his triachic theory of intelligence and several important theories related to creativity, wisdom, thinking skills, love, and hate.
Subliminal
Stimuli that lies below your absolute threshold
Plasticity
The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or creatingnew pathways due to experience
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
Proactive interference
The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
Ivan Pavlov
The founder of classical conditioning. He did the dog experiment to figure out the different types of stimuls and responses, before and after conditioned.
Sexual Response Cycle
The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
One-word Stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Stereotype Threat
The stereotype that women are not as good at sports, and then a female being not succesful at a sport and that makes her think that the stereotype is true.
Linguistic Determinism
The strong form of Whorf's hypothesis- that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
Epigenetics
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Parapsychology
The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
Psychophysics
The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Evolutionary perspective
The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles using the principles of natural selection.
Predictive Validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior (Also called the criterion-related validity)
neuron
The sun could be compared to a neuron because it is the building block to life.
Synapse
The synapse allows us to survive an thrive everyday.
REM rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
Bystander Effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Behavior Feedback Effect
The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
Facial Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
Ingroup Bias
The tendency to favor our own grup
Mood-congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
Other-race Effect
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
Divergent thinking
When doing an obstacle course, sometimes you cant go one way so you have to think of anothewr wya you can get out of it.
Monocular cue
When in a car a nearby pole goes by much faster then something far in the distance.
Sensation
Me getting a chill down my spine because it is cold out is an example of a sensation.
Defense Mechanism
Meredith tries to get rid of her nervousness for the test, but instead she is just reasoning with herself and making up things that are not true.
Kinesthesia
Our movement sense - our system for sensing theposition and movement of individual body parts
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
Scan detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia is psychotic disorders.
Functionalism
School of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
Subjective Well-Being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Sensory receptors
Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
Chronic Schizophrenia
Seth has been diagnoised with chronic schizophrenia he was diagnosed at the age of 13 and suffers from psychotic episodes.
Behavioral Approach
Seth is learning about his personality development, this is related to the bahavioral approach.
Carol Dweck
She is one of the worlds most known reserachers on motivation and mindsets.
Glial cells
Sort of like how a venus fly trap has a ton on teeth things on the outside and only one mouth on the inside, and how it protects what is on the inside and gives it nutrition, glial cells do pretty much the same thing for neurons.
Standardization
Standaridization can be giving students all the same test and then comparing their scores to one another and seeing why some did better than others, when they really should all have the same score.
DSM-5
The American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
Two-factor Theory
The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
Acquisition
The acquisition of the dog salivating ast the sound of the bell would be the dog learning that the bell is associated with food so then it salivates.
Self-Disclosure
The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Manifest content
The actual literal subject-matter of the dream
Pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
Basal Metabolic Weight
The body's resting rate of energy output
Cornea
The cornea helps to focus most of the light tha enters the eye, and protects many parts of the eye.
Companionate Love
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Fetus
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Wavelength
The distance between the top of one wave to the top of another when turning speaking, or singing is the wavelength.
Retina
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
Psychotherapy
Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
Homeostasis
We are automaticaly going to want to stay not hugry and we will try to maintain a good level of sleep to make sure we are not tired.
Two-word stage
When Tyler was just a little older than 2 he was saying things like, "I go" and he was using two words whe talking.
Myelin sheath
Wraping up wires in saftey tubes that protect them from being damaged and they help get the information from one elctronic to the other
Deception
in a lab telling someone its a sedementary rock when its really ignious
Structuralism
ow you describe something like an oarnge (ie. oarnge,round,etc.)
Carl Rogers
responsible for how psychotherapy is done today
Phillip Zimbardo
stanford prison experiment
Middle ear
The middle ear helps to get what we hear from just the outer ear, to the inner ear where the other ear parts can do their job to help us hear what we can hear.
cell body
The part of a neuron that converts oxygen, sugars, and other nutrients into energy. Contains the neucleus
Sensory interaction
The principle that one sense may influence another,as when the smell of food influences its taste
reuptake
The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse.
Alpha waves
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Retina
The retina process something like a dog and how bright it is and the transfers that information for the brain to decide if it is a dog or not.
Rods
The rods are essential at night in telling us what object is a darker color and helping us to see at night.
cognotive perspectiuve
The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Positive Psychology
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and viruses that help individuals and communities to thrive
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
The sight of a cat will not cause you to jump even after the loud noise.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
Lens
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes the shape to help focus images on the retina
Self
The way Kate thinks about the world and herself can all be related to her self.
Agonist
A chemical that is similar to a neurotransmitter and can mimic its effects.
Cochlea
A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
Antagonist
A molecule that blocks a neurotransmitter's release
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture- image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (Formerly called multiple personality disorder)
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likley to recur if followed by a punisher
Correlational research
A type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship
General Anxiety Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Stimulus
An event or situation that evokes a response
Perceptual adaptation
An example of this would be if you were a doctor at a hospital then you could learn to ingnore the crys of the babies in the nursery or of the kids at the day care so you could continue to do your job.
Primary reinforcer
An exmaple of a primary reinforcer is drinking water and eating food.
Personality
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Case study
Anna O, Phineas Gage
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Antidepressant Drugs
Repression
Billy had a very traumatic event happen to him when he was younger, repression says that he will block this memory out from remembering it because it was traumatic.
Biofeedback
Biofeedback can help one become aware and treat a health condition such as high or low blood pressure.
CT (computed tomography) scan
Blaike needed a CT scan. He went into a machine and said he was lying down for a short amount of time. When he came out he got to see the pictures of his head that the machine took.
Delusion
Blake is delusional. He thinks that things are happening that really are not.
Dendrites
Branches off the nerve cell & receives chemical messages coming from other neurons
Identical (monozygotic) twins
Brayden and Brenon are identical twins. The egg split creating for two babys instead of one. They look almost exactly alike and their dna is the same.
Flashbulb memory
Brayden has a very traumatic event happen to him last year, no matter how hard it trys to forget it he cant i=and he remembers almost every detail of what happened, and when and how.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Brayden who is 10, took this test. He had to speak to the administrator and he also had to awnswer a writen version.
Prejudice
Bullying can sometimes be caused by a prejudice towards people who are different.
Bulimia Nervosa
Carolina tends to binge eat when she does she feels ashamed and makes herself rid of the food, by throwing up fasting taking laxatives or over exercising
Free Association
Carolina was doing free association and she was saying whatever came to her mind, even though a lot of it was something that embarassed her.
hormones
Chemical messengers produced in one tissue that affect others can be released by: organs (stomach, intestines, kidneys, brain) and glands (the endocrine system)
Neruotransmitter
Chemical messengers that travel across the synaptic gap between neurons
neruotransmitters
Chemical messengers that travel across the synaptic gap between neurons
Psychoactive drug
Chemical substance that alters perception, mood, thinking, memory, or behavior by changing the bodys biochemistry
Autonomic nervous system
Controls the glands and the involuntary muscles of internal organs (heartbeat, digestion, sweating,etc.)
Dissociative Disorders
Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Emotion
Crying is an example of showing emotion, and the emotion behind crying could be saddness or the feeling of being upset.
Dissociative Disorders
DID
Lesion
Damage to the brain tissue
Sensory adaptation
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Puberty
Everyone goes through puberty at some point in their lives. Someone going through puberty might have a decrease in their voice or grow facial hair.
Role
Everyone has multiple roles that thye play in their life. For an example a few of my roles are a daughter, a sister, a cousin, a neice, a neighbor, a friend, and a teacher. All of these roles that I play are different. This means that being a teacher, I should demonstarte how to do things in a way that younger children can understand, but as a daughter I should be loving towards my parents as they are to me, and I learn from them.
Cohort
Everyone in my grade all has some similar characteristics because we are all around the same age and all have similarities.
NREM sleep
Everyone should experience NREM sleep. If I am in a deeper sleep and harder to wake up I am in NREM sleep and probably will not be having any dreams or anything like that.
Narcissism
Excessive self-love and self-absorption
Divergent thinking
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
Episodic memory
Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic)
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
G. Stanley Hall
First American PhD in psychology Opened the first psychology lab in the us
Wilhem Wundt
First psychology lab Founder of early field of psychology known as structuralism
Fixation
Fixation could be someone focusing on something that is pleasurful.
Behavioral Approach
Focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
General Intelligence
General intelligence can be what we already know without having to specifically learn anything and it is just given to us, it is also mesured on any given test.
Heredity
Genetic transfer of characteristics from parents tooffspring
Self-Concept
George questions who is is sometimes, and this is related to his self- concept.
Individualism
Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
hormones
Going through puberty is an exmaple of one's hormones working
Reciprocity Norm
Government officials may expect people who are well off to donate to homeless people.
Social-Responsibility Norm
Government officials may expect people who are well off to donate to homeless people.
Implicit memory
Grace has the learned skill of how to tie her shoes, this skill is apart of her implicit memory.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Gracie and her family are all having problems with their attitudes they think they can't do things they can so they go to REBT to convince their minds they can
Self-Disclosure
Gracie revealed intimate details about herself to her spouse, — her likes and dislikes, and her dreams and worries.
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
Grit
Grit is what pushes us to keep doing the things we love and holding on and to keep going to acheive our long term goals, for example graduating high school.
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Group that meets to determine whether or not a research proposal meets ethical standards
Erik Erikson
Had his theory about the 8 different stages of life and what difficulties came with them and what the main idea of life was at that point.
Carl Rogers
He was an American psychologist and he was one of the founders of the humanistic approach in pychology.
David Wechsler
He was the inventor of multiple widely used test for both children and adults.
Somatic nervous system
I am lifting my hands right now to type this, I am using the somatic nervous system.
Self-esteem
If Lani feels good about herself, she has high self- esteem.
Meta-analysis
If a researcher is doing studies on different math classes with different teachers and then combines the test scores of the different classes.
Phi phenonomenon
If lightbulbs are placed side by side and turned on and off very quickly one after another.
Savant Syndrome
If someone that has an intellectual diability, they are limited in most everything, but they may be really really really good at oen pecific thing, this is savant syndrome.
Stanford- Binet
If someone took the Stanford- Binet test, then they are taking a revision of the original Binet test.
REM rebound
If someone was REM rebound they might be in REM (light) sleep more then most people causing them to be tired because they are not getting well sleep and then not getting REM sleep at all.
Facial Feedback Effect
If we smile, then we are probably going to become happier and it will put us in a better mood.
Shaping
If you a teaching a child to walk then you will praise them when they start rolling over, then crawling, then standing, and then finally walking.
Conditioned response (CR)
If you repeditly show someone who loves cats a cat and then immeditly make a very loud bang they will most likley jump.
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Fixed-interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Discriminative stimulus
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
Free Association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Interpretation
In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Cognitive map
"After exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitivie map of it"
Pituitary gland
"Master endocrine gland", regulates growth, produces hormones that control hormone production in other glands
Outgroup
"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Ingroup
"us"- people with whom we share a common identity
Chronic Schizophrenia
(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
Acute Schizophrenia
(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event
Depressants
Also called sedatives; drugs that slow down the central nervous system and reduce neural activity.
