AP Human Geography Everything
Why would a company practice maquiladora strategies?
cheap labor (day of work=minimum wage per hor in US) -favorable tax breaks -Lax environmental regulations -it's close to markets at minimal cost
What were Great Britain's resources that allowed for the start of the industrial revolution?
coal, iron ore + water power
Livestock Ranching
commercial grazing of livestock over extensive area
excess vote
concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts
agrarian
concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land
Basic Services with examples
create goods to be distributed outside of the community -big industries -Paper Mill -USAA insurance -QVC
Genetically Modified Crops (3rd A.R.)
crop species modified by genetic engineering to produce higher crop yields and increase resistance to drought, cold, heat, toxins, plant pests, and disease
What has irrigation improvements increased (positives of 3rd A.R.)?
crop yields aka more crops
How do you measure population change?
crude birth rate, crude death rate, natural increase rate
milpa
cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning
What's uneven development caused by?
cumulative causation
Why are districts redrawn every 10 years?
due to movement of the population and growth
Multiplier Effect (Agglomeration)
each new firm added will lead to the further development of infrastructure + linkages
Electoral College
each state is allotted a number of votes in a Presidential election based on their population Louisiana has 6, Michigan has 16, California has 55
Types of push and pull factors
economic conditions, political circumstances, armed conflict and civil war, environmental conditions, culture and traditions, technological advances
Colonialism
effort by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic and cultural principles on such territory
Regional Identity
emotional attachment to the group of people and places associated with a particular culture region
What replaced communal farming systems during the second A.R.?
enclosed land run by individuals replaced it
What did other cities grow to become besides agricultural villages?
established marketplaces
Irredentism
ethnic annexation
What does shifting cultivation use?
"Slash + Burn" Interillage
What is Deglomeration?
"unclumping" of factories b/c/o neg. effects + higher costs associated w/ industrial overcrowding
Population Density
# of ppl. that occupy an area of land, how we measure population
Equation for Electoral College
# of representatives in the House + 2 Senators = # of Electoral votes your state has
Doubling Time
# of years until the pop. doubles
What's the formula for RNI?
(CBR-CDR)/10
What did Britain need in order to fuel the industrial revolution?
*Capital (money) flow from other countries* -Other countries like *China, India and the US* gave them money that they would use to fund I.R. developments
What are some examples of Megalopolises?
*Fusing of DC and Boston*, Great Lakes Region, The Texas Triangle, German Ruhr, Randstad in the Netherlands, Japan's Tokaides
Describe countries in the CORE area of Wallenstein's World Systems Theory (with examples)
*High Income* -High use of Tech -High percent of tertiary activities -High levels of education by the majority of the population *Examples: OECD countries G8*
What are the final decisions for location based?
-Distance -Respective Weights -Final weight of the finished product -Material (Resource) or Market (Finished Product) oritented
Describe Low Growth Countries
-Educated Work Force -May need immigrant labor -More women in workforce -gov expenditures on elderly -Extra income
What ideas, concepts or standards were developed in the 2nd A.R.?
-Enclosure Systems (my land, your land) -Crop Rotation
Examples of Landlocked Countries
-Ex: Switzerland or Bolivia
Describe High Growth Countries
-Expanding Work Force -Youthful and Creative -Gov. Expenditures for Youth (ex: schools)
How did Islam diffuse?
-Expansion -Hierarchal along trade routes -Relocation- 39 countries -Hearth was middle east/Mecca
How does Political Geography relate to Political Unrest?
-Explains physical + cultural factors that underline political unrest
What's the current opinion on Environmental Determinism?
-Fallen out of favor -Considered a racist + imperialist theory -Not based on scientific research
How have *more developed country* farmers fixed the *overproduction* problem where they produce more food than needed (Green Revolution)?
-Farmers are encouraged to plant less -Gov. pays farmers when prices are low -gov. sells/donates surplus to other countries
Components of Culture
-Female v. Male -White v. Black -Gay v. Straight -Urban v. Rural
Physical Features of Cultural Hearths
-Fertile Land -Near a River Valley -Mild/Tropical Climates
Describe Unitary Systems
-Few internal cultural differences -Strong sense of national unity -Small states
What assumptions was Christaller's Central Place Theory built on?
-Flat land surface -a uniformly distributed rural population -equal transportation methods throughout
What are some assumptions about Von Thuen's model?
-Flat terrain -No significant transportation barriers -surrounded by unoccupied forest -Uniform soil
Why did Great Britain start the Industrial Revolution?
-Flow of Capital, mercantilism allowed for an increased capital flow -2nd Ag. Rev. -cottage industries had already developed -Their resources: coal, iron ore + water power
Examples of Cultural Trait
-Food + Shelter -Religion -Relationships to family + others -Language -Education -Security/Protection -Political + Social Organization -Creative Expression
What techniques and tools were developed in the 3rd A.R.?
-Genetically Modified Crops -Fertilizers and Chemical Farming -Irrigation Techniques -Pesticides
How have *lower developed country* farmers fixed the *expensive tech (tractors, irrigation)* problem?
-Grow expert crops (coffee, sugar, cocaine, opium) to raise money -Many countries join drug trade
How does one increase food supply?
-Prevent desertification, preserve land -Spread G. Rev., Increase Productivity -Identify new food sources -Aquaculture -Increase exports from other countries
Agricultural Density
-Ratio of # of farmers to the amount of arable land
Economic Downsides to the Green Revolution
-Reduced amount of labor needed, it cut jobs -Strains are often prone to viruses and pest infections leading to crop failure -Many G. Rev. crops are not farmable in dry Africa -Local Famers have a much more difficult time purchasing more expensive seeds
What increased because of the neolithic revolution?
-Reliable food supply -Human Population
Why did Louisiana lose a district in 2011?
-Relocation of people due to Hurricane Katrina -LA had very little population growth from 2000-2010
How are modern suburbs segregated?
-Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities
What does *Level 4* of cities, *Dependent Centers*, consist of?
-Resort, Retirement + Residential Centers (Florida) -Manufacturing Centers -Industrial and Military Centers (Baucher City, LA) -Mining and industrial centers
Describe Early European States
-Roman Empire collapses -estates owned by competing kings, dukes, nobles -neighboring estates unify under a king -England, France, Spain
The 3 Types of CBD retail services
-Shops with a high threshold -Shops with long range -Shops that serve people who work in the CBD
Benefits of Agglomeration
-Similar or interrelated companies nearby -Pools of skilled *(electritian, plumber)* + ordinary *(factory)* labor -Capital -Infrastructure -Multiplier Effect
Describe Hunter-Gatherers
-Simple stone tools and weapons -Men- Hunt + Women- Gather
What were the challenging social, economic and cultural factors in Shock Cities?
-Slums -Hazardous Pollution Levels -Deadly Fires -The growth of urban prostitution -Exploitation of children
Describe Stage 5 of the Epidemiological Transition: Return of Infectious Diseases
-Speculative - return to stage one Malaria, TB, SARS, AIDS -Due to: Poverty World-wide travel Evolution of Microbes
Describe Stage 1 of Rostow's Stages of Development- The Traditional Society
-Subsistence economy *based on farming* -Trade is through *bartering*
Globalization
A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders. -What happens at the global affects the local, but it also affects the individual, regional, and national. Similarly, the processes at these scales influence the global -Ex: Mcdonalds going worldwide
What's the Hexagonal Spatial Pattern?
A pattern that shows higher-order central places that contain economic functions with high thresholds and high ranges that require large populations to serve groups of lower-order central places that exist around them.
Refugees
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Enclave
A piece of territory completely surrounded by another territory of which it is not a part
Zone of In Situ Accretion
A region transitioning towards maturity and development that is a mix of middle-income and lower-income families and make-shift housing
Habit
A repetitive act performed by a particular individual
Informal sector w/ example
A sector of the economy that is not regulated or taxed by the state -cash only, as bank accounts can be traced -ex: markets in NOLA
Demographic Transition Model
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
urban hierarchy
A system of cities consisting of various levels with few cities at the top level and increasingly more settlements on each lower level. The position of a city within the hierarchy is determined by the types of central place functions it provides.
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.
Epidemic
A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease within an area
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fragmented Borders
A: Access to different areas, more opportunity to discuss things, more countries to "deal with" you D: Difficult to communicate + defend
Advantages and Disadvantages of Perforated Borders
A: Another country is dependent upon you D: Another country is taking parts of "your" land Ex: South Africa to Lesotho
Advantages and Disadvantages of Compact Borders
A: Easy Defense + Communication D: Easy to Invade
Advantages and Disadvantages of Protruded/Prorupt Borders
A: Increases access to natural resources such as water D: Difficult to control the elongated portion Ex: Thailand
Advantages and Disadvantages of Elongated Borders
A: More access to water D: Difficult to communicate + defend Ex: Chile, Vietnam
Why did the US fight with Afghanistan?
Afg. is accused of state-sponsored terrorism by the US (9/11)
Where is pastoralism located?
Africa, Middle East + Central Asia
Ethic Conflict: Bosnians vs. Serbs (Bosnia-Herzigovina) 1992-1995
After the break up of Yugoslavia in 1992, the Serbians (Slavic/Eastern Orthodox) began an ethnic cleansing of the Bosnians (Muslims).
How did the Green Revolution begin?
Agricultural experiments in the 1940s that were funded by US charities to find ways of improving Mexico's wheat grain production capabilities to reduce hunger in that region
What's the most common African occupation?
Agriculture
What is the 3rd A.R. characterized by?
