AP Human Geo: Unit 4 and Unit 6

Isogloss

Definition: A boundary in which a linguistic feature occurs Example: The South's distinct boundary form the Midwest for the word used for a soft drink Rating: 5

Cultural Hearth

Definition: A main source of a major culture Example: Africa Sentence: Cultural Hearth are often the main location of innovation in an area Rating: 4

Ethnic Neighborhood

Definition: A neighborhood built within a city used to practice the culture of a certain group of people Example: Little Havana in Miami Sentence: Ethnic Neighborhoods are used t sustain immigrant culture. Rating:4

Custom

Definition: A practice that a group of people regularly follow Example: Muslims praying 7 times a day Sentence: Customs are prone to changing, however only in small ways over time. Rating: 5

Culture Trait

Definition: A single element of a culture Example: The Turban Sentence: The bindi is a cultural trait of Indian culture, usually worn by Indian girls and women Rating: 5

Nostratic

Definition: Ancestor of Proto-Indo-European Sentence: Nostratic language is though of to be the predecessor of the Proto-Indo-European language Rating: 3

Proto-Indo-European

Definition: Ancestral Indo-European language Sentence: The Proto-Indo-European language is believed to be the hearth of ancient Latin,Greek,Sanskrit Rating:5

Folk Culture

Definition: Culture concentrated in a small area and spread by customs and traditions Example:The Hutterites Sentence:Folk culture is promoted by isolation from physical and political boundaries. Rating: 5

Popular Culture

Definition: Culture spread in large heterogeneous societies that share certain habits and customs Example: McDonald's Sentence:Popular culture is spread by television and other forms of media, manifesting to even the most isolated countries. Rating: 5

Local Culture

Definition: Culture that pertains only to a certain group of people Example:The Metea Valley Mustangs Sentence:School spirit is an example as a group of people keep and spread a culture through tradition Rating:5

Non-Material Culture

Definition: Culture that pertains to he values, morals, and beliefs of a group of people. Example: The Hindu's belief of the sacred of the cow. Sentence:Non-material culture is spread by the customs and traditions spread over time Rating: 5

Material Culture

Definition: Culture that pertains to the material aspects of culture. Example: Traditional Flamenco Dresses Sentence:Material culture consist of the food,clothing and technologies. Rating: 5

Commodification

Definition: Giving a monetary value to something that wasn't previously regarded as merchandise. Example: A celebrity's used tissue Sentence: eBay is seen a a source of commodification as may previously worthless things are sold on there for hundred, even thousands. Rating: 4

Language Families

Definition: Global classification of languages Example: Indo-European Sentence: Language families are the main classification of languages. Rating: 4

Sub-Families

Definition: Sub groups within a language family Example: Germanic Sentence: Germanic, Romance, and Slavic are sub-families of Indo European countries Rating: 5

Language Convergence

Definition: The collision of two languages Example: Sentence: Languages that are extinct usually collide with a more popular language Rating: 3

Global- Local Continuum

Definition: The cultural borrowing and mixing of ideas Example: A Japanese Disney World Sentence: The Global-Local Continuum shows that what happens in one place is often dependent of what happened elsewhere Rating: 2

Language Divergence

Definition: The division of one language Example: The Quebecois French Sentence: Language divergence reflects the isolation of culture Rating: 4

Dialect Chains

Definition: The idea that dialects closest to each other are closely related as dialects further are less related. Example: English more similar in New York and New Jersey than it is in New York and Texas Rating: 5

Assimilation

Definition: The loss of one culture in exchange for another Example: The Native Americans forced to assimilate by the Europeans in the 1800's. Sentence: Assimilation can also be forceful as well as natural. Rating: 5

Placelessness

Definition: The loss of uniqueness of a place Example: A road with popular stores that looks like it could be anywhere in the U.S. Sentence: The malls of the U.S. have a sense of placelessness because they all appear to be carbon copies of each other Rating: 4

Toponyms

Definition: The name of a place Example: Aurora, Illinois Sentence: Toponyms can reflect the history,culture, and physical features of a place.