Psychiatrist
Also often provide psychotherapy, are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders.
Action potential
An abrupt change from a negative to a positive charge of a nerve cell, also called a neural impulse
Achievement Test
An achievement test can be given at the end of a unit in school to see what that student has learned throughout the unit.
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over the next possible unpredictable attack
Eclectic Approach
An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Motor cortex
An area at the rear of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements
Passionate Love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship
Structuralism
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Embryo
An embryo would be an organism in the mothers womb that could be one month old, or 3 weeks old, or 7 weeks old.
Relative Deprivation
An employee that feels they should have gotten a promotion might compare themselves to another worker that did and feel deprived.
Punishment
An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
Imprinting
An example of imprinting is a baby duck almost right after hatching following their mother and being able to adapt to the enviornment that their mother takes them in to. They also learn to mimick the movements that their mother makes.
Scaffold
An example of scaffold is a teacher presenting a problem to her class and then going through it step by step talking aloud and solving it, and does this a few more times, all while taking questions from her students.
Extrasensory perception (ESP)
An example of someone thinking that they have ESP is them thinking that they can read someones thoughts and communicate with another person with not at all talking or even looking at each other.
Fixed-ratio schedule
An example of this is a resturant giving you the deal that every 7th sub you order is free.
Opponent-process theory
An example of this is if someone belives that seeing white black contrast helps is us see those colors.
Gestalt
An example of this is thinking we see a circle with white lines through it, on a white background, when in reality it is only random curved shapes that are close together, but it tricks our mind into thinking that it is just a circle with lines through it.
Conditioned (Secondary) reinforcer
An exmaple of a secondary reinforcer could be immeditatly after we give a dog a treat we tell them "good dog." They get the treat for doing th etrick and then they get told that thye are a good dog for doing it.
Social-Responsibility Norm
An expectation that people will help those needing their help
Reciprocity Norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Double-blind procedure
An experimntal procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
Phi phenonomenon
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in wuick succession.
Anterograde amnesia
An inability to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
An inability to retrieve information from one's past
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
Stranger anxiety
An infant that is almost a year old might be afraid when meeting new people. They might now feel very comfortable with someone they have never met or have very low familitary with.
Primary reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Biopsychosocial perspective
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
Case study
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Token Economy
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Gestalt
An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Prejudice
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
Bottom-up processing
Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors andworks up to the brain's integration of sensory information
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Any one that can see the color pink fits under this theory because our retina has been stimulated in different color combinations allowing us to be able to see the color pink.
Aphasia
Any sort of language impairment, generally due to damage Broca or Wernicke's area in the left cerebral hemisphere
Therapeutic Alliance
A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and a client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem
Wernicke's Area
A brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
Developmental psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout a lifespan
biological perspective
A branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.
neruotransmitters
A car can be compared to a neurotransmitter because a car must travel across the road even when they come to a gap (a intersection) to be able to get to where they are going.
Unconditional Positive Regard
A caring, accepting, non judgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Unconditional Positive Regard
A caring, accepting, non judgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Savant Syndrome
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Equity
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Intellectual Disability
A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life
Down Syndrome
A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
At first we might be stressed about something simple, like freshman exams coming up in three months, as this approaches we are going to become more stressed, and eventually to the point of exaustion the night before the test because we are so stressed over it.
Bipolar Disorder
Ava has bipolar disorder, she becomes really happy and over the edge and then she goes into major depression.
Major Depressive Disorder
Ava has this. She is very down and does not like to get out of bed or eat.
Corpus callosum
Band of dense neural fiber that connects and allowsfor communication between the two cerebral hemsipheres
Albert Bandura
Bandura is known for his social learning theory. He believes that most human behavior is learned through observation, immitaiton, and modeling.
Adolescence
Basically everyone in highschool is in their adolescence. High school students go through puberty and maturation and very confusing stages of their lives.
Phoneme
Bat- b,a,t
Fluid Intelligence
Because brayden has high fluid intelligence he is very good at thinking quickly on his feet and able to reason with people very fast.
Grammar
Because of grammar I am able to have an understandbale conversation with Carolina.
Alpha waves
Before I go to bed I am awake but I am relaxing and usally doing something that does not take lots of energy or concentration, instead of my brain waves being super fast they are slower, called Alpha waves.Just like when hole punching one paper vs twenty at a time, it is slower but is more relaxing and easy.
Two-word stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
Babbling Stage
Beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment,producing consequences
Psychotherapy
Behavior therapy Cognitive therapy Humanistic therapy
Counterconditioning
Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
A counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
Social Script
A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
Monocular cue
A depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
Binocular cue
A depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
Cochlear implant
A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
Discriminative stimulus
A discrimintave stimulus causes a bahavior to occur, for example a treat causes a dog to do a trick.
Schizophrenia
A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
Bipolar Disorder
A disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (Formerly called manic-depressive disord
Major Depressive Disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must either be (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
Conversion Disorder
A disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions (Also called functional neurological symptom disorder)
illness Anxiety Disorder
A disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease (Formerly called hypochondriasis)
Variable-ratio schedule
A exmaple of this is a slot machine.
Confounding variable
A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
Delusion
A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Schema
A file folder on a computer could be an example of this.
Stereotype
A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
Wolfgang Kohler
A german psychologist who was a co creater of gestalt psychology. he influenced pscyhology by contributing to the gestalt theory and being the first to note insight learning.
Scatterplot
A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)
Limbic system
A group of brain structures responsible for emotions, memories, and smell.
Psychotic Disorders
A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
Cohort
A group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period
Client-centered Therapy
A humanistic theory, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate client's growth. (Also called person-centered therapy)
Mania
A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgements is common
Visual cliff
A labratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
Longitudinal study
A longitudinal study could be testing an infant for a fear when they are 2 then when they are 7 and then when they are 16, to see how this fear develops and if it changes.
Polygraph
A machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion
Spermarche
A male going through puberty has this happen to them at some point.
Mental Age
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age. Thus, a child who does as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Percpetual set
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. We see what we want/think/believe we see
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Intelligence Test
A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone- use of heuristics
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Higher-order conditioning
After you have paired a tone with food for a dog, you could then also pair a light, and once the light along with the sound makes the dog salivate, then theis is an exmaple of higher order conditioning.
Effortful processing
Aidan is studying for a test, he can not just listen to his father reading the vocab words off to him, but he needs to pay attention and interact and make sure he understands them. This is effortful processing.
Self-Concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question. "Who am I?"
Population
All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.
Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Emotion
A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal (2) expressive behaviors (3) conscious experience
Iris
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Random sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Secondary sex characteristics
A secondary sex characteristic could be that men have facial hair, and woman generally do not.
Stereotype Threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Role
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm
Reflex
A simple, autonomic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus. Spinal cord in charge and brain NOT involved.
Night terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being threatened; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Operational definition
A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.
Correlation coefficient
A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
Factor Analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
Conditioned (Secondary) reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinfrocer; also known as a secondary reinforcer
Health Psychology
A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
Insight
A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
Exposure Therapies
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid
James-Lange Theory
Bein suprised by a snake when you are swimming in the lake, your heart begins to race and then you become fearful because you first feel the racing heart and the racing heart is what makes you afraid.
Language
Being able to communicate with Jack through words is an example of me using our language.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Being suprised by a snake when you are swimming, you feel your heart racing and the fear at the same exact time.
Hypothalamus
Below the thalamus. Our reward/pleasure center that controls the pituitary gland, and directs "maintenance" activities such as eating, drinking, and regulating body temperature.
Normal Curve
Benny is on the normal bell shaped curve because everything about him is normal and he has normal intelligence levels.
Abraham Maslow
Best known for his hierachy of needs, a theory of physciological health predicted health fulfilling innante human needs in priority, culimating in self- actualization.
Biofeedback
A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back informaton regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
fMRI (functions MRI)
A technique for revealing blood flow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Teratogens
A teratogen would be something that makes the baby sick while it is still in the womb.
Empirically Derived Test
A test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups
Achievement Test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned
Aptitude Test
A test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Terror-Management Theory
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
Signal detection theory
A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
Gate-control theory
A theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological"gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them topass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by theactivity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger nerve fibers or by information coming from the brain
Aversive Conditioning
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with a unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which we link two or morestimuli; as a result, to illustrates with Pavlov's classicexperiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes toelicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food)
Narcissism
Billy is very narcisitc, he only talks about himself, and his acomplishments, and trys to always show off how great he thinks he is at everything.
Telegraphic Speech
Billy is young and he is going through the stage of telegraphic speech, he is learning how to put two words together, even if it is simple and choppy speech.
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Figure-ground
Black words printed on white paper are known as the figure while the paper is known as the ground.
Zygote
A zygote is what is formed after the womans egg has been fertilized, this is the very very first step in a pregnacy.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Abby takes this test, she shows her inner feelings through stories someone is making up about ambiguous scenes.
Short-term memory
Abby wants to learn Chads number so she puts it in her phone right after he gives it to her, she could remember it for a few seconds maybe even a couple minutes but after that she does not know it off of the top of her head.
Iconic memory
Abby was testing Kaitlyn by showing pictures and then seeing if Kaitlyn could remeber what picture she shower her a couple minutes later. Kaitly did not do very good because abby only showed her the pictures for very very minimal time so she did not have time to remember what the picture was.
Accommodation
Accomodation is me focusing on the ball that just went into the road right in front of me and then switching to look at the car that is moving towards me that is still 200ft away.
Oedipus Complex
According to Freud, Benny has sexual desires for hsi mother at four years old, even though he does not know it.
Oedipus Complex
According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
Latent content
According to Sigmund Freud, the latent content of a dream is the hidden psychological meaning of the dream
General Intelligence
According to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is either stored or forgotten
nerves
Bundles of neural axons that extend outside of the brain and spinal cord
Retrograde amnesia
Caelyn has retrograde amnesia, she can make new memories but she can not remember anything from her past.
Type A
Caelyn is a very veyr impatient and a supert competitive person, Friedman and Rosenman would classify her as a Typer A person.
Identical (monozygotic) twins
Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two,creating two genetically identical organisms
Fraternal (dizygotic) twins
Developed from separate fertilized eggs; share prenatal environment, but genetically are no closerthan ordinary brothers & sisters
Sexual orientation
Different people have attractions to people of different sex. This is sexual orientation.
Mirror-Image Perceptions
Dink and Emily are fighting and now when Emily is away from Dink she views her as an evil monster because of mirror image perceptions.
Insecure attachment
Elle (who is a toddler) has insecure attachment. She is very clingy with her mother. She does not want to see her mother leave her.When her mother has to leave Elle becomes very upset for a long period of time and it is hard for her to calm down. Then when her mother comes back she is annoyed with her that she left, and not very pleased to see her.
Conversion Disorder
Ellie has this. she gets sick when she gets nervous.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Emma is taking this test. She is shown 10 inkblots, and they are going to show her inner feelings by her describing what she sees on the inkblots.
Shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Change blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindnes
Source amnesia
Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned. (Also called source misattribution) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
Agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic
Feature detectors
Feature detectors help us see a ball bouncing in motion, without it just jumping.
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
If I am put in a situation that I dont like then I am going to find the quickest way to get out of it, when I am put in that situation again I will get out of it quicker, and then even faster the next time.
Depth perception
If I can determine that the car in the road is about 200 ft away and if I can see it coming at my in 3d then this is an exampl of depth perception.
Perception
If I can recognize a stuffed animal I have had since I was a little kid, this is thanks to perception.
Intelligence
If I failed my math test yesterday, I have learned that I need to study more for my math test and I will od this in the future.
Conduction hearing loss
If I had conduction hearing loss then this is because the sound waves can not go properly to the cochlea.
Ingroup Bias
If I had to choose between saving a Central student or a St. John's student who were both falling into a pond I would choose the central student because of Ingroup bias.
Aphasia
If I have a injury causing me to not be able to form a sentence, speak properly, or speak at all I have something that is called Aphasia.
Kinesthesia
If I move my fingers and I know where I am moving them, this is thanks to Kinesthesia.
Parietal lobes
If I want to move from sitting up to laying down the parietal lobe allows my brain to tell me body to do that.
Cognitive learning
If I was learning something by watching someone do it first, this would be cognitive learning.
Modeling
If I was watching someone try to jump like a donkey, and then i tried to do it this would be considered as modeling.
Night terrors
If I were to be having a super bad dream like I was dying or something, and I was having it after already being asleep for more than two hours, then it would count as a night terror.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
If I were to get an MRI of my head, when I was done the doctors would be able to see the brain structure of my brain.
antagonist
If I were to plug my nose I am blocking the release of air just like a molecule is blocking a neurotransmitters release.
Heritability
If Jeremiahs parents are both 6'2, then it can be predictied that he is going to be 6'2.
Punishment
If Jonny did something that he was not supposed to and then his parent spanked him so he would not do it next time, this would be an exmaple of a punishment.
Deep processing
If Lauren is studying for a test she wants to study the words with the definitions and keep doing that because it is what best helps he remember them.
Repression
If Mac is nevrous about something and he tries to avoid it and push is down, this is repression.
Tolerance
If Matt starts using opiates every single day twice a day, after a few months he would have to start using it three or four times a day to feel the same as he did on day one only using it twice because his body is building up tolernece to it.
Obesity
If Nora is obese her weight is going to be higher than most others and her BMI will be 25 or higher.
Glucose
If Owens glucose level is low, he is going to be hungry and going to want something to eat.
EEG (electroencephalogram)
If Phillip were to get a EEG he would have multiple different objects placed on his scalp. When the test was over the doctors would be able to see the activity on the surface of his brain.
Psychodynamic Theories
If Robbie believes in these theories, then he believes that there is great iportance to the unconsious and the great importance of childhood experiences.
Mood-congruent memory
If Sam is having a really hard day and is sad and just not in a good mood, then there is a good chance that he is going to remember bad things that have happened to him and sad things.
Achievement Motivation
If Sam wants to achieve the goal of getting an "A" in math, then he is going to push himself to work hard in the class and get an, "A."
Collectivism
If Sam's family has a goal, he is going to give priority to that goal and put it over other things.
Sexual Response Cycle
If Sydney is having an orgasm, this is one of the stages of the sexual response cycle.
Catharsis
If Tyler is having a bad day and he goes and takes a boxing class to release some bad energy, this is catharsis.
Law of effect
If a child cleans up his mess and is rewarded then the law of effect says that the child will do this more often, but on the other hand if a child cleans up his mess and is punished then the law of effect says that thye will be less likley to continue cleaning up the mess.
Assimilation
If a child has only seen a great dane and that is all they think of as a dog, then when they see a cow they will probably think it as a dog because they look similar. This is the childs assimilation of dogd, to think the cow is a dog.
Object permanence
If a child is aware that you are still behind a blanket even when you are covered with it, this is object permanence.
Identification
If a child is developing their superego, and they take their parents beliefs into mind and consideration, this is identification.
Behavior Feedback Effect
If a child is on good behavior then we are probably going to make others happy because they dont have to deal with them.
Social learning theory
If a child says a cuss word out in public and is punished for this everytime this behavior occurs, then this child will learn that this is not appropriate social behavior and will generally stop doing this.
Spontaneous recovery
If a dog knew how to sit and then forgot for a while and then all of a sudden one day it knew how to do the trick of sitting again.
Generalization
If a dog respones to sitting at the sight of a circle it might also sit at the sight of an oval because the two are very similar.
Priming
If a kid see's a bag of candy on a blue bench then the next time they see a blue bench they might think of a bag of candy.
Gender
If a male identifys as a male because they fele like this is who they should be and they feel like the society standards for a male fit them, then this is why they are a male.
Basic trust
If a mother is very caring and loving toward her child, then there is a good chance that this child will form some basic trust. Because this child has always been cared for, they trust that they will not be left in a bad or potentially dangerous situation.
Discrimination
If a racist white person doesn't like black people and prohibits them from entering his store, then he is discriminating which at this point is breaking the law.
Aptitude Test
If a take a test at the beginning of a unit, it should tell the teachers how much I am going to be able to and how much I will learn during that unit.
Content Validity
If a test has content validity, then the test will actually sample the behavior tat they want to, and not something different.
Menopause
If a woman is in menopause then they will probably stop having menustrational cycles and then to coincide with this they most likley can no longer be pregnant.
Reliability
If am entire math class takes the same test at the same time, then the test should have reliability and come out with roughly all the same scores.
Habituation
If an infant used to stare at a very colorful toy for 2 minutes, over time they would eventually only stare at it for 1 minute maybe a week later.
Set Point
If anthonys set point is 100, but he gets sick and his weight drops to 90, after he recovers he is going to be more hungry and he is going to want to put that lost weight back on.
Id
If billy has an urge to punch something, this is the Id talking and it is going to want to satisfy that need.
Fixed-interval schedule
If every single month you get payed at exactly 5:00pm on the last friday of that month, this would be an example of a fixed interval schedule.
Weber's law
If it is really loud in a room you might not hear the person next to you gently increase their voice, while if you were in a quite room and they increased it the same amount as in the loud room you could proabbly hear them a lot better.
Manifest content
If last night I were to dream about a dog flying then the manifest content would be a dog flying.
Occipital lobes
If my brother were to be watching tv while covering one of his eyes, the information that he is seeing with his eye that is open would go to the opposite side of his brain.
Operant behavior
If my dog gets contiunes to use the bathroom outside after he has been trained, this is because he knows he is doing something good and he knows he will get a treat.
Cognition
If one is thinking a thought about how good pizza is, then this is cognition. If one can remeber the pizza they ate last night this is also an example of cognition.
Just-world Phenomenon
If she cleans up dog poop, she'll get a cookie. But if she steals a cookie, she'll have to clean up dog poop
Perceptual constancy
If snow always looks bright white, and never changes shape no matter the lighting of it, then this is perceptual constancy.
Psychoanalysis
If someone beloeves in this theory they would believe that, Aidan always wanting to and being helpful to others is apart of his unconcious motives and conflicts.
Subjective Well-Being
If someone has a good job, and a happy family and a happy marriage, they have a good subjective well-being.
Latent learning
If someone in class never showed that they learned what was going on in class so Mr. Kirby didnt know how well they knew it, but then on a Kahoot they when the kahoot and get evrry question right, they still knew what was going on even though they did not show it.
Systematic Desensitization
If someone is afraid of cotton balls they will probably try to be very relaxed when they are exposed to one, and then eventually will increase how many they are exposed to at once while staying in a relaxed state.
Action potential
If someone is having a horrible day and then is handed a million dollars they would have a very abrupt cahnge in their mood and they would become much more positive.
Positive Psychology
If someone is studying how one person is doing in their life and studying how successful they are in their family life and in their carrer, they are studying positive psychology.
Polygraph
If someone is using a polygraph and they are lying in repsonse to a question, then the machine will show that they are.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
If someone put ice on your hand the sensory neurons send the message from your hand to the CNS telling you the ice is cold.
Predictive Validity
If someone takes a test that is designed to test this persons stamina, and after they take this test it does test their stamina, then this test has predictive validity.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
If someone takes the MMPI, it is going to tell them if they have an emotional disorder.
Parapsychology
If someone was studding someone who thinks that they have telepathy they are using parapsychology.
Depressants
If someone were to take depressants their brain would slow down. This would possibly make their speech slower, along witht their breathing and their ability to make quick clear decisions.
Frequency
If the frequency for the tv was 10 wavelenghts per second, that would mean that 10 complete wavelenghts passed in one second.
Subliminal
If there is a bike or runner coming towards us from behind and we can not hear it, this is an example of stimuli belowe our absolute threshold.
Incentive
If there is an incentive that we will get 100 dollars if we get a hundred on our math test, then this is going to motivate everyone to study harder and work harder on the test.
Motivation
If we are hungry then we have a motivation to eat, so we go eat.
Drive-Reduction Theory
If we are hungry, this is the drive that is going to motivate us to want to fill the hunger and go eat something.
Blind spot (optic disc)
If we cant see something that is too far to the left of us, ths is called a blind spot and it is because there are no receptor cells where we cannot see.
Signal detection theory
If we drive an old car that most of the time makes noise, we may still think it is making noise even when it is working normally.
Gate-control theory
If we feel pain when we fall and scrape our knee it is because of the gate control theory. The "gate" opened and allowed the pain signals to pass to the brain telling us that our knee hurt.
Percpetual set
If we like someone we might think that we see them blush when we talk to them or look at them, but only because this is what we want them to do even if they dont do it.
Sensory interaction
If we pinched our nose and closed our eyes while eating an apple it would proably taste like a cold potato because their is no sensory interaction going on.
Parallel processing
If we see a math problem and are trying to solve it, our brain is not just doing one thing at once, it is doing many different things at the same time to help us to be able to solve the math problem. Just lik if we see a orange ball with lines on it, our brain puts together all the dots to figure out that is a basketball and not just an orange circle.
Mirror Neurons
If we see a spider going up soemones arm we would also get the same "creepy crawly" feeling when we watch it go up your arm.
Color constancy
If we see the same notebook as always being bright pink, then this is color constancy.
Olfaction
If we smell bacon and pancakes cooking this is thanks to olfaction.
Partial (intermittent) reinforcementschedule
If when you are training a child to use the bathrrom and you only reward them for going in the toilet every other time, it will take longer but they will retain this information for much longer. This is an exmaple of a partial reinforcement schedule.
axon
If you are a announcment anchor you are passing information to eveyone watching.
Dendrites
If you are an 9th grader at AK and you are watching the morning announcments you are a branch of the school that is reciving messages from the people giving the announcments.
Parasympathetic nervous system
If you are in a situation where you nearly miss a car accident, once you are safe your parasympathetic nervous system starts to work. Your body starts to calm down and your heartrate and blood pressure slowly lower.
Absolute threshold
If you are playing a sound that slowly increses decibles your absolute threshold would be the second you could hear the sound because it is the mimimum of sound intensity needed for you to hear it.