Agriculture became an industry -biotechnology -The Green Revolution
Describe Stage 2 of Rostow's Stages of Development- Preconditions for Takeoff
Agriculture becomes mechanized -a single industry begins to dominate -savings, investments, entrepreneurs, transport infrastructure emerge
What is the percentage of workers in agriculture, industry + services in LDCs like Afghanistan?
Agriculture- 20% Industry (factories)- 25.6% Services- 54.4%
What is the percentage of workers in agriculture, industry + services in MDCs like Australia?
Agriculture- 3.6% Industry (factories)- 21.1% Services- 75% (2009 EST.)
Examples of Exclaves
Alaska, W. Berlin (W. Germany), Kalingrad
Who developed the least cost theory?
Alfred Weber
Where does most of Africa's population live?
Along South-facing Atlantic coast
What were most cities in the early 1900s?
American or European industrial cities that grew during the industrial rev. (*INDUSTRIAL CITY*)
The Effect of 9/11 on America
Americans recognized terrorism as a threat + begins "War on Terror"
Examples of Folk Culture
Amish, Mauri People, Papua New Guinea, Bat Hunting in Australia, Digeridoo
extensive agriculture
An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.
Food Desert
An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain
livestock ranching
An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.
What are states on an international level?
An independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory, having full control over its internal foreign affairs
city
An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.
Micropolitan Statistical Area
An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
Example of supranationalism
Arab League and European Union
When did Specialization occur with cities?
As cities began to focus on goods over when they had a comparative advantage
What places on Earth have the most people?
Asia (China, India)
Where is intensive subsistence agriculture practiced?
Asia: India, China + S/East Asia
Examples of big and little states
B- Russia L- Monaco
Why was most of Europe late to the industrial revolution?
B/c/o revolution and strife (french revolution, Napoleonic Wars)
Give an example of a Metropolitan Statistical Area
Baton Rouge and the surrounding areas (Gonzales, Denham Springs, Brusly, Port Allen)
Why has the US become less industrialized?
Because land, labor and capital are more desirable in LDCs
Why did production increase greatly in the US in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
Because of fordism (assembly line)
Examples of Megacities
Beijing, Cairo, Mexico City, Jakarta
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. They should be treated better than anyone else
environmental determinism
Belief that human behavior, individually + collectively, is strongly affected by, even controlled or determined by, the phys. environment -Geographers argued that the natural env. merely serves to limit the range of choices available to a culture
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
examples of relic boundaries
Berlin Wall/ the Great Wall of China
Where in the UK was iron production centralization?
Birmingham
What are the 3 ways real estate developers and banks profited off of Ghettoization?
Blockbusting, Racial Steering, Redlining
What are the BRICS countries? (semi-periphery)
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
New Industrial Division of Labor
Breaks up the manufacturing process by having various pieces of a product made in various countries + then assembling the pieces in another country
Two Types of Manufacturing
Bulk gaining, Bulk Losing
What are the OECD G8 countries? (Core countries)
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, US (Core) -Mexico recently admitted (semi-periphery)
What has agribusiness increased (positives of 3rd A.R.)?
Cash crop productivity
Environmental Modification
Changes in the ecosystem resulting from human activities such as the use of pesticides, soil erosion, desertification.
An example of a positional boundary dispute
Chile- Argentina
What is the main MDC that invests in Africa?
China
examples of subsequent boundaries
China and Vietnam/ Germany and Poland/ Northern Ireland and Ireland
What countries have strong economies?
China, Germany, Japan
What main countries make up East Asia?
China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, + Taiwan
Examples of Universalizing Religions
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
What were Greco-Roman Urban Hearths?
Cities that were *the center of political control over conquered regions* and were often built in a planned, grid-like pattern
Primate City
Cities with *primacy* that are more than 2 times the size of the next largest city and exert political, social and economic dominance
Examples of Quinary Activities
Coach Picou, President of US, Dr. Westbrook
Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
mixed crop and livestock farming
Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.
Causes of Popular Culture
Communication Tech., Travel Tech., Globalization
Different Types of Borders
Compact, Prorupt, Elongated, Fragmented, Perforated
Essential Elements of A Map
Compass Rose, Titles/Labels, Scale, Grid (Lat/Long), Key/Legend, Inset, Symbols, Colors
What are the 2 basic properties of Population Distribution?
Concentration- how those things are dispersed in an area Density- Amount of something in an area
How did hinduism diffuse?
Contagious Diffusion - India Relocation Diffusion- Eastern Europe, N. America -immigrated to the US for a better life, brought their culture with it
Imperialism
Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.
3rd World Countries
Countries with economies based on primary activities ex: Niger, Haiti
Folk Culture Region
Cultural norms traditionally practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation
Two types of movement
Cyclic and Periodic
Why are dairy farms much closer to cities than grain farms?
Dairy expires much more quickly
First Agricultural Revolution *(NEOLITHIC)*
Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
Carl Sauer
Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.
desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
Site
Describing a location of a place based on its internal physical + cultural characteristics, based on internal things -Humans have the ability to modify the characteristics of site
Population Distribution
Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live
Rank-Size Rule
In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
Where do the wealthier Europeans live? Why?
In the inner rings of the upper-class sector. It's because central location provides proximity to the best shops, food and cultural facilities
What main countries make up South Asia?
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
What is agglomeration?
Industries will clump together for mutual advantage -reduces costs, saves more
Quaternary Activities
Information, research, management
What was the crop innovation from Southwest Asia? What was that crop's diffusion route?
Integration of seed agriculture w/ domestication of herd animals -Route: To Europe, N/Africa + to N/Western India + Indus River Area
What is the key to development?
International trade
Since NYC has pan-regional influence, how far does it reach?
Into the 2 other centers of economic control, 1. Europe/Africa/Middle East and 2. Asia/Oceania
Cultural Imperialism
Invasion of a culture into another with the intent of dominating the invaded culture politically, economically, and/or socially.
Foreign Direct Investment w/ examples of major organizations that practice it
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country, a loan Exs.: World Bank + International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Spatial Perspective
Invites consideration of the relationship between humans + the physical world
Green Revolution
Involved the practice of using higher yield seeds + expanded use of fertilizers to increase production
An example of a resource boundary dispute
Iraq invasion of Kuwait
Is altering our env. good or bad?
It depends, it's good for recycling, electric cars giving back clean water to the environment. However, air pollution through plants and cars, and deforestation negatively affect the env.
How did the 2nd Agricultural Revolution start?
It started due to technology from the Industrial Revolution (Steel Plows)
How has industrialization changed in the US?
It's become more efficient -use of robots has increased (cars) -*focused more on manufacturing computers*
Why does NYC have so much pan-regional influence?
It's home to powerful media outlets, financial institutions, global corporations headquarters, Wall Street and political organizations like the U.N.
Dairy Farming and Labor
It's labor intensive and expensive
What's an important trend in modern urbanization?
Its diffusion to less developed parts of the world
Positives of Primate Cities
Its large agglomeration of economic activity -Large market for goods and services
Why was heartland poised to rule the world?
Its large landmass
What main countries make up Southeast Asia?
Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Indonesia
Symbols
Jesus in Rio, Wash. Monument, Statue of Liberty
Who are the United nations peacekeepers?
Korea, Rwanda, Bosnia
What are some places that have been divisive for if they're a state or not?
Korea, Taiwan (China considered it part of China), the poles, Sealand
What percent of people in MDCs and LDCs live in urban areas?
L- 2/5 M- 3/4
Example of High Land Values due to Agglomeration -Give reasons why
Land in San Francisco is very high -Silicon valley has 1/4 of all US capital -it's a very compact and small city
Satellites
Landsat- satellites above the Earth that scan the Earth in 16 days
Climate Region
Large areas of the Earth that share similar climate
What puts a *high* number of *opportunity-seekers* into already *strained places*?
Large migration streams of *young adults moving from rural to urban areas*
When did the Industrial Revolution diffuse to regions w/out coal?
Late 1800s
What places are the exceptions for High Land with no people?
Latin Am. + Africa
How was the united nations created?
League of Nations failed
Folk Culture
Limited to a smaller region/group of people -Usually isolated groups that have had long-lasting culture traits that haven't changed substantially over long periods
What are the social factors of the Human Development Index?
Literacy Rate, level of education, life expectancy
Where in the UK was textile production centralizatized?
Liverpool + Manchester
Hotelling's Model
Location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind. -Locational interdependence
Five Themes of Geography
Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Region
What were the powerful cities in the urban banana?
London, Paris, Constantinople, Venice, Cairo, Nanking, Hanchow and Osaka
Wallerstein's Model
Looks at the world as a capitalistic system of interlocking states connected through competition Three parts: Core, Semi-periphery, Periphery -countries inside the circles are core or MDCs, outside are semi-p/periphery or LDCs
High-tech corridor (technopole) w/ examples
Places where technology and computer industries agglomerate. Example: Silicon Valley, Tokyo, Seattle (Microsoft, Amazon)
Urban Hearth Areas
Places where urbanization first developed
Reference Maps
Political Maps, Physical Maps, Road Maps, Plat Maps, Locator Maps, Thematic Maps, Choropleth Maps, Isoline Maps, Graduated Symbol Map, Dot Distribution Map, Cartogram
What does agriculture outpace in the Green Revolution/3rd Agricultural Revolution (positives of 3rd A.R.)?
Population
Thomas Malthus Theory
Population would outpace food supply. (poor suffer = have fewer children. war, disease, famine are greater the population reduces.
Example of Subsistence agriculture
Potato Famine in Ireland
Developmentalism
Predicts that all countries will eventually reach the highest level of development (*ROSTOW*)
plantation agriculture
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop.
