AP Psych Unit 2 SG
Case study drawbacks:
cannot discern general truths, may mislead if individual is atypical, does not explain behavior.
"Pregnant women who consume 150 mg of caffeine daily have an increase in blood pressure." Operational definition?
150 mg caffeine, daily.
Mean score of 80, SD of 5: 68% of the scores on the final exam would fall between ____ and ___.
75 and 85.
Mean score of 80, SD of 5: What percentage of students may have scored either higher than 90 or lower than 70?
>90 = 2% ; <70 = 2%
At the conclusion of a study testing memory and mood, you are released by the researcher, pain a small fee, and thanked for your time.
Debriefing.
Mean score of 80, SD of 5: If a student scores within two standard deviations from the mean, what is the possible range of the student's score?
Between 70 and 90.
You are appointed to serve on the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the research university where you teach, and will be screening research proposals to safeguard participant's well-being. A proposal is presented in which a researcher will be gathering data on the correlation between divorce and alcohol use disorder in celebrities. The proposal lists the research methodology, the sample population, and the manner in which the results of the study will be communicated. The researcher intends to write an article for a journal in the field, and also publish the results of the study in an entertainment magazine. He feels that if people know the actual names of the participants, they may take the results more seriously and so he intends to list the names in the entertainment article.
Confidentiality
"Students that break study sessions into five smaller 20-minute increments have higher grades on tests." Operational definition?
Five smaller 20-minute increments.
Bruce is often called a Monday Morning Quarterback by his friends for saying he knew the Redskins should have put the rookie wide receiver in last Sunday's game.
Hindsight bias
Shreya and Steve break up. Their classmate, Iram, tells her mother that she knew all along the two of them were not going to make it.
Hindsight bias
Theory or hypothesis: Increase in television viewing results in decreased attention.
Hypothesis
Theory or hypothesis: When smoking cigarettes, teens are more likely to recall geometry proofs.
Hypothesis
Sleep improves memory. IV:? DV:?
IV: sleep DV: memory
Relationship between smiling and number of friends. IV:? DV:?
IV: smiling DV: number of friends
A teacher in your school gives you a mandatory anonymous drug use survey to complete in class and tells you she cannot let you know why you are completing the survey because it would throw off her results.
Informed consent.
Calculate mean, median, and mode of the data. (7, 15, 20, 4, 8, 5, 4)
Mean: 9 ; Median: 7 ; Mode: 4
"The number of hours spent commuting to and from work; the amount of dinners cooked at home from scratch." Positive or negative correlation? X and Y axis?
Negative correlation. X: number of hours; Y: amount of dinners cooked at home from scratch.
"Dogs who overeat are more intelligent than those that do not." Operational definition?
None
"Teenagers that sleep in have greater resiliency in life." Operational definition?
None
Janelle, a senior in high school with a 3.0 GPA, is filling out her college applications. When asked by her friends and family what schools she is applying to and what schools she thinks she will get into, she lists Princeton, Yale, Harvard and Stanford and says she thinks she will get into all of them, except maybe for Harvard, which is her reach school.
Overconfidence
Fiona, a student in your class, is certain the instructor doesn't like her. For the last three class sessions, the instructor has not called on her to answer a question, even though her hand was raised.
Perceive patterns in random events
Toni notices that the last four times she has been to the grocery store she has scored a parking place right up front! She knows she is on a lucky streak!
Perceive patterns in random events
"The average U.S. household income: annual gross profit reported by U.S. retailers." Positive or negative correlation? X and Y axis?
Positive correlation. X: average U.S. household income; Y: annual gross profit.
"Hours spent learning a skill; proficiency in the skill." Positive or negative correlation? X and Y axis?
Positive correlation. X: hours spent learning a skill; Y: proficiency in the skill.
"The number of fast food restaurants: the obesity rate in the U.S." Positive or negative correlation? X and Y axis?
Positive correlation. X: number of fast food restaurants; Y: obesity rate in U.S.
"The illiteracy rate: the presence of Head Start or early intervention education programs." Positive or negative correlation? X and Y axis?
Positive correlation. X: presence of Head Start/early intervention education programs; Y: illiteracy rate.
A psychologist in your town is invited to speak at career day at your school. You have been seeing the psychologist for more than a year for depression and attempted suicide. At career day the psychologist speaks of working with teen patients who are depressed and have attempted suicide and cites a few examples of his cases. Although he uses no names, you feel he is talking about you and run from the room embarrassed.
Protection from physical or emotional harm.
You agree to participate in an experiment that is designed to measure your ability to lie in various circumstances. Under the direction of the researcher, you make false statements to your mother, your best friend, and your favorite teacher. The guilt you feel after lying to these influential and important people has you questioning your morals and values.
Protection from physical or emotional harm.
"Instructors who smile ten times in their class have increased student participation." Operational definition?
Smile ten times.
Theory or hypothesis: Caffeine reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
Theory.
Theory or hypothesis: Dogs see in color.
Theory
Theory or hypothesis: Flu vaccination increase the risk of developing the flu.
Theory
Case study benefits:
can suggest fruitful ideas, suggest directions.
Naturalistic observation key characteristics:
describes behavior, in natural occurring situations.
Naturalistic observation drawbacks:
does not explain behavior.
Case study key characteristics:
hope to reveal universal truths, shows what can happen.
Survey benefits:
looks at many cases at once, less depth.
Naturalistic observation benefits:
no manipulation, natural environments.
Survey key characteristics:
random sampling, representative sample.
Survey drawbacks:
word effects, sampling bias.