Cross-sectional study
If you are studying how quickly someone reacts to a flashing light shown at them, you might test a three year old, a 9 year old, a 15 year old, and a 20 year old.
Discrimination
If you are teaching a dog to respond to a certain bell sound in order to stop barking, discrimination would be the dog not be responding to a sound that is similar but not the same to the one you are training them to respond to.
Continuous reinforcement schedule
If you are training a puppy you will probably use a continuous reinforcment schedule in the beginning, by giving them a treat every time they do the trick you want them to.
Observational learning
If you are trying to learn a new dance then you might try to learn it by watching others do it multiple times first.
Top-down processing
If you are trying to read someone who has really bad handwritng work, it is easier to read full sentences and understand it then just a word or two, because our brain has contex to be able to better understand what we are reading.
Threshold
If you are using one of those machines that shoots tennis balls at you, the machine needs a certain amount of pressure in able to put the ball out of the hold and shoot it at you.
Change blindness
If you didnt notice that the car that was across the street is now gone, this could be an exmaple of change blindness.
Difference threshold
If you had 3 pens and then someone gave you one more you would proabbly notice that there are now 4 pens instead of three.
Convergent thinking
If you have a multiple choice test, you will narrow the answer choices to only having one that is hopefully the correct solution to your problem.
Insight
If you have been thinking about a math problem for hours and then have insight, this would mean you suddenly realize what the answer to this problem is.
Operant chamber
If you put an animal in one of these chambers with a box to press and every time they pressed it a treat would come out, they would figure out very quickly that if they kept pressing it they would keep getting treats.
Bottom-up processing
If you see an image of the letter "L" on your screen, your eyes transmit the information of you seeing the letter to your brain and then your brain puts all of the information together, this is an exmaple of bottom up processing.
Stimulus
If you shiver from being cold you would move into the sun or somewhere warmer.
Developmental psychology
If you study a childs social changes throughout the span of a couple months or years, you are doing developmental psychology.
Cochlear implant
If you were deaf and fit the requirements you could get a cochlear implant to help you hear again and help resotre your hearing.
Motor (efferent) neruons
If you were driving the motor neurons would take the message from the cns to your hand to tell you to turn the key.
SYmpathetic nervous system
If you were on a hike and all of a sudden a bear jumped out in front of you your sympathetic nervous system would start to work. Your heartrate would increase and you would become very energized, coming up with a quick decision on your feet.
Extinction
If you work on teaching a small child that they can not say the word, "stupid," and after a while they eventually start saying it again and you do not tell them not to, they will learn that they can say it without a punishment and the behavior to not say it will become extinct.
Aphasia
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's Area or to Wernicke's Area
Social Facilitation
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Preoperational stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 o 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Sensorimotor stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Confirmation bias
In an argument with my brother I am going to look up to see if my answer is right, instead of searching up if his is right, because I just assume that I am right and he is wrong.
Experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
Control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Conditioned response (CR)
In classical conditioning, a learned response to apreviously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Neutral stimulus (NS)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits noresponse before conditioning
Unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturallyoccuring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food)
Acquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Discrimination
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Fixation
In cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving
Refractory Period
In human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm
Algorithm
In math there is an algorithm to solving all differnt problems, there is one methodical way to solve almost every problem in math and if you do it right you should get the right answer eveyr single time.
Reinforcement
In operant conditioning , any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Operant chamber
In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinfrocer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
Variable-ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable-interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Fixed-ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Fixation
In psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Defense Mechanism
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Grit
In psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
Catharsis
In psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Interneurons
In the CNS, internally communicate between sensory inputs and motor outputs
Sensory (afferent) neurons
In the PNS, carry incoming information from the senses to the CNS
Motor (efferent) neurons
In the PNS, carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands
Hierarchy of Need
On the hierachy of needs, the need to eat and drink is gonig to be one of the more important ones, over something simple like the need to be active.
Sensation
Process by which our sensory receptors & nervoussystem receive and represent stimulus energiesfrom our environment
Learning
Process of acquiring through experience newand relatively enduring information or behaviors
Parallel processing
Processing any aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.
Parallel processing
Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usualy with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to the other participants and circumstances.
Fraternal (dizygotic) twins
Resse and Ryan are twins. Yes, the egg did split into two, but their dna is not identical. In addition they are different genders and do not look like twins.
Explicit memory
Retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
Implicit memory
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory)
Cones
Retinal Receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
Rods
Retinal receptors that detect black, white, gray and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
Sensory memory
Right now I am smelling the bacon cooking downstairs, I will only remember this smell temperarily unless my brain decides to encode this memory so I will have it long term.
Thalamus
Right now I am watching tv, the thalamus allows me to be able to watch tv, thankfully.
Insomnia
Sally had told me she has insomnia. She has descirbed not being able to sleep and no being able to fall asleep, for multiple weeks in a row.
Down Syndrome
Sam was born with down syndrome. He has an extra chromosome and has both intellectual and physical disabilities, causing him not to be able to do everything that his peers can.
Secure attachment
Sarah (who is two) has a secure attachment relationship with her mother. She trusts that her mother would not put her in a bad situation so when her mother leaves she is only sad for a few minutes because she knows that she will be safe, and then when her mother comes back she is happy to see her return.
Estrogens
Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, this promotes sexual reproductivity
Karen Horney
She was a German Psychoanyalist who pracitced in the US during her late carrer. Her theories questioned some of the traditional Freud ones. She had many theories about sexualality and the instinct of orientation.
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
Binge-Eating Disorder
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia
Stanley Schachter
Social psychologist and he is best known for the development of the two factor theory of emotion.
Respondent behavior
Sweating while running when it is warm outside is an exmaple of a repondent behavior.
Anterograde amnesia
Sydney has anterograde amnesia, she can remember everything from before her accident but she wakes up every day and think it is the same day because she can not make new memories.
Validity
Sydney's teacher said that tomorrow she is taking a math test on decimilas, if her test actually is about decimals, then this test has validity.
nervous system
System of neurons, nerves and chemicals that facilitates communication back and forth between the world, the body, and the brain
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
The FITD phenomenon occurs frequently at places like car dealerships. For example, if Bob is trying to sell Dink a car... And Dink has already agreed to pay $150 a month for her new car, Bob will find it easier to sell Dink additional features such as a sunroof for $20 more monthly, or series XM for just $10 more. Whereas when Bob is trying to sell Dank a new car, she hasn't agreed to anything therefore it will be harder for Bob to sell her additional features. Dank is avoiding the foot in the door phenomenon.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; they contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
Y chromosome
The Y chromosome in males is what makes them be males.
Intimacy
The ability of Josh to form a relationship with Rebecca is Intimancy. He has developed the ability to love and care for Rebecca.
Perceptual adaptation
The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual fields
Feature detectors
The ability to detect certain types of stimuli, like movements, shape, and angles, requires specialized cells in the brain called feature detectors
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Creativity
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas
Depth perception
The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
Cognitive learning
The acquisition of mental information, whether byobserving events, by watching others, or through language
Industrial-organizational psychology
The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rMTS)
The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
Object permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived
Retroactive interference
The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
All- or- none reposnse
The ball machine is only going to shoot out balls if I press the button to make it come out, and then once I press it, the ball is going to come out at full speed, not just half speed. It ethier shoots or does not.
Normal Curve
The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
Basal Metabolic Weight
The body puts out a certain amount of energy output, and this is called our basal metabolic weight.
endorcrine system
The body's "slow" chemical communication system made of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
central nervous system
The brain and the spinal cord. Functions as the communication highway between the rest of the body and the brain, and is made up of interneurons
Thalamus
The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. All sensory input (except smell) is directed to the thalamus first. The thalamus discerns what type of sensory input is present and then directs it to the appropriate destination in the brain.
Broca's Area
The broca's area helps us to be able to get our mouth to move and form the words we want to say.
Fovea
The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is kind of like one of those bikes that has two seats, that can be used when is child is learing how to ride. The little bike in the bike tha is attached to the big bike has to be able to process the turns coming up and make sure there are no large obstacles in the way in order to not make the first person flip over.
Middle ear
The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
Psychosexual Stages
The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Coronary Heart Disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Ego
The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Cerebral cortex
The layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres and is responsible for all higher level functions
Lens
The lens help create clear images of an objects that are at all different distances.
Threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential
Nature-nurture issue
The long-standing controversey over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
Deindividualism
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
medulla
The medulla oblongata is a section of the brain located in the brainstem which is responsible for automatic functions like breathing, blood pressure, circulation and heart functions, and digestion. It is also the area responsible for many reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing. The medulla oblongata also helps transfer information from the body to different areas of the brain.
Absolute threshold
The minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50% of the time
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Mere Exposure Effect
The more Logan studies the ACT math by doing numerous practice questions, the better she'll be.
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Pupil
The pupil helps us to detemrine how bright it is and helps us to see. It gets larger in dim light and smaller in bright light.
central nervous system
The real highway gets cars from one place to the other and has side roads off of it, just like the central nervous system is a highway for communication between the body.
Spontaneous recovery
The reapperance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Humanistic Theories
Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
Psychodynamic Theories
Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
Resilience
Ther personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
Group Therapy
Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
Psychodynamic Therapy
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight
Behavior Therapy
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Cognitive Therapy
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Family Therapy
Therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Latent content
There is a common dream lot's of people have that you are running or falling off a cliff and can not do anything about it. The latent content in this dream would be that you feel you are losing control in your life because that is the hidden meaning of having that dream.
Primary sex characteristics
There was already an example given but it could be anything that defines the sex of a person internally. Like a womans ovaries or a mans testes.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
These neurons help keep our sleep cycle regular.
CT (computed tomography) scan
Uses X-rays to capture an image of the brain and skull
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue, allowing us to see structures within the brain.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Views behavior as influenced by the interactions between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context
Long-term memory
We have certain things in our long term memory from many many years ago, for example I have a memory from when I was much younger and this is in my long term- memory.
Retrieval
We have to retrieve our memories and info out of our memory. We might now be thinking of something until someone brings it back up and then we have to retirve that time out of our memory storage.
Learning
We learn at school every day, and by going over the same information multiple times it helps us learn faster.
Amygdala
We were with a couple people this past weekend and one kid got really mad because he could not sit in the front of the car. The Amygdala was influncing him to become angry and was responsible for his action's.
Adaptation-level Phenomenon
Wearing a t-shirt in feburary when it is 60 degrees, and wearing a coat in september when it is also 60 degrees.
Androgyny
Wearing unisex clothing is an exmaple of this because you would not be able to tell just by the clothing whether someone identifyed as a male or female.
Babbling Stage
When Caelyn was a child, she just like everyone went through a babbline stage, where she just made random noises and sounds.
One-word Stage
When Ceara was almost 2 she was saying some words, but mostly just one word at a time, and not sentences or anything more.
Delta waves
When I am in deep sleep the waves in my brain are slower then when I am awake, the waves when I am asleep are called delta waves.
Concept
When a child is younger, they are taught that even though a circle and a square are different shapes, they can still fit under the category of both being shapes.