Planar Projection
Projection of the world on a flat surface
Conical Projection
Projection on a cone -large landmasses east to west
Polar or Azimuthal Projection
Purpose: Airline Pilots Strengths: straightest direction Distortion: Shows the poles
Conic Projection
Purpose: General use in midlat. countries Strengths: Lines of long. converge, Lines of lat. are curved, size + shape are both close to reality Distortion: Direction isn't constant, on a world map, long. lines converge at only 1 pole
Peters Projection
Purpose: spatial distributions related to area Strengths: sizes of land masses are accurate Distortion: shapes are inaccurate, especially near the poles
ethnicity
Refers to a group of people who share a common ancestry + cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
Movement
Refers to the mobility of people, goods + ideas across the surface of the planet
Sequent Occupancy
Refers to the sequential imprints of occupants, whose impacts are layered one on top of the other.
What common traits might the most populous places on Earth exhibit?
Relatively calm compared to other countries (weather) -Agriculture -Most are Pro-Natalist -Lack of sex ed -Many countries only want boys (more ppl, more possible boys)
What besides the Electoral College is based on population?
Representation in the House of Representatives
Describe the 1st Agricultural Revolution in East Asia. (Yellow River Valley) 1. What was domesticated?
Rice and Chicken
What do supporters and critics think about gentrification?
S- a great solution to recharging a city's inner core that was suffering due to suburbanization C- only increasing uneven development by pushing lower-income families from their homes
Small + Large Scale
S- a large area w/out much detail L- a small area w/ much more detail
What are the secondary industrial regions?
S/East Asia, North Africa, Mexico, Brazil
Differences between subsistence and commercial agriculture
S: C: -Intensive -Extensive -Labor Intensive -Capital Intensive -Higher % of Farmers -Low % of Farmers
grain
Seed of a cereal grass
Rostow's Stages of Development
Seeks to explain and predict countries' patterns of economic development by explaining five stages which all countries move through as they improve their economic development
Truck Farming
Sell directly to consumers + consumers who can freeze the vegetable. Mostly in Southeast
quinary activities
Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.
Plat Maps
Show + label property lines and details of land ownership -Reference Map
Road Maps
Show highways + streets -Reference Map
Physical Maps
Show natural features, mountains, plateaus, water features, etc. -Reference Map
Thematic Maps
Show spatial aspects of info or phenomenon -Reference Map
Choropleth Map
Shows volume, distribution, and location of spatial data by using shades of the same color -Reference Map
What do many people fear about popular culture?
Some people believe the fast diffusion is threatening local or regional distinctiveness -causes cultural homogeneity
What was domesticated in Sub-Saharan/West Africa during the first agricultural revolution?
Sorghum, Yams, Millet + Rice were domesticated
Tribal Religions
Special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, their unique identity with localized culture groups not yet fully absorbed into modern society, and their close ties to nature.
What was the crop innovation from South Mexico? What was that crop's diffusion route?
Squash + Corn -Route: Throughout W. Hemisphere
What was the crop innovation from North Peru? What was that crop's diffusion route?
Squash, Cotton and Beans -Route: Throughout W. Hemisphere
Negatives of Primate Cities
Unequal economic and/or resource development -unequal distribution of wealth and/or power -Brain Drain- there comes a point where there aren't enough jobs, so intellectuals leave
Who does gentrification in inner cities attract?
Upper-middle-class people who work downtown and those who seek proximity to facilities, especially without kids
Examples of Enclaves
Vatican City, San Marino, Lesotho
How did seed planting begin?
W/ cutting stems off of another plant or dividing the roots
What are the 3 Major Locations Models?
Weber's Model, Hotelling's Model, Losch's Model
What was the crop innovation from Western Asia? What was that crop's diffusion route?
Wheat + Barley -Route: To S/West Asia
debt-for-nature swap
When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.
When does a city demonstrate a high degree of *centrality*?
When it dominates economic, political or cultural functions more than one would expect based on its population size
What did Carl Sauer assert about cultural landscapes?
Whenever a human culture exists, a cultural landscape exists as the culture's unique "fingerprint" on their space
Least Cost Theory
Where something is located depends on *transportation costs* (both raw materials to the factory + finished goods to market), *labor costs and agglomeration costs* -Optimum location will be found *where the costs of all 3 are at their lowest*
What are some reasons for population growth decline?
Women's Rights, Contraceptive Use, Education, Gov. Policy
What's an example of a major organization that helps with development through international trade?
World Trade Organization
India in terms of population
World's 2nd most populous country, contains 3/4 of South Asia's population
Hinduism
World's oldest religion -4000+ years old
Has the 3rd A.R./ Green Rev. allowed for new food source inventions by scientists?
Yes
Can plants now grow at faster rates even in poor soil? How?
Yes, recent innovations have allowed
Young Turks vs. Armenians Ethnic Conflicts 1915-1919
Young Turks (muslims), part of the Ottoman Empire in Turkey, began to exterminate the Armenians (Christianity) -In the 4 year genocide, 2 million were murdered
Perifericos
Zones of squatter settlements on periphery of Latin American cities. A large number of migrants from rural areas end up in perifericos
antecedent boundary
a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated Ex: US-Canadian 1846
consequent (ethnographic) boundary
a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion, language, linguistics, ethnic, or economic
subsequent boundary
a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled
relic boundary
a boundary that no longer functions but is marked by some landscape features
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
a central city of at least 50,000 people and urban areas linked to it
dairy farming
a farm that produces milk or milk products, and are usually around big urban areas
Population Pyramid
a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population
Society
a group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture
non-material culture
a group's way of thinking (beliefs, values) and doing (patterns of behavior, language, gestures, etc.)
creole language
a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue
collective farm
a large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms
urban banana
a line of cities in the 1500s that most cities found themselves in were trade-centers that extended from London to Tokyo
Megalopolis
a massive urban "blob" of integrating metropolitan areas where boundaries are difficult to find
Von Thuen's Model
a model of land use that showed how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used -different distances to the city maximize profits
feedlot
a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
Feedlot
a plot of land on which livestock/animals are fattened before they're slaughtered for market
Gentrification
a process, wherein older, urban zones are "rediscovered and renovated"
Compromise Projection
a projection onto a cylinder
Culture Region
a region defined by similar cultural traits and cultural landscape features -the people here often share a similar regional identity
Cultural Trait
a single attribute of a culture
GPS (global positioning system)
a system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth
frontiers
a tangible geographic area that's uninhabited by ppl. seeking to live outside of organized society -provide area of separation
subsistance agriculture
a type of farming in which farmers grow just enough food to provide for themselves and their families. survival only, no surplus -near total self-sufficiency
Culture Complex
a unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group, no two countries have the same
What did countries w/out coal *(late 1800s)* need for the Industrial Revolution to come to them?
access to railroad -Flow of capital
Terrorism
actions by groups operating outside gov. rather than to those of official gov. agencies -Targets civilians
Bulk-gaining industry
add weight or bulk during the manufacturing process -Beverage making
What makes people more interconnected?
advances in communication and transportation tech
Primary Activities
agriculture, gathering industries, extractive industries
Federalism
allocates strong power to units of local government within the country
What is Mesopotamia?
an ancient city-state
Region
an area of the earth's surface with similar characteristics -Political, Physical, Cultural, Economic
planned economy
an economic system directed by government agencies
map projections
are used to show the curved surface of the Earth on a flat surface. Distribution can appear in size, distance, shape or area
Where is livestock ranching practiced?
arid or semi-arid regions
3 types of Population Density
arithmetic, physiological, agricultural
How do right-to-work laws draw industry into a certain area?
ask mr. moore, I don't know the answer yet
Fordism
assembly line production of identical commodities by a rigidly controlled and specialized labor force for generalized mass markets -named after Henry Ford
Why did Osama declare war w/ the US in 1996?
b/c/o US support of Saudi Arabia and Israel
Why are consumer and business services attached to CBDs?
because of its accessibility
Why are frontiers becoming attractive?
becoming more attractive to states for agriculture and mining
What are some issues that developing countries need help with to help their economy?
better schools, more advanced technology, a need to diversify their economy
examples of cottage industries
breaking bad, baking cakes at home, regular lemonade stands *(happen often, as if it was just a one-time occurrence it wouldn't be an industry)* -Apple + Google started as a cottage industry, in a person's basement
How do you limit Russia's expansion?
by colonizing around it
How was the rural-to-urban migration pattern and diffusion of city growth triggered?
by the European Industrial Revolution
Where are wet areas with high precipitation mostly located?
by the equator
demographic transition
change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
Micro-loan w/ example from class
small-business loan often used to buy equipment or operate a business example: The Peru video where the guy in Harlem invested small amounts in the pottery lady, this allowed her business to stay afloat
What has hinduism affected in modern day?
social, economic, artistic, and philosophical elements of society
Where has the US population shifted?
south ward + west ward
Describe Ancient States
sovereign state that comprises a town + the surrounding countryside, built walls to define boundaries
Special Economic Zones w/ an example
specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment -Louisiana and the Movie Industry
Rate of Urbanization
speed at which the population is becoming urban
expansion diffusion
spread of a characteristic from a central node or a hearth through various means -Spread of Religion
wasted vote
spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority
Weber's Model
states the optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization -least cost theory
economic geography
study of how people support themselves w/ the spatial patterns of *production*, *distribution* + *consumption* of goods + services, and the variation of economic activities over the Earth's surface
What regions dislocate the most refugees?
subsaharan Africa, Southeast Asia, N Africa, S/West Asia, South Asia, Europe
Multiple Nuclei Model (late 1940s, Harris and Ullman)
suggests that growth occurs independently around several major focal points (CBD)
Stimulus Diffusion
takes a part of an idea and spreads that idea to create an innovative product Ex: Rap Music
Supranationalism
tendency for a country to give up political power to a higher authority in order to accomplish a common objective
What are examples of labor intensive industries?
textile, apparel
Time Distance
the amount of time it takes for a person, an idea, or a product to travel- How has this changed?
