ap psych unit 12

it has been suggested that compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to the survival of the human species. this idea best illustrates the _____________ perspective

biological perspective

stomaform disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

psychological

relating to the human mind and feelings

using dsm-V guidelines. two different clinicians are likely to give a specific patient that same diagnosis. the indicates that the dsm-V is

reliable

some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. however, ____________ occurs worldwide

schizophrenia

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital

Hypochondriasis is characterized by

the misinterpretation of normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

schizophrenia (split mind)

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions positive symptoms-- present symptoms such as hallucinations, and delusions

mania

a mod disorder marked by hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or medical condition, two or more weeks of a significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which the person (usually affects men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

dissociative identity disorder

also known as DID; a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. formerly called multiple personality disorder

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

also known as adhd; a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention hyperactivity and impulsively

The number one reason people seek mental health services is

depression

generalized anxiety disorder is often accompanied by

depression

ongoing patterns of behavior that are different from those of most other people in your culture are best characterized as

deviant

psychological disorders

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

in a study by david rosenhan (1973), researches were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after the falsely claimed to be "hearing voices." this study best illustrated the negative effects of

diagnostic labels

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

agoraphobia

fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

anxiety disorders

generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobia, ocd, and ptsd. psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

disturbed perceptions

hallucinations... hearing voices, seeing things that aren't there, etc. these are false perceptions

Who was the individual discussed in class that claims to suffer from D.I.D.?

herschel walker

Misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease is indicative of

hypochondriasis

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

mental illness and abnormal behavior occur is the result of repressed unconscious thoughts, unresolved childhood conflicts, or sexual and aggressive impulses. modern take emphasizes on how social interactions influence mental illness but also examine the impact of childhood events and unconscious drives.

cognitive

mental illness are the the result of irrational beliefs, attitudes, and thoughts. individuals who believe that they have a low level of control regarding what happens to them in life will be more likely to develop a mental illness

while he was studying, matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. for several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. matthew was most likely suffering from a

panic attack

which of the following disorders is characterized by the most sudden and unpredictable episodes of distress

panic disorder

the medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of

socia circumstances and psychological factors

A therapist believes that Chet is chronically depressed because he takes too little credit for his many achievements and assumes too much responsibility for his few failures. The therapist's interpretation reflects a ________ perspective

social-cognitive

A conversion disorder is a type of ________ disorder

somatoform

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause is a

somatoform disorder

heritiability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

dysfunctional behavior

those that detract from, rather than contribute to, organizational performance

obsessive-compulsive disorder

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

social phobia

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

stimulus generalization

a phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli

hypochondriasis

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of the disease

lethargy

a state of sluggishness, inactivity, and apathy

psychiatrists and psychologists are most likely to consider social unusual behavior as disordered if it is

personally distressful

kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. kaylee appears to suffer from a

phobia

post traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crisis

cancer survivors who develop a fresh delight in their children and savor the joy of each new day best illustrate

post traumatic growth

repeated distressing dreams and intrusive memories of an intensely fearful and life-threatening experience are symptoms most commonly associated with

post-traumatic stress disorder

positive symptoms

presence of inappropriate behaviors. ex: delusions, hallucinations, false perceptions, word salad, catatonic (statue like)

Noah's therapist suggests that Noah developed a dissociative identity disorder in order to misbehave without feeling a strong sense of personal shame. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective

psychoanalytic

some psychologists believe that due partly to a broader definition of trauma, mental health professionals have been over diagnosing

ptsd

most political dissidents who survive dozens of episodes or torture do not later exhibit ptsd. this best illustrates survivor

resiliency

The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by

stressful life experiences

fugue state

sudden loss of memory or change in identity

explaining mood disorders

temporary... you will get through this v. stable... you'll never get over it global... you need them v. specific... you have other people around you to support you internal... all my fault v. external... both

dsm 4

the american psychiatric associations diagnostic disorders, fourth edition, updated as of 2000 "text revision", widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

hypochondriasis is characterized by

the misinterpretation of normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