Psychosexual Stages
When children grow up, during this stage of of their sexual organs develop.
Frustration-Aggression Principle
When it is extra hot in Phoenix, people get frustrated with the heat and it leads to an increased rate in violent crimes.
Role
When loren first goes to Harvard, she is just going to begin displaying her role as a college student. At first her role will feel artificial but eventually she will acclimate to her role and feel like she belongs.
Sensory adaptation
When ou go into a dark room after a while you can eventually see better than when you first walked in because your pupils have adapted to the enviornmet you are now in.
Unconditioned response (UR)
When playing a loud bang you trigger a UR (the jump)
Working memory
When recalling the steps of a recipe I use my working memory.
reuptake
When you go through a bank drive through and they have those tubes that go from the bank to next to your car, it is kind of like reuptake. Once the tibe has brought you your money/ whatever you were getting, the bank takes it back because it has done what it needed to do.
neuron
a nerve cell, the building block of the nervous system
Alzheimer's disease
a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities
Emerging adulthood
a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not achieved full independence as adults
Temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Strange situation
a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed
Brainstem
Is the oldest part and central core of the brain, and is responsible for automatic survival functions. Begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull.
Reflex
It is a natrual reflex when the doctor uses an instrument to tap on a certain part of your knee and then your leg jerks.
Physiological Need
It is a physiological need to eat, drink, and sleep, we would die without all of these.
Echoic memory
Lani was talking to Emma and emma was not really paying attention to what lani said even though she was sitting right there, Lani then asked Emma a question and emma asked her to repeat it but before lani could repeat herself emma remembered what the question was because she was doing something out but still somewhat listening.
REM sleep
Last night I had a dream about a flying cat going over a rainbow. I remember most of what happened very well. I was in REM sleep when I was having this dream, my mind was dreaming but my body was very calm. REM sleep keeps occuring, giving me more dreams every night.
Mnemonics
Last semester my history teacher gave us lots of mnemonics to memorize lots of differnt words and terms, such as the very common one of in 1492 colombus sailed the ocean blue.
Spotlight Effect
Lauren always feels like people are looking at her and talking about her, this is the spotlight effect.
Aggression
Lauren is agressive towards Kate. They fight a lot, verbally and they get into big arguments. When they do this they are trying to harm on another and make the other upset by yelling harmful and insulting things at one another.
Intuition
Lauren was in class and the teacher asked what was one plus one, almost immeditaly Lauren answered two without thinking about it because this was her intuition.
Myelin sheath
Layer of fatty tissue on the axon that protects the axon, and speeds up neural impulses
Observational learning
Learning by observing others (also called social learning)
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Conduction hearing loss
Less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
Teratogens
Literally "little monsters", such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Rumination
Logan and Megan are constantly worried about their psych test, and they overthink the problem on the practice exam and what they can do to help.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Logan has social anxiety. she avoids social situations.
Anorexia Nervosa
Logan thinks she doesn't have the ideal body so she doesn't eat so she can loose weight
Relearning
Lots of times before a final exam we have to relaern information from the beginning of the year, though we are once again going over the information again it should take a much shorter time to be able to know the definition or to grasp the concept of something.
Somatosensory cortex
Me going downstairs to smell that my mom is baking muffins is the somatosensory cortex working. I know this because it is reciving my sense correctly allowing for me to smell those muffins.
EEG (electroencephalogram)
Measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. Records the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Deception
Misleading participants in an experiment; ethical if IRB determine benefits outweigh the costs and it does not cause any harm
Plasticity
Miya was in an accident when she was little. Amazingly enough she pretty much had a full recovery and can do most things the same as before because her brain was able to adapt and change to help her continue her everyday life. Just like dumping slime into a skinny container out of a wide one, it adapts.
Mary Whiton Calkins
taught psych at harvard conducted search on memory personailty and dreams first woman president of the American Psychological AssociationI fell on my arm
Superordinate Goals
team work exersizes if two groups of people dont like eachother and they are put together to work for one goal they will get along so they can reach it even thiugh they dont like eachother
Experiment
tetsing the effects of a new drug on a control and experimental groups
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
that banks always have lots of money but sometimes they dont
Primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
Social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
Counterconditioning
the dog that lunges at the window when a delivery person walks by is displaying an emotional response of fear or anxiety.
Double-blind procedure
the experiemntal and control group and the scientist dont know who recived the drugs
Placebo effect
the fake drugs given to the control group
Stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display; beginning by about 8 months of age
Coercion
the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.
Two-factor Theory
if you are aroused, like being scared of the same snake but you have been swimming for a long time, your heart rate is already high, and this is going to make you even more afraid of the same bear.
Central Route Persuasion
if your looking for a car a and you see a car commercial you will want what that car has
Agoraphobia
im scared of going into public situations and not having contorl over whats going on
Intimacy
in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood
Egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view into consideration
Concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Bystander Effect
in SVU a women was raped in the courtyard of an apartment complex. At least 50 people saw but no one did anything because they thought everyone else would.
Sex
in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
Gender
in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman
Lobotomy
jack had a procedure done to cut the nerves by his frontal love so he doesn't feel emotions
Equity
james and jack freely give and receive to each other, they make decisions together and they share household chores. Their relationship has equity.
Ingroup
james and lilly have similar personalitys
Overconfidence
jeremiah has overconfidence. He tends to always think he is right, and he puts himself in bad situations because then people get mad when his promises fell through of him being right.
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
john is afraid of swimming in the ocean because of sharks so he puts on VR glasses where is looks as if hes simming wiht sharks nothing goes wrong so it make him think the ocean isnt that bad
Psychosurgery
josh had a surgery to destroy his brain tissue ecause he had a problem with his attitude
Illusory correlation
just because the sale of ice cream an the amount of murders go up in the summer does not mean they caused eachother
Epigenetics
kate and grace are twins but they live across the world from eachother even though theyre twins theyre bodys are really diffrent
Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
katie has adhd she always has lots of energy amd cant sit still she does things very impulsivly
Eclectic Approach
katies doctor sepcifies her treatment plan to her
Family Therapy
katies family keeps fighting and they cant get along with eachother they go to family therapy to talk it out so they will do better
Phobia
logn has a phobia of cheese she doesnt have a good reaction when she eats it so shes afraid it will happen again and she doesnt wanna eat it
Unconditional Positive Regard
my mom only treats me with kindness because she thinks it will give me self acceptnce
Secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
Random sample
picking students at random from each grade and gender
Solomon Asch
pioneer of social psychology
Informational Social Influence
police, because they often find themselves in situations of ambiguity and crisis. People in such situations will often turn to the police for advice.
Operational definition
positive results are defined by the sickness disappering in patients
Psychiatrist
psychiatrists can persbribe medication. for depression
Random assignment
putting people into groups but counting off in odd and even numbers
Social Psychology
relationships
Coercion
repeaditly being asked for a pencil so you give them one so tey stop asking
Replication
repeating the same experiment to make sure you get the same results
Longitudinal study
research that follows and retests the same people over time
Scatterplot
scattering the classes favorite flover of ice cream
Survey
sending out a google form to all of the students to gather data about online school
Social Facilitation
sierra is a professional car racer , everyone in the car racing world knows and loves sierra, therefore there is generally a large amount of people at her events. When sierra peers to the audience during a race, she is motivated to race even faster.
Nature-nurture issue
some people say that deppression comes from genes but it can also be caused by envirmental factors
Concrete operational stage
someone who is 8 years old now might be able to think about things that have happened and process new events and take them in, while thye may not have been able to do that three years ago.
Clinical psychologist
specialize in an area such as substance abuse treatment, child mental health, adult mental health, or geriatric mental health
Zygote
The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Spermarche
the first ejaculation
Menarche
the first menstrual period
X chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both males and females. Females typically have 2 X chromosomes; males typically have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child
Synapse
The small fluid-filled gap between neurons through which neurotransmitters carry neural impulses
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assembled by self-report inventories and peer reports
Somatosensory cortex
A part of your brain that receives and processes sensory information from the entire body
Reinforcement schedule
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Physiological Need
A basic bodily requirement
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Binocular cue
A binocular cue could be seeing something in 3d from the side and being able to tell how far waya it is with both eyes.
Retinal disparity
A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
Autism spectrum disorder
A child with autism might be very high or very low on the spectrum. One with autism might be very very smart but have a hard time being social with someone else and have a hard time looking them in th eye for example.
Flashbulb memory
A clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
Projective Test
A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection on one's inner dynamics
Psychological Disorder
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior
Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Self-concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
endorphins
An example of an endorphin release is when someone that is running get's a runners high, and they become very pleasurful.
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Collective Unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Unconscious
Ceara has the memory of going out with her freinds, and she can not remove this memory.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus IQ = ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
Antianxiety Drugs
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
Estrogens
Estrogen is what causes femals to be able to produce offspring.
Neurogenesis
Formation of new neurons
Fetus
If a future child is 10 weeks, or 6 months, it is considered a fetus.
Frontal lobes
Involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans/judgments, "personality"
Encoding
It is a good idea to tie personal meaning to a word or concept, so we can encoded it into our memory.
Asexual
Kate doesnt like anyone or feel any atrraction to any one else, she is asexual.
Hallucinations
Max has hallucinations. He thinks he sees someone that is not there.
Selective attention
Me focusing on my dog instead of my cat is an example of selective attention.
Self-esteem
One's feelings of high or low self esteem
Spotlight Effect
Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, or blunders (as if we presume the spotlight shines on us)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Owen hunt has PTSD. He thinks the ceiling fan is a helicopter, causing him to strangle Christina.
adrenal glands
Pair of glands just above the kidneys that secrete hormones that help arousal in stress (epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine)
Parallel processing
Parallel processing can be trying to solve a math problem and at the same stim trying to remember the definition of a vocab word.
Variable-interval schedule
Pop quizzes could be one example of variable- interval schedule.
Posttraumatic Growth
Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
Conservation
Pouring water from one container to another skinner container does not change how much water their is, it is still the same amount.
Biomedical Therapy
Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology
Dual processing
Principle that information is often simultaneously processed both consciously and unconsciously
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Showing a cat should not make someone who loves cats jump
Stereotype
Some people think all Asians are good at math.
Stress
Stress can be worrying about an exam coming up and knowing we have to study for it and then pass it to make someone proud.
Lev Vygotsky
Studied child development. He investigated how culture and interpersonal guide development, and zone of proximal development play research.
Spacing effect
Studying all the information of the whole unit the night before the test.
Psychophysics
Studying the affect of physical processes on the mental process of an organism.
Mary Ainsworth
Stuided developmental psychology, compared effects of maternal seperation, devised patterns of attachment. She did the strange situation experiment which is observing a parent/ child attachment.
Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavio
X chromosome
The X chromosome from the father is what produces a child that is female.
Inner ear
The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
Iris
The iris helps proect the pupil because it controls our pupils opening more in the dark and oepning less in the light.