Distribution
the arrangement of a feature in space
Rimland Theory
the belief of Nicholas Spykman that domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide a base for world conquest -whoever controls the Rimland controls the world
Central Business District (CBD)
the core of a city's economy, all North American cities have one
What did the Green Revolution Increase?
the crop output possible on every farm
paddy rice farming
the cultivation of rice on a paddy, or small flooded field enclosed by mud dikes, practiced in the humid areas of the Far East.
aquaculture
the cultivation of seafood
Agriculture
the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
relocation diffusion
the diffusion of a characteristic as people move from place to place -spread of Spanish to South America
Urban Sprawl
the diffusion of urban land use and lifestyle into formerly non-urban, often agricultural land. Led to the growth of edge cities
Connectivity
the directness of routes linking pairs of places
Economic Sector
the dividing of the country's population based upon the economic area in which that population is employed -*primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary*
Friction of Distance
the effect of distance on the interaction between places
Cultural Ecology
the geographic study of human-environment relationships
Urbanization
the growth and diffusion of city landscapes and urban lifestyles
Rimland
the land around the edge of of a country or continent
Situation
the location of a place relative to other places
Industry
the manufacturing of goods in a factory
Threshold
the minimum number of people needed to fuel a particular function's existence in a central place
Transhumance
the movement of herds according to seasonal rhythms, warmer, lowland areas in winter + cooler, highland areas in summer
What led to demographic transitions related to the 2nd Agricultural Revolution? How?
the pattern of industrial and urban growth -it supplied more workers to the factories, which improved food supplies to support the increasing population
Activity Spaces
the places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity
forestry
the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees
development
the process of improving the material condition of a state
Industrial Revolution
the process of technological change that started in the late 1700s that transformed how goods were produced and obtained by the people
Seed Planting
the production of plants through annual planting of seeds
scale
the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
What does physiological density provide insights into?
the relationship between the size of a population and the availability of resources in a region
Accessibility
the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place -North Korea has barely any
cultural nationalism
the resistance by a group of people against cultural imperialism + cultural convergence
Where does most of the money from mixed crop and livestock farming come from?
the sale of animal products
activity spaces
the space within which daily activity occurs
Hierarchical Diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places Ex: Clothing Trends, Shaq and Gold bond
Cultural Geography
the study of people's lifestyles, their creations, and their relationships to the Earth and the supernatural.
Physical Geography
the study of physical features of the earth's surface
Human Environment Interaction
the study of the interrelationship between people and their physical environment -How do people relate to their physical world? -Use the env., change the env., accept the env.
Political Geography
the study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena, including their impact on other spatial components of society and culture
Political Ecology
the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes
Culture
the total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of a group
What is position of the urban hierarchy determined by?
the types of central place functions it provides.
adaptive strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment
cultural landscape
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape -Ex: buildings, art, music
Psychological Distance
the way people view distance- "It's only 30 mins away" "It's in Timbuktu!"
What does succession migration cause?
the zone in transition- just outside the CBD that never becomes developed
What observations led to Holt's development of the Sector Model?
there were urban landuse zones of growth based on transportation routes and linear features
How do industries get money to fund themselves in the first place?
they borrow money to establish new factories
How do industries reduce labor costs?
they find areas where cheap, non-union labor is, as it maximizes profits that would be lost with high labor
How do industries reduce transportation costs?
they find where cost to transport materials + product is lowest
secondary activities
those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value -manufacturing, construction, and power generation
tertiary activities
those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and the bring together consumers and providers of services -wholesale and retail trade, associated transportation and governmental services
How did Christianity spread in the Roman Empire?
through roads and the military
What's the primary function of Industrial Cities?
to *make and distribute manufactured goods*
Why did Halford Mackinder develop the Heartland theory?
to justify European colonization during the 19th century
Why did Osama move to Afghanistan?
to oppose the soviet-installed gov.
Where is shifting cultivation found?
tropical rain forests
What must factories be in order to get funding from banks?
trustworthy
central places
urban centers that provide services to their surrounding market area (the "hinterland")
uneven development
urban development that is not spread equally among a city's areas, leaving some areas richly developed and others continually poor and decrepit
Shock cities
urban places experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization including the influx of urban in-migrants
Isoline Maps
use lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space -Reference Map
Zoning Ordinances
used by the gov. to prevent the mixing of land uses
Location Triangle
used to determine the best place to locate a manufacturing plant based on Weber's model -Point 1: Market -Point 2: Resource 1 -Point 3: Resource 2 *all equal distances to center*
Ethnic Group
used to refer to a group that shares a language, customs, and a common heritage
graduated symbol map
uses symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of something. Map key is used to determine the amount -Reference Map
cartogram
volume of one phenomena or item that can be illustrated by size -Reference Map
What are wages like in labor intensive industries?
wages and compensation of labor is a high percentage of total expenses
How do we understand economic geography?
we use types of activities + organization to understand patterns
What crop dominates intensive subsistence?
wet or lowland rice
Blockbusting
when agents used racism to "bust up" a block by bringing in a minority family into a predominately white neighborhood and then profiting from all the turnover
Redlining
when banks would refuse to get loans to certain minority-occupied neighborhoods that were "red-lined"
commodification of labor
when factory owners looked at workers as objects with price tags, rather than as people, they became less important in the grand scheme of things
Pastoralism
when herders follow their herds from pasture to pasture
Deindustrialization
when industrial factories leave an area, they take the economic base with them leaving the old areas in heavy unemployment and an unstable economy
cumulative causation
when money flows to areas of greatest profit rather than to those of greatest need
Racial Steering
when real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
Assimilation
when the original traits of the weaker culture are completely replaced by the dominant
How do you protect soil from erosion?
with ridge tillage
Why do women work more hours than men in most countries?
women are paid less for equal amounts of work than men
Has food production been expanding faster than population recently?
yes
Is a state a country?
yes
Urban Realms Model
explains suburban regions that were functionally tied to mixed-use, suburban downtowns with relative independence from CBDs. (Think: if you live in an area that has everything you need and want, how often do you leave that area?)
What are the two types of subsistence agriculture?
extensive, intensive
What were some industrial revolution innovations?
factories, mass produced goods, steam engine, trucks and cars
What does Agribusiness include?
farms, processing plants, packages, fertilizer labs, and distributors
examples of adaptive strategies
food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
Maquiladoras
foreign-owned assembly companies located in the US--Mexico border region
Culture Realm
formed through the fusing together of culture regions that share enough in common to be merged together -no fixed boundaries
plant domestication
genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention
animal domestication
genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
What was Megalopolis named after?
geographer Jean Guttman
What does redrawing district borders possibly lead to?
gerrymandering
Is a leading power a single state or group of states?
group, ex: European Union
Sub Culture
groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society's majority, even as the members exist within a larger society
Ghettoization
growth of areas of concentrated poverty in urban places
Suburbanization
growth of suburban neighborhood and commuter families
overfishing
harvesting fish to the point that species are depleted and the value of the fishery reduced
What does *Level 2* of cities, *Command and Control Centers*, consist of? Give an example.
headquarters of large corporations, business services, educational, medical and public institutions Ex: Silicon Valley and Seattle in the tech. industry
What does the core of Eurasia equal?
heartland (lots of resources)
Location
highlights how the geographical position of people and things on Earth's surface affects what happens and why -helps to establish the context within which events + processes are situated
Jihad
holy war
concentration
how closely things are related to 1 another in a space (clustered or dispersed)
Linear Distance
how far across the earth a person, an idea, or a product travels
How high a threshold is for a service depends on what?
how unique and special it is
Locator Maps
illustrations used in books and advertisements to show specific locations mentioned in the text -Reference Map
Mental Maps
image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space -based on their "sense of place"
Spatial Competition
implies that central places compete with each other for customers
Where are unitary systems common?
in European countries
How did urbanization grow during the Industrial Revolution? Why?
in a snowball process, as growth of urban jobs provided attractive opportunities to rural people who struggled
Where must a factory establish itself if it wants to get funding from banks?
in an area where banks are willing to give money to them
When is grain farming concentrated?
in planting + harvesting times
Material Culture
includes jewelry, art, buildings, clothing, weapons
Zone of Maturity
includes services and infrastructural developments
Infrastructure
includes services that support economic activities. It provides for transportation, communication, education, and other external needs of a company
What did mercantilism allow for?
increased capital flow
Is the number and percent of people living in urban areas in LDCs increasing or decreasing?
increasing
How high were the demands for food during the 2nd A.R. (Agricultural Revolution)?
incredibly large
shifting cultivation
involves farming large plots of land until nutrients are depleted and then moved on
Intensive Subsistence
involves the efficient use of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield -large amounts of human labor + fertilizers
What does the combination of rain and heat do to the environment?
it rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil, not allowing for agriculture
What has the US economy become based on after it became less industrialized?
it's become based on *service industries* such as sales, telecommunications and banking
What's more important for a modern city in today's infrastructure, *its location* or *its prominence in global communications*? Give examples of cities like this.