Diffusion Routes

Definition: The path which shows the way an idea or phenomenon spreads Example: Figure 4.19 on pg 122 Sentence: The map on pg. 122 shows the diffusion routes of several styles of houses. Rating: 5

Glocalization

Definition: The process in which a local culture adapts a global or regional idea and alters it Example: Chinese Food Sentence: American adapted Chinese food to a delicacy that would never be eaten in China Rating: 2

Cultural Appropriation

Definition: The process in which cultures adopt aspects from another culture for their own benefit Example: The U.S. colonies adapting the ancient Greek's idea of democracy Sentence: Cultural appropriation is a concern for local cultures because it is being used to generate wealth and prestige by outside cultures Rating: 5

Neolocalism

Definition: The seeking out of regional culture in response to uncertainty of the modern world Example:Young couples moving to start a family Sentence: The Chinese moving to a Chinatown neighborhood is an example of neolocalism as they move in order to be in a more familiar regional location.

Sound Shift

Definition: The slight shift in pronunciation in a language Example: Latin word word for milk is Lacte, Spanish= Leche Sentence: Sound shift reflects the connection two cultures have Rating: 4

Official Language

Definition: The standard language used in a country Example:English is the official language of USA. Sentence: Official Language reflects the history of colonization of a place Rating: 4

Deep Reconstruction

Definition: The technique used to re-create extinct language Example: See example Back Reconstruction Sentence: See sentence Backward Reconstruction Rating:4

Backward Reconstruction

Definition: The technique used to trace the origins of a language Example: Russian scholars tracing back the history of Proto-Indo-European. Sentence:The Russian scholars used Backward reconstruction to trace back the history of the Proto-Indo-European Rating: 4

Dispersal Theory

Definition: Theory that PIE language diffused by spread across the Mediterranean Example: The Dispersal Theory holds that Ancient Turkey was the hearth of PIE and spread southbound. Rating:3

Renfrew hypothesis

Definition: Theory that agricultural hearths in the Fertile Crescent birth 3 language families Sentence: Created by Colin Renfrew, the idea that Proto-Indo-European language diffused by agriculural diffusion. Rating: 4

Conquest Theory

Definition: Theory that conquest diffused Proto-Indo-Europeon language Sentence: The conquest theory is backed by evidence eof sound shifts. Rating: 2

Reterritorialization

Definition: When a people in a specific place create an aspect of culture themselves Example: Gangsta Rap Sentence: The Narcoriddos are an example of reterritorialization as the created Narco music as an aspect of Latin music Rating:5

Mutual Intelligibility

Definition: When two people can understand each other when speaking Example: Two Spanish speakers having a conversation Sentence: The translator and the French politician had mutual intelligibility as the both clearly understood each other Rating: 4

Dialect

Definition:, A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation Example: Southern Accent Sentence: My mother's family who live in rural Missouri speak in a distinct dialect Rating:5

Language

Definition:A system of word meanings and symbols for a culture; includes gestures and other nonverbal communication. Example: English Sentence: My first language is English but I can also speak Spanish Rating: 5

Extinct Langauges

Definition:Language that no longer has native speakers Sentence:Extinct Languages reveals a place isolation from anoter culture Rating:4

Cultural Landscape

Definition:Refers to the imprint of culture left by a society Example: The Colosseum Sentence: Cultural landscape can include buildings left by a society as well as ideas and customs Rating:4

Time-Space Compression

Definition:The idea that the more places technologically connected, the less time it takes for culture to diffuse Example: A fashion trend spreading from Paris to New York Sentence: As technology innovates faster than the eye can see nowadays, time-space compression is much more common. Rating: 5

Lingua Franca/Global Language Pidgin Language Creole Language

Similarities: All are intertwined as a pidgin can be a Lingua Franca, and a Creole can be a pidgin Differences: Lingua Franca- Main Language used in foreign affairs and commerce Pidgin: Simplification of two different languages Creole: A complex Pidgin language that blends multiple languages Rating: 5

Romance Germanic Slavic

Similarities: All subgroups of IE language Differences: Romance- Italian, French, Spanish Germanic- German, English, Dutch Slavic- Polish, Russian, Czech Rating: 5

Monolingual States Multilingual States

Similarities: Refer to the diversity of lack thereof language in a place Difference: Monolingual refers to a place with one language Multilingual-Refers to a place with multiple languages Rating:4