Delta waves
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Ernst Weber & Gustav Fechner
They studided and discovered and formed the law of psychophysics
David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel
They studided the short and long term affects of depriving kittens of sight in one eye by sewing it shut. They also put lots of reasearch into feature detectors, and seeing how they work in realtion to the different brain hemishpheres.
Menarche
This should happen to every woman. It is the first time of many when she ovulates an egg.
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
When the war in Iraq began, the American public was asked if there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq... And 80% believed the US military would find some. When they didn't, the American people felt dissonance. To reduce this dissonance, Americans cited the cause of the war no to be to find WMD, but to liberate an oppressed people and promote democracy in the Middle East.
Other-race Effect
When walking in Chinatown, San Francisco.. Tyler, a white guy, thinks that everyone of Asian descendence looks like Jackie Chan
Phobia
Where a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation
DSM-5
a diagnostic
Role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Aggression
abuse, when sierras uncle hit her because he was mad this was aggressiom
Basic trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Peripheral Route Persuasion
agreeing with someone just because thyere attractive
Population
all of the students at AK
Attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation
Informed consent
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Critical period
an optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
Transgender
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex
Aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Max Wertheimer
argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures
Industrial-organizational psychology
behavior
Mary Cover Jones
behavior therapy, child and adolescent development
General Anxiety Disorder
ceara has anxiety. she gets ner vous and worked up over very little things.
Leon Festinger
cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory
Stanley Milgram
conducted the milgram experimant
Psychological Disorder
depression,ainxiety,Schizophrenia
Androgyny
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
Evidence-based Practice
doctors have lots of recearch and evidence before starting a procredure
Testing effect
doing a quizlet
Aversive Conditioning
drinking too much alcohol and then becoming sick the morning after should stop you from drinking so much alcohol
Biomedical Therapy
drug therapies, shock treatment, and psychosurgery.
Companionate Love
emma and carolina have companionate love. They have mutual respect, trust and affection for each other.
Antipsychotic Drug
emma is psychotic but her doctors want her to heal so she takes antipsychotic drugs
William James
established the first teaching lab in the us and wrote principles of physcology
Culture
everyone has their own james is indian gracie is irish and samantha is greek
Biopsychosocial perspective
family history of addiction makes it easier to get one
Margaret Floy Washburn
first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology,studied animal behavior
Outgroup
if there's a group of similar people 1 or 2 might differ
Conformity
if two high schoolers sit with a junior high student and discuss the answer to a math question. The junior high kid knows the answer because he is a boy genius but the two older students insist its the incorrect answer. The junior high student says nothin to contradict them and goes along with their incorrect answer.
Inattentional blindness
if we are staring at a tv we might not notice our parent or siblings walking around near us.
Psychoanalysis
im afraid fish because when I was little one touched me and I didn't like the feeling
Social Script
its normal to cry when your grieving but not everyone has that reaction everyone copes differently
Gestalt psychology
its the whole picture instead of puzzle peices
Identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Cross-sectional study
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
Testosterone
the most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Psychopharmacology
a grpup of doctos is watching a new medicine and its effects on a group of paintents
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
If Emma were to get a PET scan the doctor's would be able to see how her brain was functioning.
Projective Test
If Grace takes the projective test, she is going to be shown images that will hopefully show her inner dynamics.
Recall
If I am able to answer the question "the ______ is the powerhouse of a cell," this would be an example of recalling my memory of that topic.
Recognition
If I am able to select the corrct answer on a multiple choice test, this is an example of recognition.
illness Anxiety Disorder
Ella has illness anxiety disorder. She becomes ill when she gets anxious.
Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting sensoryinformation, enabling us to recognize meaningfulobjects and events
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time
Morpheme
The word reaers has three morphemes- read,er,s
Ostracism
Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Reticular formation
A nerve network in the brainstem that helps control sleep and arousal.
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories- of facts and events- for storage
Working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
A pair of grain-of-rice-sized, 20,000-cell clusters in the hypothalamus that receive light input from the retina via the optic nerve and regulate the body's circadian rhythms.
Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Sleep apnea
A potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts
Meta-analysis
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
Reconsolidation
A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Anxiety Disorders
A psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Somatic Symptom Disorder
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (Formerly called somatoform disorder)
Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
Behaviorism
A psychologist studying only observable traits that somebody exhibits
Hindsight bias
A psychologist studying only observable traits that somebody exhibits
Humanistic perspective
A psychologist using the need for love as a basis for research
Lobotomy
A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
Personality Inventory
A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
Self-serving Bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Higher-order conditioning
Aprocedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Arden has antisocial personality disorder. She killed her entire family with no remorse and was perfectly fine as she stabbed a knife through their stomachs.
Clinical psychologist
Assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders
Random assignment
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
Secure attachment
Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in their caregiver's return
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Carlee is in a good mood, so she is going to be more likely to help her brother, Dylan with his math homework, then if she was in a bad mood.
Retroactive interference
Carolina is learning about how frogs are born, but when asked how seahourses are born she can not remeber and all she can think of is how frogs are born.
Trait
Charlie acts in a certain way, and this is his trait.
Client-centered Therapy
Chase is a therapist and she provides a welcoming and Fundamental environment for her clients by listening to them and showing them love.
Misinformation effect
Cherly told tommy about the event they were at together a couple years ago because he was having trouble recalling some of the things that happened, some of the things Cherly told Tommy were incorrect to what actually happened but because Tommy could not remember what happened he now thinks what Cherly told him is what happened.
Reconsolidation
Chris had a memory of something that happened to him in middle school and he was telling it to his friends, he was messing up the details a little bit so when the memory was stored again it had been altered from the original memory.
Chunking
Chunking a text is a very common thing to do in English class that way it is easier to read and understand the paper.
Belief perseverance
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Evidence-based Practice
Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
Insecure attachment
Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness
Rumination
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes
Somatic nervous system
Controls the body's skeletal muscles for voluntary movements (walking, running, etc.)
Superego
Daniels standards for judgement is according to his superego.
Acute Schizophrenia
Dean has acute schizophrenia. When he was little his entire family died in a fire that he caused. He developed it at the young age of 8. He has many mental problems.
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
Obesity
Defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. (Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher)
Standardization
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Sympathetic nervous system
Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
Parasympathetic nervous system
Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy
Narcissism
Donlad Trump is a narcissistic person, and he always wants to make sure that he looks good and that if he messes something up, he is going to put that onto someone else.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Dr. Andrews has a unconditional positive regard. She is very caring and accepting, and non judgemental of her students. When students are in her classroom they grow to be self- aware, and then are able to accept themselves.
Health Psychology
Dr. Andrews is in health pyschology and she helps with pschologys contribution to behavioral medicine.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Dr. D studys this and he helps people with his learned research, he studys psychoneuroimmunology.
Stimulants
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions; caffeine, nicotine, cocaine and Ecstasy are stimulants.
Antidepressant Drugs
Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors- SSRIs)
Antipsychotic Drug
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
Critical period
During a childs critical period in life early on, if they do not develop the skills to learn new words and to be able to form sentences, then they will probably not ever be able to do this later on.
Refractory Period
During a refractory period, seth can not achieve another orgasm.
Formal operational stage
During this stage people should now be able to think about things in depth and logically. They also should be able to process different things at different times, and not just being able to think about one problem.
Availability heuristic
Earlier kelly saw a news report about a missing girl, when she goes out later that day she sees a little girl resisting a man's touch and thinks it is the missing girl even though it is just a little girl resiting getting in her dad's car.
Hypothalamus
Earlier today I was eating a apple and then was drinking some water. The hypothalamus was responsible for making this happen and controled what was happening.
Gestalt psychology
Early field of psychology that emphasized that we experience the whole, rather the individual parts
Telegraphic Speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs
Edward Tolman
Edward Tolman is best known for cognitive behaviorism, and his research on cognitive maps. He was also known for his theory on latent learning.
endorphins
Endorphins consist of a large group of peptides. They are produced by the central nervous system and the pituitary gland. Since endorphins act on the opiate receptors in our brains, they reduce pain and boost pleasure, resulting in a feeling of well-being
Testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common
Representativeness heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Belief perseverance
Even is Conner has proved Mkayla wrong about the fact that lions are bigger than house cats, she still believs that she is right because this is what she knows and believes.
Peripheral nervous system
Even though Jhonston Road does not go through all of Charlotte it still connects areas like Ballantyne to the rest of Charlotte.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Every person has an IQ. Lauren has a really high IQ as demonstrated on the intelligence test she took last week.
Negative reinforcement
Hearing the annoying noise your alarm clock makes and then reaching over to shut it off and being happy now that it is off is an exmaple of a negative reinforcment.
Automatic processing
For some reason I know that in the movie date night steve carell thinks that when they turn the gun to the side it is called a kill shot, i unconsciously encoded this information into my memory without having to think about it, and now i know this very random fact.
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
Mirror Neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doiing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy
Lesion
Gabby has a lesion. Last week she got hit really hard in the head with a lacrose stick. Her brain tissues is now damaged.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Gatlin has this. his mental symptoms become phsycial problems.
Tend-and-befriend response
If Carolina is going through a hard time, she is probably going to look to Ceara for support because she knows that Ceara is going to show her support and help her get through whatever she is going through, and she would do the same for Ceara.
Asexual
Having no sexual attraction to others
Benjamin Lee Whorf
He argued that language serves as a filter through which the world is seen as.
Hans Selye
He did reasearch on the hypothetical non specific reponse of an organism to stressors.
Harry Harlow
He did the monkey experiments. He studided maternal seperation, dependcy needs, and social isolation experiments on the monkeys.
Walter Cannon
He discovered the fight of flight repsonse, in which you are either going to fight or you are going to flee the reponse.
Paul Broca
He has put a lot of research into the Broca's area studying what it does.
Alfred Binet
He invented the first real and practical IQ test.
Robert McCrae
He is a personality psychologist who is associated with the five factor theory of personality.
Albert Bandura
He is a researcher famous for his work in observational (or social learning,) which includes the fomous bobo doll experiment.
Martin Seligman
He is a strong promoter within the scientific community with his theories of postive psychology.
Howard Gardner
He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences, saying that a simple IQ test can not test every aspect of our intelligence.
Alfred Kinsey
He is best known for writing sexual behaviors in the human male and sexual behaviors in the human female, also known for the kinsey reports and the kinsey scale.
Carl Wernicke
He is known for his intensive research in the wernickle's area and what it does.
Michael Gazzaniga
He is one of the leading researchers in cognitive nerual science.
Lewis Terman
He played an important role in the early development of educational psychology, and it became one of the most widely used psychological assesments in the world.
John Garcia
He researched taste aversion. he showed that when rats ate a novel substances before being nausuated by a drug or radiation, and they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.
Paul Ekman
He studided emotions and how they related to all of our facial expressions and the connections between them.
John B. Watson
He was a bahaviorist who was famous for the little albery study where a baby was taught to fear a white rat.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
He was a german psychologist who came up with the experimental study of memory and is known for his discovery of forgetting the curve and the spacing affect.
Alfred Adler
He was a pyschotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology. He puts emphasis on the importance of feelings of the inferiority, and the inferiority complex.