its prominence Ex: London, NY, Tokyo
When was industry and manufacturing at their height in the U.S.?
late 1800s and early 1900s
When did the 3rd A.R. occur?
latter half of 20th century
What does *Level 1* of cities, *World Cities*, consist of?
law, banking, insurance, accounting, and advertising (all concentrated in *large numbers*)
stacked vote
links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries
Why do India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir?
majority is Muslim, and land was given to India b/c of their help w/ Pakistan rebels -they want access to their water for their high populations, Indus River -
gerrymandering
manipulating districts to empower or discriminate against groups of people
Losch's Model
manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit
Secondary Activities
manufacturing, processing, construction, power production
Popular Culture
mass culture that diffuses rapidly
What type of goods do most of America rely on?
mass-produced goods
What are groups that still hunt and gather today?
massai, tribes on southern islands, areas in Central Asia
life expectancy
measures the average number of years a person will live
When did the Industrial Revolution begin?
mid 1700s, Doubling Rate decreases b/c/o tech
Nomadic herding/pastoralism
migration but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage
What does dairy farming produce?
milk, butter, cheese
capital
money for investment
Why did most of Asia, the Middle East + Africa enter the industrial revolution in the mid 20th century?
more powerful countries like the US wanted their oil
Intercontinental/International Migration
movement across international borders, but not continents
Periodic Movement
movement away from home for a longer period (ex. migrant labor, transhumance, military service)
Cyclic Movement
movement away from home for a short period (ex. commuting, seasonal movement, nomadism)
Voluntary Migration
movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.
What does *Level 3* of cities, *Specialized Producer- Service Centers*, consist of? Give an example.
narrow and highly specialized variety of services -Orlando makes most of its money on theme parks (Universal, Disney)
What do *land* industries encompass?
natural and human resources
Where does mixed and livestock farming usually take place?
near urban areas
Backwash effect
negative effects that happen when other areas suffer out migration of talented people to technopoles *(Brain Drain)*
What did the neolithic revolution create a divide between?
nomads + settled ppl.
acculturalation
occurs when 2 cultures come into contact w/ one another + the "weaker" (politically or w/ less mainstream acceptance) of the 2 adopts traits from the dominant culture
cultural homogeneity
occurs when cultures become the same, or uniform, and local diversity is decreased
Transculturation
occurs when two cultures of just about equal power or influence meet and exchange ideas or traits without the domination seen in acculturation and assimilation
What does asking locational questions mean?
often means look at the the reciprocal relationship between humans + environments
What's China's biggest solution to stopping large population growth?
one child policy
superimposed boundary
one forced on existing cultural landscapes
What is urbanization in less-developed countries focused on?
one or two cities rather than being spread evenly throughout
Where is dairy farming located?
outside of urban areas
succession migration
pattern of inflow of new migrants to the CBD in the concentric model and the pushing of existing inhabitants outward into other rings
What are suburban houses usually built for? Why would others be excluded?
people of a single social class, with others excluded by virtue of cost, size or labor
Are the boundaries of culture region perceptual or formal?
perceptual
How often did terror attacks occur against Americans in the 90s?
periodically
Describe Physical and Cultural aspects of Landlocked boundaries
physical: Desert, mountains, water Cultural: Geometric (38th Parallel), Religious
unitary system
places most power in the hands of central gov. officials
Intertillage
practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same swidden
Bid-Rent Curve
predicts that land prices and population density decline as distance from the CBD increases
Gravity Model
predicts that the *optimal location* of a service is directly related to the *number of people in the area* and inversely related to the *distance people need to access it*
Robinson Projection
purpose: general strengths: no more distortion, oval shape is like the globe Distortion: area, shape, size + directions are all slightly distorted
Mercator Projection
purpose: navigation strengths: directions are accurate, lines of latitude + longitude meet at right angles distortion: distance between lines o/ longitude appear constant. Land masses near the poles appear large
Pan-Regional Influence
reach that extends beyond the city's own region into the other centers of economic control. (NYC)
Types of Diffusion
relocation, expansion, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus
Bulk-Losing Industry
remove weight or bulk during the manufacturing process -metals, steel
Vegetative Planting
reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants
right-to-work laws
requires "open shop", workers don't have to join the union as a condition of employment
Tertiary Activities
retail and wholesale trade, personal and professional services
Edge Cities w/ Baton Rouge Examples
self-sufficient, urban villages that often develop at highway exits and are part of a larger, metropolitan complex (Dutchtown/Gonzales/Denham Springs)
What does understanding the regional geography of a place allow us to make?
sense of much of the info. we have about places
Non-Basic Services with examples
serve the community -schools -grocery stores -doctors -DMV -restaurants
1st World Countries
service based economy, free market, high productivity, high living standard
What's domesticated in pastoralism?
sheep, goats, camels, cattle, horses, yaks
Dot Distribution Map
shows specific location and distribution of something across the territory of a map -Reference Map
Landuse Model
shows the different ways that ppl. use the land that's available to them
Gender Equity Index
shows the disparity between the rights of men and women.
Flow Line Maps
shows the movement of people, goods or ideas
Sector Model (1930s, Holt)
similar land uses and socioeconomic groups clumped in geometric sectors radiated outward from the CBD
Export processing zones
small areas with exceptional investment and trading conditions that governments create to stimulate and attract foreign investment
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
Where and when did the second agricultural revolution begin?
In West Europe in the 1600s
How are the 5 activities connected?
Transportation and Communication
An example of a functional boundary dispute
US-Mexico
suitcase farm
In American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews.
Describe Stage 2 of the Epidemiological Transition: Age of Receding Pandemics
*Improvements in public health* (e.g. water, sewage) & nutrition -*Infant mortality rate declines* -Pandemics - widespread disease declines -*Increased life expectancy* Developing countries in *late 1700s* -Cholera
What were the 3 characteristics of Louis Wirth's (30s) idea of a city?
*Large size*- ppl. can only know small % of the people living there *High population density*-each person plays a specific role and encourages people to compete for survival in limited space *Social Hetereogenous*- has greater freedom but may feel lonely and isolated
Describe countries in the PERIPHERY area of Wallenstein's World Systems Theory
*Low Income* -Low use of tech -High % of primary activities -Low levels of education by majority of population
Describe the relationships between the percent of primary, secondary and tertiary sector workers and the 5 levels of Rostow's Development theory.
*Traditional* P- Vast Majority, S- Very Few, T- Few *PCs Takeoff* P- Vast majority, S- Few, T- Very Few *Takeoff* P- Declining, S- Rapid Growth, T- Few *Drive to Maturity* P- Few, S- Stable, T- Growing rapidly *High Mass Consumption* P- Very Few, S- Declining, T- Vast majority
Describe Stage 3 of the Epidemiological Transition: Age of Degenerate and Human-made Diseases
*Urbanization & continued improvements in public health & nutrition* -Death from polio, measles declines -Life expectancy 50> *Rise of Man-made diseases* -Smoking & Fattier diet -Rising cancer & heart disease (~50%)
Urban System
*interdependent* set of urban settlements within a specified region. exist in a *spider-web* of interacting parts
Squatter Settlements
*makeshift housing* on land *not legally owned* or rented by *urban migrants*, usually in unoccupied open spaces within or on the outskirts of a rapidly growing city. contains *few or no services*
World Cities
*powerful* cities that control a disproportionately *high level* of the *world's economic, political, and cultural activities* with *high level of centrality* and *pan-regional influence*
Describe Stage 4 of the Epidemiological Transition: Age of Delayed Degenerative Disease
-*Improved health care, diet, medicine & education* -Heart disease & cancer prevented or delayed -Life expectancy >65
How did established marketplaces spread?
-*Westward* throughout the Mediterranean region -*Eastward* through *overland* + *caravan trade routes* to *India, China and Japan*
Different ways of viewing the same environment
-A body of water -Mountains
What were the common Urban Hearth Area qualities?
-A dependable water supply -A long growing season -Domesticated plants and animals -Plenty of building materials -System of writing records
Location: Where is it?
-Absolute Location -Relative Location -Hemisphere -Equator- divides n + s hemispheres -Prime Meridian- divides e + w hemispheres -Latitude -Equator -Longitude -Prime Meridian
How have *more developed country* farmers fixed the *difficult to sustain land* problem where they produce more food than needed?
-Adopted sustainable agriculture
What happens when you go further from a city agriculturally? (Von Thuen)
-Agriculture expands
What is there to praise about the Green Revolution?
-Agriculture now outpaces population -Nitrogen-based fertilizers increase farm productivity -Scientists continue to invent new food sources -Higher productivity reduces dependency on imports in places such as China + India -New irrigation have increased crop yields -Agribusiness has increased cash crop productivity
Common Traits of Ecumene
-Almost 90% of all ppl. live north of the equator -More than 1/2 of all ppl. live on about 5% of the land -Most people live in areas close to sea level -2/3 of the world's pop is concentrated within 300 miles of the ocean
Describe Stage 3: Moderate Growth
-Brought about by cultural changes -characterized by a sudden CBR drop -there's still growth, just not as fast as 2
Describe Stage 2: High Growth
-Brought about by the Industrial Rev. -CDR plummets while the CBR remains the same as in Stage 1 -Allowed to spread LDRs by the med. revolution (20th century)
Examples of Primate Cities
-Buenos Aires -Argentina is 10x the size of the 2nd largest city, Rosario -Tokyo has 24.5 million more ppl. than the 2nd largest in Japan, Yokohama
Describe Stage 4: Declining Growth
-CBR=CDR -Brought about by aging population, education= family planning -Zero Population Growth -Low TFR
Describe Stage 5: Negative Growth
-CDR>CBR b/c/o aging population -RNI is less than 0 -Much of Europe is entering this stage
Examples of Political Geography
-Characteristics of political entities -Problems in defining jurisdictions -The significance of fragmentation of political power
What are the environmental factors in *land* industries?