D.I.D. is controversial in nature in the Psychological Community

true

dopamine

typically there is dopamine overactivity in the brain... excess receptors release dopamine and many schizophrenics take dopamine blockers to help control this

biopsychosocial

utilizing multiple perspective when explaining abnormal behavior. each perspective has strengths and weaknesses and combinations of these different approaches often provide the clearest understanding of specific mental illnesses or abnormal behaviors.

a conversion disorder is most likely to be characterized by

very specific physical symptoms that have no apparent physiological basis

depressions vicious cycle

1) stressful experience 2) negative explanatory style 3) depressed mood

understanding mood disorders

1) widespread 2) women are nearly twice as vulnerable to depression 3) depression is a self terminating illness-- time heals all wounds 4) stressful events precede depression 5) depression is striking earlier and more frequently

conversion disorder

a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

generalized anxiety disorder

2/3 of women experience it, and it is free floating anxiety. an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense. apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

conversion disorder

a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found

specific phobia

a severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation

biochemical influences

SSRI's

evolutionary

abnormal behaviors associated with mental illness remain in the human gene pool today because they are extreme versions of behaviors that were naturally selected because they provided a reproductive advantage to the species.

negative symptoms

absence of appropriate behaviors. ex: lack of expression or emotions, apathy, social withdrawal, loss of motivation

after charles darwin began suffering from panic disorder, he lived in relative seclusion and traveled only in his wife's company. his panic disorder was apparently accompanied by

agoraphobia

post traumatic stress disorder

also known as ptsd; an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by

alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism

phobia

an anxiety disorder defined by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

a post traumatic stress disorder is considered to be an _____________ disorder

anxiety

individuals diagnosed with ______________ experience a normal but delayed thinning of the frontal cerebral cortex

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

deviant behavior

behavior that fails to conform to the rules or norms of the group in question

after monica learned that her history teacher, mr hopewell had suffered an anxiety disorder, she concluded that the teacher's tendency to talk loudly was simply a way of disguising feelings of personal insecurity. this best illustrates the

biasing power of diagnostic labels

In which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitement?

bipolar disorder

dissociative disorder

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)

dissociative identity disorder

Researchers have suggested that the role-playing of fantasy-prone patients in response to the leading questions of therapists has often contributed to

dissociative identity disorder

adhd is most clearly characterized by

distractibility

A biological perspective would be LEAST helpful for explaining the

dramatic increase in reported cases of dissociative identity disorder during the past 40 or so years

reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

panic disorder

include specific phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia. an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

julius is obsessed with avoiding germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times a day. his therapist suggests that julius continues his maladaptive bathing because his behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. the therapists suggestion most directly reflects a ___________ perspective

learning

observational learning

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior; also called social learning

it would be most difficult to use the ______________ to explain why anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in western cultures

medical model

to call psychological disorders "sicknesses" is especially likely to encourage research supporting the

medical model

humanist

mental illness and abnormal behavior occur when individuals have an incongruent self concept meaning that there is a large difference between ones real self and ones ideal self. individuals who do not receive unconditional positive regard or acceptance of themselves are vulnerable to mental illness. individuals who are blocked from achieving their goal of reaching their full potential or whose lower needs (maslow) are not being met may also suffer from mental illness.

biological/biomedical

mental illness is the result of abnormalities in the brain and nervous system including imbalances in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as structural problems in the brain. the biological perspective also examines the genetic causes of mental illnesses.

sociocultural

mental illnesses and abnormal behavior are influenced by ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status and norms. additionally, factors related to family and other relationships impact behavior. certain mental illnesses and symptoms are present across cultures, whereas others are more culture specific. for example feeding and eating disorder of anorexia is more prevalent in western cultures.

behaviorist

mental illnesses and abnormal behaviors are learned and maintained through classic conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational or social learning. for example, abnormal behaviors which are reinforced will most likely persist.

dsm 5

multi axial system is now abandoned, the psychiatric illness is conceptualized much more as a spectrum that a black and white condition

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions is called an

obsessive compulsive disorder

the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region that monitors our actions, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with

obsessive-compulsive disorder

One way for people to break the vicious cycle of depression is to

participate more often in activities they consider pleasant and rewarding