George Miller
He was one of the founders of cognitive psychology and a pineer who recognized that the human mind can be understood using an information processing model. He theorized that the short-term memory can hold between 5 and 9 peices of information. He also discovered that chunking can help to remember information better.
Sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness
Broca's Area
Helps control language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Noam Chomsky
His idea was that all languages contain similar grammer, and that childred always aqquire language the same way and without effort we are born with some basics.
Humanistic perspective
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.
Emotional Intelligence
I am able to understand that I feel nervous about going back to school, this is a example of emotional intelligence.
Motor cortex
I am chossing to lift up my arms to strech, and the motor cortex is helping me to do so, and is controling my movements that I chose to do on my own.
Consciousness
I am conscious right now because I am aware with what is going on around me (my dog is sleeping and the tv is playing) and I am aware of what I am doing (filling out this document.)
Frontal lobes
I am using my frontal lobes when I answer a question in class, life my fingers to type this sentence, making a judgemnt call if I should walk my dog when it is pouring rain. They also help shape my overall personality, just like a paint color shapes the overall look of the painting.
Mental set
I came upon the problem of wondering what was for dinner last night, usually I ask my mom what is for dinner and she tells me, so because this has worked in the past I just ask her every time I need to know whats for dinner.
Cognition
I can remeber my birthday this year, this is apart of my cognition, and I can communicate the memory, which is also apart of my cognition.
Semantic memory
I could tell someone from the top of my head that a^2 + b^2 = c^2, I will probably know this fact for a long time, making it an explicit memory and it is apart of the semantic memory.
Memory consolidation
I have a long-term memory of me sitting in a swing when I was younger on a swing, this memory is stored in my memory consolidation.
Memory
I have a memory of the definition of memory, and I have a memory of my birthday last year.
Temporal lobes
I have an earbud in while listening to music in only my right ear. The temporal lobe on my left side of my brain is reciving the music from the right ear and that is how I am listening to it.
Explicit memory
I have an explicit memory of my 8th birthday, I can tell you everything that happened and where and who was there very very easily.
Psychoactive drug
I have noticed that Jessica has been not herself lately. She has not been able to think quickly, she could not remeber what she ate for breakfast today, and she is acting very strange. I was informed that she was using a psychoactive drug to alter those things.
Audition
I just heard a car outside my window, I just experienced audition.
Opiates
I knew someone who used Opiates. They said they had been in lots of pain both mentally and physically, and they wanted to feel better, at least for a certain amount of time, but it had bad affects of their body.
Episodic memory
I once got hit in the face with a football, I can very specifically remember everything that happened and it is a very explicit memory. This is an example of spisodic memory.
Deja vu
I sometimes get really werid deja vu when I am doing realyl random thigns and sometimes i just have to sit or stand there and think if i actually have done that action before or if it is just my memory.
Intelligence Test
I took a intelligence test yesterday and so did Max, our scores are being compared to one another and the test administrators are using our scores to asses us.
Insight
I took a test today and there was one problem I could not figure out, once the test ended a couple hours later I all of the sudden thought of the answer, this is an example of insight.
fMRI (functions MRI)
If Abby were to get a fMRI when she was done the doctors would be able to see her brain activity.
Aphasia
If Ananya has speech aphasia she probably can not form sentences correctly or form her words correctly.
Personality Inventory
If Becky takes a personality inventory questionnaire, it is going to gauge and tell her lots of her feelings and behaviors to all sorts of things to asses her different personality traits.
Limbic system
If Carlee was really upset because she was remembering something really sad that happened to her, her limbic system would be responsible for her emotions and her memory.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
If Elle veiws behavior as the influenced interactions between peoples traits, she is apart of the social- cognitive perspective.
Temporal lobes
Includes auditory cortices, which receive auditory information primarily from the opposite ear
Occipital lobes
Includes the visual cortices, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A poitive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
Negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
Personality Disorders
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Normative Social Influence
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational Social Influence
Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Storage
Information is encoded into our memory, and it goes to our storage after a certain period of time.
Top-down processing
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations
Cochlea
Its the cochleas job to tell the brain to ingnore certain noises, which the brain classifys as background noise.
Self-serving Bias
Jack has self-serving bias. He is going to make sure that he see's himself well, and he believes that he never makes mistakes or does anythign wrong.
Type B
Jack is a very easy going and go with the flow type of person, Friedman and Rosenman would descirbe him as a type B person.
Group Therapy
Josie went through a school shooting and she goes to therapy with many different people after who have been through the same thing to try and help her recover.
Collective Unconscious
Jung believed that we have memory traces from our species history, meaning we have things in our memory that others before us had.
Inner ear
Just like a bed is right in the middle of the bedroom and contains a bed frame, mattress, and sheets, the inner ear is in the middle of the ear and contains certain things to help it function correctly.
Circadian rhythm
Just like a clock on the wall regulates what to do and when, when you are in school, our body clock regulates rhythms in our body, helping everything function properly.
cell body
Just like a coin machine takes in all different types of coins and then convert them into dollar bills that can be used, a cell body converts oxygen, sugar, etc into energy. A coing machine is also very important because it holds a counter that counts all the money you are putting into it.
Reticular formation
Just like a principle helps to control the staff ans the students, the reticular formation helps control sleep and arousal. If I was sleeping the reticular formation would be controlling my sleep.
Cerebral cortex
Just like a quilted blanket covers a person and is responsible for keeping them worm, the cerebral cortext sovers the cerebral hemispheres and is responsible for high level functions.
nervous system
Just like intercomes go to every hallway and classroom to communicate, the nervous system faciliatates communication communication.
Brainstem
Just like the phone overall is responsible for the apps on it and for making sure everything works. The brainstem is the central part of the brain, and is responsible for the basic functions.
Accommodation
Just like the story above, the child would accomodate to create a new schema for cows, so they do not continue to think it is a dog.
Corpus callosum
Just like when you put a band over two different wheels to give connection between the two and allow them to function properly, a corpus callosum does the same thing for the two cerebral hemispheres.
Narcolepsy
Justine has narcolepsy. Justine randomly has attacks in her sleep and does not know when they are coming, nor can she control them. Her doctor has told her they can be cause from going right into REM sleep at random times. She get's restle nights of sleep most times because of the attacks.
Humanistic Theories
Kaitlyn belives in the humanistic theories. She likes to focus on the fact that everyone has potential for personal growth, and she sees the best and the potential in everyone.
Representativeness heuristic
Kate automatically asumes that her math teacher is going to know the math problem she is asking her about.
Mental Age
Kate is 9 years old, and she is just an average 9 year old, so her mental age is 9.
Token Economy
Kate is rewarded for doing the dishes so her mom gives her a coin and when she gets enough coins she can buy things
Shallow processing
Kate needs to remember a sequence of words so the way she does this is by looking at the words and seeing how she can remember them based on how they look.
Personality Disorders
Katie has a personality disorder, she has antisocial personality disorder.
Antidepressant Drugs
Katie has depression but her doctors want it to stop so she takes antidepressant drugs
Strange situation
Katie was placed in a strange situation when she was younger. She was in someones lab with he rmother and some toys, then after a while her mother left and a random stranger came in.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rMTS)
Kayla had pulses of magnetic energy put into her brain because it needs to be stimulated
Jean Piaget
Known for his theory of cognitive development in children.
Robert Zajonc & Joseph LeDoux
Known for thier work on a very large range of social and cognitive processes.
Linguistic Influence
Language affects the way we think about things, but does not control it.
Sensorineural hearing loss
Most people that are deaf have sensorineural hearing loss and this is because there is damage to their cochleas receptor cells.
Neurogenesis
Most people's body forms new neurons allowing them to keep functioning in their everyday life. They can also give them more memories and help them process new information.
Mirror-Image Perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
Preoperational stage
My cousin who is 5 is in the preoperational stage in pigates theory. He can speak and form sentences and communicate his feelings and thought pretty well sometimes but their are some things he still does not understand logically.
Heredity
My dad has dark brown hair and my mom has blonde hair. I have dark brown hair. Me having dark brown hair like my dad is heredity, because he transfered that trait to me.
Stimulants
My friend drinks coffee every single day. She get's super energetic soon after she drinks it and she is a little crazy. In addition her breathing gets faster. Because she is using a stimulant, she has all of those side effects.
Attachment
My friend has a baby brother, and her baby brother gets very upset when there mom leaves him, even if it is for a short amount of time. Her brother has formed an attachment with there mom because he is around her so much, causing him to be in distree when he is seperated from her.
Sleep apnea
My grandfather has sleep apnea because when sleeping his breathing is not normal and stops randomly and hen starts after random incriments of time, he had to go to a doctor for this.
medulla
My heart is beating, and I just sneezed, this is thanks to the medulla, it keeps us all alive.
Autonomic nervous system
My heart is currently beating and I am not controling it. The autonomic nervous system is helping to keep it beating wihtout me having to tell it to.
Sensorimotor stage
My neighbor who is almost 1 and a half is in his sensorimotor stage according to piaget's theory. Everything is really according to him because he does not know anything different.
Psychodynamic Therapy
Nail-biting may be caused by an anxiety inducing childhood event
Convergent thinking
Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
nerves
Nerves help us to do everything we need to survive. They play a role in our voluntray and involuntary functions, like breathing or raising your hand to ask a question.
NREM sleep
Non-rapid-eye-movement stages of sleep that alternates with REM stages during the sleep cycle.
Naturalistic observation
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situaiton
Central Route Persuasion
Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Misinformation effect
Occurs when misleading information has distorted one's memory of an event
Peripheral Route Persuasion
Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Maturation
One example of someone going through maturation is their voice deepeining.
Social clock
One social clock is that you go to college, then marry soon after, then have children after you are married, then watch you children get older and then become grandparents.
Self-efficacy
One's sense of competence and effectiveness
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is the idea that my dog will continue to sit with a treat and will stop sitting if we spray water on him every time he does it.
Opiates
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Crystallized Intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Gender identity
Our gender Identity is how we feel we identify and how we present ourselves to the world. This may be how we dress and act. If your sex is a male, but your gender identity is female, then you would probably present yourself as a female.
Self-concept
Our self concept could be how we veiw ourselve and how we judge and think about ourselves, like how we think about how we treat people for example.
Gender identity
Our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two
Vestibular sense
Our sense of body movement and position thatallows for our sense of balance
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features
Association areas
Parts of the cerebral cortex not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking & speaking
axon
Passes information to other neurons, muscles and glands
Paul Costa
Paul Costa is asscoaited with the Fove Factor model and he is best known for the revised NEO personality inventory.
Crystallized Intelligence
Peg has high crystallized intelligence because of her age, she knows a lot and people would say she is wise and has a large vocabulary.
Schizophrenia
Peg has schizophrenia, she says that there are voices talking to her and she acts a little crazy.
Theory of mind
People's idea about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
People's tendency to be helpful when in a good mood
Color constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.
Perceptual constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even an illumination and retinal images change.
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Behaviorism
Psychology that studies behavior but not anything that happens in your brain (any mental processes.)