-Climate -Cultural facilities -low cost energies
Disadvantages of Agglomeration
-Congestion -High Land Values -Pollution- depending on the industry -Increased government regulation
Describe Osama Bin Laden
-Created and Funded Al Qadea -Killed May 2, 2011
Examples of Devolution
-Czechoslovakia breaking into Czech Republic and Slovakia -Yugoslavia breaks up into several countries -London ceding power to Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales
Examples of Agglomeration
-Dalton, Georgia- 19 of 20 US top carpet makers -Wall Street- Banks all close to Stock Market -Silicon Valley- High tech computer companies/Computers
What are the 3 reasons why culture changes?
-Discovery- learning about something that already exists within a culture (women athletes) -Invention- the creation of something that changes a culture (tech.) -Diffusion- transmission of items or practices from 1 culture to another (food, language, etc.)
Describe Stage 4 of Rostow's Stages of Development- The Drive To Maturity
-Growth is diverse and self-sustaining, supported by tech innovation -Economic development spreads to all parts -A more complex transport system develops -Increase in # and types of industry -Manufacturing expands as early industries decline
Describe the relationships between input, factories, and the market in bulk reducing/*material oriented* markets
-Heavy input short distance from source to plant -lighter output, long distance to market
Describe Pre-Agriculture Life (Paleolithic (Stone Age) Era)
-Hunter-gatherers and nomads -Family groups of 50 or less -5-10 million ppl. with lots of space(9000 BC)
Give an example of division of labor on a more personal level
-I cook this, you cook that, makes a whole meal -Group projects and dividing up the work between the groupmates
How does womens' rights affect population size?
-If more women are able to attend school, they learn employment skills, gain more economic control of their lives, and make more informed reproductive choices. -With the survival of more infants assured, women would be more likely to choose contraceptives to limit the number of children.
Describe Stage 3 of Rostow's Stages of Development- Takeoff
-Industrialization increases w/ workers switching from the land to manufacturing. -Growth is concentrated in few regions of the county and in one or two industries -New political and social institutions support industrialization -Airports, Roads, and railways are built
Smartphones and the S-Curve
-Initially, a small group that can afford -Once more ppl. learn + prices drop, a much faster adoption rate (majority adopters) -Finally, the rate of adoption slows down + the "late adopters" who didn't have one, purchase
Describe Landlocked Countries
-Isolation -At the merry of neighbors -Need communication linkages (highways, airports, rivers, etc.)
Popular Culture Lagniappe Info.
-Large, heterogeneous societies -Largely Urban Based -Large Scaled -Product of economically more developed countries -Based on global connections
Compare the Rates and Levels of Urbanization in China and America
-Level OU in US is nearly 75% but the rate is much lower than China's -China has a rapid rate despite its level of 30%
Describe Stage 1 of the Epidemiological Transition: Age of Pestilence and Famine
-Life expectancy >35 -Pestilence - fatal epidemic diseases -Ex: Bubonic plague - 1347 Europe - kills 1/2 of population Death by animal & human attacks -<10% heart disease
Describe the relationships between input, factories, and the market in bulk gaining/*market-oriented* markets
-Lighter input, longer distance to plant -Heavier output, short distance to market
What do all cities have?
-Locally elected officials -Ability to raise taxes -Responsibility for providing essential services
Give some examples of agricultural village cities
-Mesopotamia -Indus River Region -Nile Valley -Huang the River Valley -Mexico and Peru
Ravenstein Revisions
-More migrants are female, most migrants are best educated
How did Buddhism become less popular in India?
-Muslims relocated to the country in their migration -Hindu diffused into India from the hearth, Punjab
Who were the two superpowers in the era of two superpowers?
-NATO- anti-communist -Warsaw Pact- Pro Communist
What were the effects of devolution in Europe?
-New States are created -Political Instability -Mass Migration -Ethnocentrism
How have *lower developed country* farmers fixed the *high population growth* problem?
-New farming methods (plows, not very effective) -Land left fallow for shorter periods of time
What are some Culture Hearth locations?
-Nile River Valley in Egypt -Indus River Valley in India -Yellow River Valley in North China -Meso-America in Mexico -Mesopotamia in Iraq
What are the 4 Primary Industrial Zones (New Industrial Countries)?
-Northeastern US and Canada -Central and Western Europe -Western Russia and Ukraine -East Asia (4 tigers) + Japan, China
Give some examples of Regional Organizations
-OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) -OAS (Organization of American States) -AU (African Union) -Commonwealth
Where's federalism often found? (give examples)
-Often in Multinational states Ex. Unites States, Russia, Canada, Brazil, India
What are the effects of supranationalism on Europe?
-Open Borders -Free Trade between countries (No Tariffs) -Common Policies (Environmental, Foreign) -Larger Trading Market -Common Currency (EURO)
Judaism
-Original Abrahamic religion -4000 yrs. Old -Has territorial & political identity T-orah- Holy Book -10 Commandments
Environmental Downsides to the Green Revolution
-Pesticides have caused pollution and soil-contamination -Workers are exposed to chemicals + suffer health problems -Requires more water so it strains water resources -Requires more mechanized equipment that requires more expensive fuels which increases pollution
What is Place like?
-Physical features -Climate, landforms + vegetation -Dams, highways, houses
What are the two ways states can cooperate with each other?
-Political and Military -Economic, trade agreements, military alliances
Place
-Ppl develop a sense of place by infusing a place w/ meaning + emotion -We also develop perceptions of places where we have never been through books, movies, stories, and pictures
Describe Stage 1: Low Growth
-Ppl. depended on hunting + gathering for food -Most of human history spent during this stage -The NIR/RNI is essentially zero -There's no country still in this stage
Characteristics of Pre-Industrial Cities
-Surrounding rural settlements provided food to urban dwellers who in turn provided different economic functions -Served as trade centers and gateways to foreign lands and markets -Had a diverse mix of economic functions in any given space -Shops, markets, homes and government offices could be found jumbled together -Economic segregation often existed between the elite and poor
Physiological Density
-The # of ppl. supported by a unit area of arable land -Provides insight into the relationship between the size of a pop. + the availability of resources in a region
Describe what happened between the USSR and Afghanistan
-USSR controlled Afg. in 1979 -US gave money/weapons to Afg rebels called "Mujahideen" fighting Russians -USSR kicked out by 1992
Describe countries in the SEMI-PERIPHERY area of Wallenstein's World Systems Theory (w/ examples)
-Used to be peripheral -Increased economic development Ex: BRICS counties
Folk Culture Lagniappe Traits
-Usually relatively isolated -Anonymous hearths, sources, and dates -Dependent on the env. -Usually practiced by small, homogenous groups
Where do most people live? (Ecumene)
-almost 90% live north of equator -most live close to sea level -More than half of all people live on about 5% of the land, 9/10 less than 20% -About 2/3 of the world's pop is concentrated within 300 miles of the ocean
Describe Universalizing Religions
-claim applicability to all humans -that seek to transmit their beliefs through missionary work + conversions -choose to make it a commitment
What are the exceptions to the location rules that industries follow?
-footlose industries -substitution principle -agglomeration
Diffusion S-Curve by Hagerstrand
-hearths diffuse in stages 1st- innovations gain acceptance in their origin 2nd- Beings to diffuse rapidly outward 3rd- slows down and reaches max. saturation
yoke for horse
-improved during 2nd A.R. , the oxen were replaced with horses
Lagniappe Industrial Revolution Facts
-machines replaced human labor -coal was leading energy source -improved transportation + infrastructure
What two changes have recently changed the density gradient?
-number of people living in the center of CBD has decreased -a trend toward less density difference within urban areas
What types of buildings are best in rural areas? Why? *(land industries)*
-one story buildings are most efficient, as there isn't enough room for giant one story factories in cities
Describe Stage 5 of Rostow's Stages of Development- High Mass Consumption
-rapid expansion of tertiary industry -industry shifts to production of durable consumer goods
What site and situation factors allowed for the creation of the urban banana?
-site- arable land, street layout, building layout -situation- proximity to major trade routes and other urban places
Ethnic Religion
-strong territorial identification -strong cultural group identification -become a member by birth or by adoption of a complex lifestyle and cultural identity -not merely by a statement of faith (Fellman, 157)
Concentric Zone Model (1920s, *Burgess*)
-suggests that a city's land use can be viewed from above as a series of concentric rings -assumes a process called *succession migration*
In what two ways are the populations of a country influenced by demographic transition?
-the % of pop. in each age group -the distribution of males + females
What do Malthus supporters argue?
-the growth of less developed countries are outstripping even Malthus' predictions -world pop is stripping other resources, not just food -birth control is a neccesity
What do Malthus' critics believe?
-the theory states that food prod. is fixed rather than growing -increase in food tech is allowing for growth -larger pop= larger economic growth to produce greater resources
What's the highest and best score you can get on the human development index?
1
Describe the 1st Agricultural Revolution in Southwest Asia (Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent) 1. Where was it located? 2. What was domesticated? 3. What animals were used?
1. Between the Tigris + Euphrates River 2. Barley + Wheat 3. Pigs, Cattle, Sheep + Dogs
Describe the 1st Agricultural Revolution in Latin America (Yucatan Peninsula + Incan) 1. What was domesticated? 2. What crops were grown?
