AP Human Geography- Chapter 2 and 3

Demographic Transition

- the process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Demographic Regions and Population distributions

1. 72.7% in Eurasia, 2. 7.9% in North America, 3. 13.2% in Africa, 4. 5.7% in South America, and 5. .5% in Australia and Oceania. With 21% in China, 17% in India, and only 4.6% in the United States. One in five humans lives in one valley in one province of China: Red Basin of Sichuan.

Thomas Malthus

English economist and cleric was the most famous pioneer observer of population growth with the publishing in 1798 of An Essay on the Principle of Population, known as the "dismal essay." He believed that the human ability to multiply far exceeds our ability to increase food production. He maintained that "a strong and constantly operating check on population" will necessarily act as a natural control on numbers. He regarded famine, disease, and war as the inevitable outcome of the human population's outstripping the food supply.

migration patterns

Intercontinental, interregional, intraregional, rural to urban

interregional

Permanent movement within one region of a country

Pro-Natalist policies

Russia

demography

Statistical study of population

China and India

What countries have anti-natalist policies?

Population Pyramid

a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

J-Curve

a curve depicting exponential or geometric growth.

space-time prism

a diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs (eating, resting) and the means of mobility at our command.

Pandemic

a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population.

Population explosion

a dramatic increase in world population since 1900. The crucial element triggering this explosion has been a dramatic decrease in the death rate, particularly for infants and children, in most of the world.

Cohort

a group of individuals who share a common temporal demographic experience; not necessarily bases only on age, but may also be defined based on criteria such as time of marriage or time of graduation; all individuals in a certain age range.

gravity model

a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

dependency ratio

a simple measure of the number of economic dependents, old or young, that each 100 people in the productive years (usually 15-64) must support. Population pyramids give quick visual evidence of that ratio.

maladaptation

an adaptation that is less helpful than harmful; It can also signify an adaptation that, whilst reasonable at the time, has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. This is because it is possible for an adaptation to be poorly selected or become less appropriate or even become on balance more of a dysfunction than a positive adaptation, over time.

intervening obstacle

an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

personal space

an invisible, usually irregular area around a person into which he or she does not willingly admit others; situational and cultural variable.

Neo-Malthusians

argue two main points: 1. the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries; 2. the world population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources , not just food production; viewpoint held that in order to lift living standards, the existing national efforts to lower mortality rates had to be balanced by governmental programs to reduce birth rates.

natality

birth rate, the number of live births per year per thousand population.

disease, violence

challenges of highly concentrated areas in the world

migration transition

change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

stage 2, undeveloped

characteristics of emerging population clusters

Underpopulation

circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living of its inhabitants.

Gender Roles

culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman, are closely tied to how many children are produced by couples.

morality

death rate, the number o deaths per year per thousand population.

Epidemiological Transition Model

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition; stage s1 and 2 are the stages of pestilence and famine, infectious and parasitic diseases, and accidents and attacks by animals and other humans; stages 3 and 4 are the stages of degenerative and human-created diseases, e.g., cardiovascular diseases and cancer; stage 5 is the stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases.

Age Distribution

egions with overwhelmingly young populations: Latin America, Africa, and tropical Asia; regions with a large percentage of middle-aged people: USA, Europe, and Japan

disease diffusion

epidemiology: branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people; uses geographic concepts to understand the distribution and method of diffusion of diseases; one might expect all diseases to spread exclusively by contagious diffusion, in fact they spread through all types of diffusion: relocation in the forms of tourism, long-distance truck drivers; hierarchical such as AIDS in urban areas.

Population Projection

estimates of future population size, age, and sex composition based on current data.

migration

form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

Sparsely populated areas

high elevation= ?

diffusion of fertility control

how fertility rates are lowered; during the final two stages of the demographic transition depend on both the successful cultural diffusion of effective methods of birth control and the widespread acceptance of the notion that small families are preferable to large ones; fertility decline became accepted as countries industrialized largely because children were no longer needed to help with farm work.

place utility

in human movement and migration studies, a measure of an individual's perceived satisfaction for approval of a place in its social, economic, or environmental attributes.

Transnational migrant

migrants who set up homes and/or work in more than one nation-state.

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and city.

cyclic movement

movement, for example: nomadic migration, that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally.

Push factor

negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale.

agricultural density

number of farmers per farm land

refugees

people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

migratory movement

periodic movement involving millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances.

Forced

permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors

rural to urban

permanent movement from one agrarian sparsely populated region to a densely populated metropolitan area

intercontinental

permanent movement from one continent to another.

international migration

permanent movement from one country to another.

Voluntary

permanent movement undertaken by choice.

internal migration

permanent movement within a particular country.

Geodemography

population geography, the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of population, including density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standard, health, age, nutrition, mortality, and mobility.

Demographic momentum

population momentum) the tendency for population growth to continue despite stringent family planning programs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.

Pull factors

positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas.

standard of living

refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these services and goods are distributed within a population. It is generally measured by standards such as income inequality, poverty rate, real (i.e. inflation adjusted) income per person. Other measures such as access and quality of health care, educational standards and social rights are often used too. Examples are access to certain goods (such as number of refrigerators per 1000 people), or measures of health such as life expectancy. It is the ease by which people living in a country are able to satisfy their wants.

Diaspora

scattered settlements of a particular national group living abroad.

Demographic equation

summarizes the contribution made to regional population change over time by the combination of natural change (difference between births and deaths) and net migration (difference between in-migration and out-migration) Formula for population change: P2 = P1 + B - D + I - O with P1 = population in time 1, P2 = population in time 2, B = births, D = deaths, I = in-migrants, and O = out-migrants.

Ecumene

that part of the earth's surface physically suitable for permanent human settlement; the permanently inhabited areas of the earth.

distance decay

the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance form its origin.

S-Curve

the horizontal bending, or leveling, of an exponential or J-curve.

infant mortality rate

the number of infants per 1,000 live births who die before reaching one year of age.

Carrying Capacity

the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology.

Overpopulation

the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

physiological density

the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

rate of natural increase

the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

intervening opportunity

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminished the attractiveness of sites farther away.

space-time compression

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.

transhumance

the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

activity space

the space within which daily activity occurs.

sustainability

the survival of a land-use system for centuries or millennia without destruction of the environmental base, allowing generation after generation to continue to live there.

arithmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area.

england

what country was the DTM based on

Zero Population Growth

when the total fertility rate ( measured as the average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 44 years of age) or TFR is at 2.1 which is a stabilized population, one that does not increase or decrease.