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleepstage in which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the musclesare relaxed but the brain is very active
Parietal lobes
Receives sensory input for touch and body position
Withdrawl
Recently Amy stopped taking all of her drugs. She has been in pain, uncomfortable, and having horrible body aches and shakes, she is experincing withdrawl from going of her drugs.
William Masters & Virginia Johnson
Recognized for their contributions to sexual, psychological, and psyciatric research, for their theory of a four stage model of sexual response.
Insomnia
Refers to a chronic problem in getting adequate sleep
Partial (intermittent) reinforcementschedule
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continue reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Cerebellum
The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem. Processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance
Creativity
Some people are very creative, and come are not. Everyone can bring new ideas to the table, but especially creative people might be able to add something else to the equation that other may not be able to.
Emerging adulthood
Someone in emerging adulthood could be someone coming back from college to live with their parents, or someone in college living on their own but their parents are paying for their housing and food.
Identity
Someone may be born with the sex of female but they identify as male. Their identity is male because though they have female sex parts, they feel that they are male and that they should be male.
Temperament
Someone might absolute get so mad that their best friend just yelled at them in front of the whole cafeteria, and they might scream and yell at thier best friend. But they also might calmy walk away or just not say anything at all. Their reaction to this situation is their temperament.
Hallucinogens
Someone taking hallucinogens might think that something is happeing that is actually not. In addition they might see or hear something that is not really there.
Transgender
Someone who is transgender might have been born a male but feel that they identify as a female, and they might present themselves as female because this is how they idenitfy.
Alzheimer's disease
Someone with alzhimers disease might forget who their children are and what their names are at first, and then slowly start to forget their spouse, and then maybe forget how to feed themselves or go to the bathrrom on their own. Someone with this disease might be 82, or 92.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Someone with featal alcohol syndrome might have deformities on their face.
Empirically Derived Test
Something that is different between Gatlin and Sara Margret is their age, this is a option along with many others that can be chosen when doing the empirically derived test.
Egocentrism
Sometimes children can not see past their own point of veiw and they are only all about themselves, this is an example of egocentrism.
Ostracism
Sometimes they use this as a tourture method when they put someone in jail, and put them in solitary confidment by themselves without any social intreaction.
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Testosterone
Testesterone is what causes males voice to deepen and for them to grow facial hair, over this happening to women.
Testosterone
Testosterone allows for males to have male sex parts, and to not have femal sex parts. Generally anyone with an increased amount of testosterone with have male body parts.
Vestibular sense
Thanks to our vestibular sense we are able to stand up and stand on one foot and balance without falling over.
Deja vu
That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Medical Model
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
Cones
The cones help us to determine that our notebook is pink instead of red during the day time.
Extrasensory perception (ESP)
The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
Transduction
The conversion of one form of energy to another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses our brain can interpret.
Embryo
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Withdrawl
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Wavelength
The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
Reciprocal Determinism
The effects that the enviornment has on Brayden, can be related to the reciprecal determinism.
Ego
The ego is going to do stuff that brings plesure and satisfys the Id, instead of doing something harmful.
endocrine system
The endocrine system makes it able to release hormones in te bloodstream, and this makes our body's able to transfer hormones everywhere, letting us go on with what our body's need to do.
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Group Polarization
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Content Validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting
Cornea
The eye's clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris
Inattentional blindness
The failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Selective attention
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. Our awareness focusing, like a flashlight beam, on a minute aspect of all that we experience
Fovea
The fovea helps us to be able to read and drive.
Hippocampus
The hippocampus helps process the memory I have of the defintion of hippocampus for storage,
Drive-Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Weber's law
The idea that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount
Testosterone
The most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely research and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes
Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Memory consolidation
The neural storage of a long-term memory
Optic nerve
The neve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Frequency
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second)
Optic nerve
The optic nerve helps to transfer us seeing a cat to the brain and telling us what wr are seeing.
Figure-ground
The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
Fixation
The other day I was trying to solve a sudoko and I was very sure that one number went in a certain place, it did not go there but because I was fixed on the fact that only that number could go there I could not solve the problem.
Superego
The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations
Illusory correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists
Relative Deprivation
The perception that one is worse off relative to those whom one compares oneself
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information
Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Pituitary glands
The pituitary gland is like the governor. They make sure the city is running smoothly, and they produce jobs for everyone to do, and they are important. The pituitary gland is responsible for the hormones that help us mature.
Blind spot (optic disc)
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
Set Point
The point at which your "weight thermostat" may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
All-or-none response
The principle by which neurons will fire only when a change in the level of excitation occurs that is sufficient to produce an action potential
Frustration-Aggression Principle
The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Accommodation
The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
Identification
The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
Encoding
The process of getting information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning
Olfaction
The sense of smell
Audition
The sense or act of hearing
Just-world Phenomenon
The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve, and deserve what they get
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for similar stimulu to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Terror-Management Theory
The terror- Management theory ccan be related to Emma's uncontrolable fear of death and the fear she has of dying.
Theory of mind
The theory of mind is someone being able to think about themselves, their moms feelings, and their bestfriends feelings.
Cannon-Bard Theory
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Opponent-process theory
The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision.
James-Lange Theory
The theory that our experience of emotions is our awareness of our psychological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
Social Exchange Theory
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Scapegoat Theory
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
The theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Behaviorism
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
Hindsight bias
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
Behaviorism
The view that psychology (1) should be anobjective science that (2) studies behavior withoutreference to mental processes. Most psychologiststoday agree with (1) but not (2)
adrenal glands
The way I respond to a stressful situation has to do with the adrenal glands, and without them we could not survive.
Personality
The way that Caelyn thinks about school is an example of her personality.
Tolerance
The weakening effect of a drug that requires the user to take more of the drug to experience a high
Linguistic Influence
The weaker for of "linguistic relativity" - the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is "relative to" our cultural language)
Wernicke's Area
The wernicke's area helps us to be able to comprehend what is being said and process what is said.
Stanford- Binet
The widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
Critical thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Linguistic Determinism
This basically says that the language that we use contols the way we think about things and if for the first time someone uses negative language describing things, then you will orobably think negatilvly think about that thing from now on.
Heuristic
This is kind of like a short cut, like the nines trick you can use on your hands when multiplying any number by nine instead of working it all out, it is much faster but it is much easier to make mistakes.
Edward L. Thorndike
Thorndiek came up with the law of effect, which is when he would taze an animal every time they tried to move when they could in no way get out, and then he dicscovered that even when they could get out they were very likely to not try because they had given up.
Law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likley, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likley
L.L. Thurstone
Thurstone developed methods for scaling psychological measures, assesing aptitudes, and test theory.
Normative Social Influence
To avoid rejection, sydney bought the shoes that everyone was wearing right now and threw away her old ugly ones. She did this because she knew what she would face if she continued to wear her ugly shoes.
Association areas
Today I was learing something new in math class, then I had to think how to do the problems and speak when I needed help on a question. In addition I will need to remember the information for my quiz tomorrow. The assosication areas in my brain help me to do everything I had to do today and will have to do tomorrow.
agnosit
Twins are similar to each other and some twins can look like the other and they are good and mimicing what the other does.
Amygdala
Two lima bean-sized structures above the hippocampus that influence fear and aggression
Conflict
Two nations at war have a perceived incapability of actions, goals, or ideas
Passionate Love
Two people who are in love with a love that involves intense feelings and sexual attraction.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Tyler has OCD. He has to click the car lock button 10 times for it to be locked in his mind or else he doesn't think it is locked properly.
Individualism
Tyler has many life goals that are very important to him, and he is going to do whatever it takes to complete them, and they are going to be him number one priority.
Serial position effect
Tyler is going grocery shopping and he forgot the list which has 4598 items on it, but the only things he can remember is the milk and the juice, which are the first items on the list, and the bread and eggs, which are the last items on the list.
Tend-and-befriend response
Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
Norms
Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Priming
Without knowing is Robbie associates a traingle with ovals because they are similar, this can be an example of priming.
John Darley
Worked with Bibb Latane to decipher why people performed better when being watched by others
Bibb Latane
Worked with Darley about people's behavior when watched by others, was French. WEIRD name.
Factor Analysis
Yesterday Emma took the final exam for her class, and today her teacher is looking at results based on the unit, to see what units she did great on and what units she didnt do too good on, this is factor analysis.
Associative learning
You can use associative learning with a dog by giving them a treat every time they use the bathroom, they will learn that when they go the bathroom they get a treat.
Classical conditioning
You can use classical conditioning on a dog by playing a noise every time you feed them and eventually they will start salvatating not only at the food but also with the noise, even if you do not feed them.
Visual cliff
You could use a visual cliff on my neighboor who is 13 months to test his depth perception.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
You might do good at a race even if you are excited about participating.
Positive reinforcement
You use positive reinforcment when potty training a child when you reward them for using the bathrrom in the toilet and not their diaper, hopefully promting them to continue to use the toilet instead.
Reinforcement schedule
You will probably create a reinforcment schedule when training an animal so you can keep track of how many times you want to reward them after a certain amount of time once they complete a task you want them to do.
Transduction
Your ears receiving energy and then converting this energy into neural messages.
Medical Model
a course leader who refuses to produce a hand-out in a larger font for a visually impaired student. The student cannot therefore participate in the class discussion; a member of staff who refuses to make available a copy of a PowerPoint presentation before a lecture.
Autism spectrum disorder
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
Scaffold
a framework that offers children temporary supports as they develop higher levels of thinking
Evolutionary perspective
going from monkeys to man
Antianxiety Drugs
grace has anxiety but her doctors want it to stop so she takes anti anxiety drugs
Altruism
grace saw someone get shoved in front of a train. She has altruism so she didn't care.
Social Loafing
grace, Megan, and kate are all working on a group project. grace is a social loafer so she knows that when they actually start working on the project, she'll barely have to do any work.
Behavior Therapy
trent is teaching megan that some of her behaviors are bad, evrytime she does thdm she gets punished so she wants to stop
Resistance
perfectionism, criticizing, disrespectful attitude, being self-critical
Reinforcement
one may use reinforcemnt when both potty training a dog, and also training it not to bite you, by incourging or discourging its behavior.
Sexual orientation
our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation); variations include attraction towards both sexes (bisexual orientation)
Naturalistic observation
people watching in the park
Conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments early in life
Y chromosome
the sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
Attribution Theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation of the person's disposition
Social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Attribution Theory
the way someone acts like if their in a bad or good mood if your in a bad someone might say drop the attitude
Correlation coefficient
there is more hot coco sales in the winter because its cold the cold and heat go together
Correlational research
there is more ice cream sales in the summer because it is hot. the heat and ice cream sales correlate
Control group
thr group that does not get the drugs, gets placebo
Functionalism
to protect the community from violence but also to punish criminal behavior
Exposure Therapies
virtual reality
Confounding variable
weight
Independent variable
when the scientist gives drugs to the experimental group
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
you are going to jump naturally when hearing a loud bang.
Anxiety Disorders
you get stressed about things easily
Interpretation
you think of things it may be different than others
Transference
you think of things it may be different than others
Informed consent
your mom asking you if you want to do sports its up to you what you say