1. Corn, Potatoes, Squash + Beans 2. Staple Crops
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Long-range migrants usually move to urban 3. Most migration is step migration 4.' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' is rural to urban 5. Each flow has a counterflow 6. Most migrants are young males
What are the 5 Levels of Activities?
1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary 5. Quinary
What are the reasons for Colonialism?
1. Promote Christianity (God) 2. Extract useful resources + to serve as captive markets for their products (Gold) 3. Establish relative power thru the # of their colonies (Glory)
What are the main parts of the Demographic Transition Model?
1. The Demographic Transition -Low, High, Moderate, Low Growth 2. Pop Pyramids -Age Distribution, Sex Ratio 3. Countries in diff. stages of demo. transition 4.Demo. transition + world pop. growth
5 Rostow stages of development
1. The Traditional Society 2. Pre-conditions for takeoff 3. Takeoff 4. The Drive to Maturity 5. High Mass Consumption
According to the gravity model, what 2 patterns reflect consumer behavior?
1. The greater the # of people living in a particular place, the greater is the # of potential customers for a service 2. The farther people are from a particular service, the less likely they are to use it (distance decay)
What were Weber's 5 assumptions about his own theory?
1. Uniformity- an area is completely uniform physically, politically, culturally + technologically 2. One product/market- manufacturing involves a single product to be shipped to a single market whose location is known 3. Raw Materials from Multiple Locations- Inputs involve raw materials from more than 1 known source location 4. Infinite/Immobile Labor- Labor is infinitely available but immobile in location 5. Fixed Transportation Routes- transportation routes aren't fixed but connect origin + destination by the shortest path -trans. routes directly reflect the weight of items shipped + their distance moved
What are the four levels of cities that geographers distinguish that play a major role in the provision of producer + other business services in the global economy?
1. World Cities 2. Command and Control Centers 3. Specialized Produced- Service Centers 4. Dependent Centers
The second agricultural revolution intensified _________ and promoted ____________. Dramatic improvements included ________ + ________
1. agriculture 2. higher yield per acre 3. crop + livestock yields
How many people globally are factory workers? What countries make up that number?
1/2 billion -China- 1/4 -India- 1/5 -MDCs- 1/5
How much US capital does Silicon Valley have?
1/4
What percent of the world's population is in Europe?
11%
How many islands does Indonesia have?
13,677
Sikhism
1500s attempt to unify Hindu and Islam
How did the # of people living in cities increase over time?
1800- 1% 1850- 6% 1900- 14% 1950- 30% 2000- 47%
When did the Medical Revolution begin?
1850, developed countries get medicines, doubling rate decreases
From 1945-1993 how many u.n. countries were added?
1945: Established by the Allies 1955: 16 countries 1960: 17 countries 1990-93: 26 countries
Describe what happened between the Taliban and Afghanistan
1995- Taliban gains control 2001- US invaded Afg + unseated the Taliban -Taliban still challenges US backed Afg.
What percent of the world's population lives in West Africa?
2%
How much world area do Dry Areas take up?
20%
What percent of the world's population is in South Asia?
20%, 2nd largest concentration of ppl.
In what year did the population of urban areas exceed that of rural?
2008
How is 20th-century global conflict different than in the 21st?
20th- between states/countries 21st- indicated by individuals/groups (terrorism) (9/11, Boston Marathon)
density, concentration, pattern
3 main properties of distribution
Global Positioning System (GPS)
30 satellites- Navstars- beam longitude, latitude, altitude and time to Earth
When were the earliest cities born and what were they?
3500 BCE, agricultural villages
What are the top 5 countries ranked by agricultural output?
5. Japan 4. Brazil 3. U.S. 2. India 1. China
List the 5 activities in terms of biggest to smallest industry-wise (1- biggest, 5- smallest).
5. Quinary (basically connected to Quaternary) 4. Tertiary 3. Primary 2. Secondary 1. Quaternary
What's the rule of 70?
70/RNI= # of years of doubling time
What percent of Europeans live in cities?
75%
What percent of people in South Korea and Japan live in urban areas?
75%, their pops. are distributed differently + is also not uniform
How many of the 10 most populous cities are in LDCs?
8
When did the Agricultural Rev. take place?
8,000 BCE, Doubling Rate decreases b/c/o food
What percent of East Asia's population is in China?
80%
Exclave
A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays geographic data. -Combines data from a variety of sources + displays it
GIS (geographic information system)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
Indigenous Cultures
A culture group made up of the original inhabitants of a territory that is distinct from the dominant national culture
ranching
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
pidgin language
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
Biotechnology
A form of technology that uses living organisms to produce/genetically modify or change plant or animal products
Cereal Grain
A grass yielding grain for food.
Race
A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.
Geocaching
A hunt for a cache, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the Internet by other geocachers.
Swidden
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
Example of The Hexagonal Spatial Pattern
How places like Brusly and Walker wouldn't be able to function well without Baton Rouge
Types of Toponym
Descriptive- Phys. Features, EX: Grand Canyon Shift Names- Relocated Names Mistaken- Historic Errors Manufactured- Made-Up names Commemorative- In Honor of a Famous Person Possessive Names- Named for a Person Incident Names- Names for events Commendatory- Praising Names
Give an example of deindustrialization besides the rust belt
Detroit after the 2008 crash
What did Samuel Borchert do in the 1960s?
Developed the Model of Urban Evolution (Evolution of U.S. City) by linking changes in transportation tech. to urban evolution
Human Development Index
Developed to gain a predictor or standard of living by evaluating both the *productivity* of a country and its *social factors*
Gadhafi
Dictator of Libya
Absolute Location
Distance described by using a unit of measure
Relative Location
Distance described using other factors
What does the Epidemiological Transition model focus on?
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
What areas are sparsely populated?
Dry, Wet, Cold, High Areas
When were Rostow's and Wallerstein's models made?
During the cold war
When did the Industrial Revolution diffuse to mainland Europe?
Early 1800s
Where does bird flu come from?
East Asia
What 6 areas are 2/3 of the world's population concentrated in (in population order)?
East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia, US/Canada, West Africa
What's most important today in determining world powers?
Economy
What are other government policies that will influence their industry?
Education- what do you need to have education-wise to join an industry? Taxes, Subsidies -Env. Regulations- finding ways to make factories more eco-friendly takes money, time and resources
Examples of Genetically Modified Crops
Eggplants in Bangladesh, Papayas in Hawaii -Both prevented mass hunger in those areas
Where and when did the Industrial Revolution begin?
England in the 1700s
Example of Imperialism
European colonization of Africa + Asia is considered imperialism
Quinary Activities
Executive decision makers
What three types of diffusion helped with the spread of Christianity?
Expansion, Hierarchal, Contagious
What do Nitrogen-based fertilizers increase (positives of 3rd A.R.)?
Farm Productivity
Theme 3: Region
Features of the Earth's surface tend to be concentrated in particular areas, which we call regions.
What devices or tools were developed in the 2nd A.R.?
Fertilizers, Weed Killers, Pesticides -Refrigerators -Jethro Tull's Seed Drill
How did fields change in the second Agricultural Revolution?
Fields were much larger but still used the same amount of labor
What does Europe import?
Food + other resources
In the 3rd A.R., what grew to a global scale?
Food manufacturing
How does one earn the USDA Organic label?
Foods must be produced w/out the use of synthetic pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, sludge, irradiation or genetically modified seeds. Cows must have access to pasture a min. of 120 days a year
Why were inner-city homes destroyed? What was the replacement?
For public housing, which was a low-income household who must pay 30% of their income for their rent
What do landlocked countries do to lessen isolation?
Form alliances w/ other countries
3 Types of Regions
Formal- Defined by borders, climate, economy -Continental area, cultural styles, climate (US, Canada, Latin America, East Asia) Functional- A Hub city and its suburb Perceptual- People perceive the region to have similar characteristics, but the characteristics differ
Who created the Organic Theory?
Friedrich Ratzel
What are the economic factors of the Human Development Index?
GDP per Capita
Scale
Geographers employ this concept to understand individual, local, regional, national + global interrelationships
2nd World Countries
Hardline communist countries, centrally planned economies
double cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
Megacities
Have a high degree of *centrality* + *primacy* though not considered world cities. They have a *high level of influence* and power in *their countries' economies* -*HAVE TO HAVE OVER 10,000,000 RESIDENTS*
Political Maps
Have borders like states on the US map or countries on a world map -Reference Map
What are geographical questions?
Have we discovered everything on Earth? How do countries get their borders? What are the various ways we can move from Point A to B? Why are some countries fighting?
At what level of Rostow's stages of development is the United States at?
High Mass Consumption -Secondary Sector is declining
Theme One: Location
Highlights how the geographical position of people and things on Earth's surface affects what happens and why
The 4 Asian Tigers
Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan
How does this "bank investing capital in a factory system" affect the relationship between LDCs and MDCs?
MDCs will get most of the investments, as the MDC banks aren't very trusting in investing in LDCs when they can invest in their own industries. *LDC banks aren't very efficient*
What type of device was given a much larger focus in the 3rd A.R.?
Machines (Mechanization)
Sustainable Agriculture
Maintains and enhances environment -Organic farming -Fewer pesticides + chemicals -Better integration of crops and livestock
What's an example of a city that has *centrality* despite its population size?
Managua, Nicaragua accounts for only 30% of the total population but controls nearly 40% of the country's economy
Examples of industrial cities
Manchester, Chicago, Barcelona
cottage industry
Manufacturing based in *homes* rather than in a factory where people manufacture tools + ag. equipment for *their own communities*
What's something from Malthus' theory that was correct but for different reasons?
Many people in the world cannot afford to buy food or do not have access to sources of food, but these are problems of distribution of wealth rather than insufficient global production of food, as Malthus theorized.
Range of a good or service
Maximum distance a person is willing to travel to obtain a good or service
What was the crop innovation from North China? What was that crop's diffusion route?
Millet -Route: To S/West Asia + S/East Asia
What was the crop innovation from Ethiopia? What was that crop's diffusion route?
Millet -There was no route, remained isolated in Ethiopia
What's the largest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere?
N-East US + S-East Canada -2% of world's pop lives here -less than 5% of ppl. are farmers
mineral/fossil fuels
Natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources.
What political parties may have originated from the Organic Theory?
Nazis and Lebensraum
Where in the UK was Coal production centralized?
Newcastle
Where does 50% of West Africa's population live?
Nigeria
Does the multiple nuclei model make CBDs unimportant? Why or why not?
No, it just shows that areas can grow simultaneously
Does intensive subsistence yield small amounts of output per acre?
No, it yields large amounts
examples of superimposed boundaries
North and South Korea, East and West Germany
Criticisms of Developmentalism
Not equal opportunity system -core countries have advantages that peripheral countries do not
Foot Loose Industries w/ examples
Not restricted in when they can lo/relocate + they can maintain the *same cost of transportation and production* Examples: Amazon, Food Trucks
Rank Size Rule Formula
Nth largest city= 1/n the size of the largest city For Example: -The largest city: 10 million -2nd largest: 5 million (half of largest) -3rd largest: 3.33 million (3rd of largest)
Density Gradient
Number of houses per unit of land diminishes as the distance from the center of the city increases.
cultural convergence
Occurs when 2 cultures adopt each other's traits + become more alike
Cultural Barrier
Occurs when a prevailing culture attitude renders certain innovations, ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture
Culture System
Occurs when many culture complexes share particular traits (eg. Germans in the north and south speak with different accents, but share many cultural traits)
Distance Decay
Occurs when the intensity of some phenomenon decreases as distance from it increases
cultural divergence
Occurs when two cultures become increasingly different
Polar or Azimuthal Projection- purpose, strengths, distortion
P- Airline Pilots S- Straightest direction D- Shows the Poles
Mercator Projection- purpose, strengths, distortion
P- Navigation S- Directions are accurate, lines of latitude and longitude meet at right angles D- Distance between lines of long. appear constant, land masses near poles appear large
Peters Projection- purpose, strengths, distortion
P- Spatial distributions related to area S- Sizes of land masses are accurate D- Shapes are inaccurate, especially near the poles
Robinson Projection- purpose, strengths, distortion
P- general S- No major distortion, oval shape is like the globe D- Area, shape, size and directions all slightly distorted
example of irredentism
Pakistan and India fighting over Kashmir
Theme Two: Place
People develop a sense of place by infusing a place with meaning and emotion.
intracontinental migration
Permanent movement from one country to a different country on the same continent.
Interrgional migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
What do GMCs reduce the need for?
Pesticides
food security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Toponym
Place name, name of something on Earth
The 4 Stages of Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution
Stage 1- "sailwagon era" of 1790-1830 -cities mostly near ports and waterways Stage 2- "iron-horse cities" of 1830-1870 -rapid spread of the railroad and steamboats Stage 3- "steel-rail epoch" of 1870-1920 -industrial cities blossomed Stage 4- cities of 1920 -car and air travel leading to the rapid spread of suburbs
5 stages of epidemiological transition
Stage 1- Age of pestilence and famine ex: Black Death Stage 2- Stage of receding pandemics, ex: Cholera Stage 3- Degenerative + Human-Created Diseases, Ex: cancer, cardiovascular disease Stage 4- Delayed degenerative diseases, ex: cancer stopped thru medical reasons Stage 5- Reemergence of infectious + parasitic diseases Reasons: Evolution, Poverty, Improved Travel
What agricultural revolution stage are most Lower Developed Countries still in?
Stage 2
How did the industrial revolution diffuse?
Start: Great Britain Then: -Belgium/France (late 1700s) -United States(the 1790s) -Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden (late 1800s) -Asia, Middle East + Africa (Mid 20th Century)
Organic Theory
States are like organisms that need food to survive. Thus, they must take over other lands to become stronger
Microstates
States with very small land areas (Sealand)
Anthropology
Study of the origins and development of people and their societies
Surveying
Surveyors observe, measure, and record what they see in a specific area -Remote sensing
ridge tillage
System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
Domestication with examples
Taming animals + plants, changes their genetics -Examples: Pigs, Goats, Sheep, Cattle
Commercial Agriculture
Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology. -----Economic based
Give an example of how industries moved from region to region due to lower wages.
Textiles moved from the Northeast to the Southeast due to lower wages
What brought on the commodification of labor?
The Industrial Revolution
Ethnic Conflicts: Hutu vs Tutsi (Rwanda) 1994
The Rwandan Genocide was a genocide of the Tutsi and smaller scale genocide of the Hutu. The genocide was organized by the Hutu run government. During the 100 day time period, 500,000- 1 million Rwandans were killed (70% of the Tutsi population and 20% of the Rwandan Population).
remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
Carrying Capacity
The amount of a species which can be sustained in an env. based on resources
infant mortality rate
The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.
rate of natural increase
The annual rate of population growth
Total Feritility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have during her child-birthing years
Heartland Theory
The belief of Halford MacKinder that the interior of Eurasia provided a likely base for world conquest. -whoever controls Eastern Europe, Central Asia + the seas would control
Why did the economy in Detroit fall so low?
The deindustrialization of the northeast greatly affected the *city* that was *the heart of the car industry* -all of those jobs and factories in the car industry were lost, which had a great effect on the city
What does Spatial Interaction depend on?
The distance among places, the accessibility of places, the transportation + communication connectivity among places
Possibilism
The doctrine that the choices a society makes depend on what its members need and on what technology is available to them -Culture is determined by social limits, not env. -Nature v. Nurture- Nurture
Neolithic Revolution
The drastic changes that occurred when ppl. began to cultivate crops + domesticate animals. People were able to stay in one place, grow their crops + start to build communities. -Genders started to divide (Patriarchial)
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Custom
The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
How is industrialization still in the US if most products are manufactured in other countries?
The ideas behind the creation of those machines is still concentrated in the U.S. -For example: if an American product by Apple, Microsoft or Google is *made in China*, the idea and innovation behind that product *originated in the US*
How do people, goods, and ideas move from one location to another?
The internet, Planes, Boats, Music (Christian music, this is America), Immigration, Word of Mouth
Formal sector of the economy
The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product -established buildings, stores
Grain Farming
The mass *mechanized* planting and harvesting of grain crops, such as wheat, barley, and millet.
Proximity
The nearness of important features
The Rust Belt
The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate. *Deindustrialization*
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
dependency ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Density
The number of things in one square unit of space. -a large population doesn't = high density -Usually used w/ population (arithmetic- # of people, # of land) -Also can calculate the physiological density, agricultural density, housing
What happens to the number of people that work in primary, secondary, tertiary sectors when their income goes from low to high?
The numbers for primary sectors will decrease, and tertiaries will exponentially increase -primary always has the least amount of people out of the three *(technology takes hold, the reason why less income have more primary is b/c that tech. is expensive)*
level of urbanization
The percent of a country's population living in urban places.
Hearth
The place which an innovation or cultural change originates
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Diffusion
The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from 1 place to another over time
Industrialization
The process by which economic activities on the earth's surface evolved from producing basic, primary goods *(hand-made)* to using factories for mass-producing goods for consumption
Devolution
The process by which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population. Ex: Diseases, Memes, Hamilton, Silly Band, Pop Sockets, Fortnite
Space Time Compression
The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place b/c of a change in technology -Increases sense that the world is "becoming smaller". Limited to developed parts of the Globe. Reduces perceived distance not actual distance on land (Cars, Planes)
What does higher productivity lead to (positives of 3rd A.R.)?
The reduction of dependency on imports from China, India, etc.
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
market gardening
The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.
Concentration
The spread of something over a given area.
Human Geography
The study of where and why human activities are located where they are
Greenwich Mean Time
The time in that time zone encompassing the Prime Meridian, or 0 degrees longitude
crude death rate
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
crude birth rate
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
dietary energy
The type of energy created from Chemosynthesis that helps 'feed' certain organisms.
Central Place Theory
Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.
Why do southern workers have little interest in joining the union?
There is not a lot of industry in the south, so they don't need any protection from unions
What's the benefit to the US having a service-based economy?
There's low-no transportation cost
What did regions in mainland Europe *(early 1800s)* need for the Industrial Revolution to come to them?
They needed proximity to coal fields connection via water to a port -flow of capital
quaternary activities
Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration
primary activities
Those parts of the economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing -mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and grazing.
Pre-Industrial Cities
Those that developed *prior to industrialization* and shared several characteristics
Why do they create legislative districts?
To determine the districts that will be represented by a single representative
Why did Iraq invade Kuwait?
To gain control of oil fields and reserves -they said it had been taken away from them, but the real reason was oil
Why was district 2 (New Orleans) extended into Baton Rouge, instead of another region?
To keep the district voting the same way as it had previously by: -Maintaining the Black Majority -Maintaining the Democrat Majority
What are the 5 toos that humans can't live in?
Too Hot, Cold, Wet, Dry, Hilly
What are the four major costs in an industry?
Transportation (most important), labor, agglomeration, deglomeration