AP Psychology: Introduction + Chp. 2
Endorphins
"Morphine within" - natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and a pleasure
G. Stanley Hall
*American psychologist and educator focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory*, was a student of Wundt's, *established the first American psychology lab*
Wilhelm Wundt
*Established the first psychology lab, father of experimental psychology*, one of the founding figures of modern psychology, a German physician, psychologist, philosopher and professor, his basic research tools introspection; inner sensations
William James
*First educator to offer a psychology course*, the father of American psychology, trained as a physician, associated with *pragmaticism*
BF Skinner
*Study learning behaviors of animals* Published "the behavior of organisms"
________ neurocells are contained within the size of a grain of rice
10,000
A baby's brain weighs less than...
2 lbs
Rehabilitation psychology
A branch of psychology that focuses on treating individuals dealing with disabilities (mental emotional or physical)
Applied research
A form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science Accesses and uses some part of the research communities accumulated theories, knowledge, methods and techniques
Myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next
Neurons
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Humanistic psychology
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole Humanistic psychologist look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving
Counseling psychology
A specialty within professional psychology that maintains a focus and facilitating personal and impersonal functioning across the lifespan
Functionalism
A theory of the mind that's core idea is that mental states are constituted solely by their function role; they are casual relations to other mental states, sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply linked to Depression Prozac and similar antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels
Forensic psychology
Apply psychological knowledge to legal matters such as criminal and civil areas
Rosalie Rayner
Assisted with the little Albert experiment *Published articles about child development and familial bonds*
Socio-cultural psychology
Based on the idea that society and culture shape cognition
explain why, at every level, our existence is both part of a larger system and a combination of smaller systems
Body organs such as the stomach, heart, and brain, which are composed of smaller systems (cells), form larger systems for digestion, circulation, and information processing, which are part of an even larger system- The individual as a person, who intern forms a part of the family, community, and a culture. we are bio-psycho-social systems
Educational psychology
Branch of psychology in the school setting, studies teaching and learning methods
Label the neuron
Cell body: The area around the green dot Dendrites: the spidery branches on the left side Axon: the yellow pieces in the middle Myelin sheath: The casing around the yellow Neural impulse: the impulse that travels from the left side to the right side Terminal branches of axon: the spidery branches on the right side
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse
Biopsychosocial approach
Combines the mental, biological and social health science Uses a persons surroundings and their mental health to try and explain why some illnesses in the body develop and wise some conditions worsen with negative thoughts and feelings implies that the body's condition affects the mind as much as the mind affects the body
Educational psychology
Concerned with the scientific study of human learning and teaching
Corpus callosum
Connects the two hemispheres of the brain
Social psychology
Deals with behavior within groups and the influence of social factors to the individual
describe the structure of a neuron and the process by which an action potential is triggered
Each neuron consist of a cell body, branching fibers call dendrites that receive information from other neurons, and then extension fiber called an axon through which the neuron passes information to other neurons or two muscles or glands. Some axons are insulated with a myelin sheath, which helps speed neural impulses. And there'll impulse, or action potential, occurs if the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals received by the neuron on its dendrite or cell body exceeds the neurons threshold. Then, the gates of the axon open, allowing positively charged atoms to rush inside. This depolarizes that part of the axon, which causes the axons next chance open and leads to the electrical chain reaction by which electrically charged Adams ions travel down the axon into junctions with other neurons and with the muscles and glands of the body
Blood brain barrier
Enables the brain to fence out unwanted chemical circulating in the blood, and some chemicals don't have the right shape to slither through this barrier
discuss the significance of endorphins, and explain how drugs influence neurotransmitters
Endorphins are morphinelike neurotransmitters found in the brain that are released in response to pain and vigorous exercise. The existence of endorphins may help explain good feelings such as the "runners high", the painkilling effective of acupuncture, and the indifference to pain in some injured people Drugs have a number of different effects on neurotransmitters. Some, agonists, mimic a particular neurotransmitter; other, antagonists, block a particular neurotransmitter. Still others interfere with the breakdown or reabsorption of a neurotransmitter. Opiate drugs, for example, may cause the brain to stop producing endorphins
Charles Darwin
English naturalist and geologist Contributed to the evolutionary theory Wrote "origin of species"
John B Watson
Establish the psychological philosophy of *behaviorism* Little Albert experiment
Human factor psychology
Examines human behavior and capabilities in order to find the best ways to design products, equipment and systems for maximum safety
Agonists
Excite by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking it's reuptake. An agonist can be a drug molecule that is similar enough to the neurotransmitter to mimic its effect. Some opiate drugs, for example, produce a temporary high that ampliiesy normal sensations of arousal or pleasure
Psychometrics
Field of study about the theory of techniques of psychological measurement This feel deals with the measurement of skills and knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality and educational achievement
Mary Whiton Caulkins
First woman to become president of the American psychological Association Served as president of the American philosophical association Invented paired association technique Self psychology
Industrial organizational psychology
Focuses on the behavior of employees in the workplace, tries to improve work environment, include performance, communication, personal satisfaction and safety
Norepinephrine
Helps control alertness and arousal, undersupply can depress mood
Health psychology
Helps individuals or groups prevent illness and promote healthy behaviors -clinical -research -public policy work
Evolutionary psychology
How nature select streets that promote the perpetuation of one's jeans focuses on how evolution has shaped the mind and behavior
Cognitive psychology
How we encode, process, store, & retrieve information Revolves around the notion that if you want to know what makes people tick, we need to understand them in their thoughts and behaviors
Behavioral psychology
How we learn observable responses Focuses on the study of people's behaviors including actions, emotions and thoughts
Cognitive psychology
How we perceive, think, and solve problems Scientific study of mind and mental function, including learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development and decision-making Rests in the premise that the brain can be understood as a complex system
Dopamine
Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion Excess activity at dopamine receptors has been linked with schizophrenia If the brain is starved of dopamine, the brain produces the tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease
Antagonists
Inhibit by blocking neurotransmitters or by diminishing their release. An antagonist can be a drug molecule that is enough like the natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block it's effect but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor, rather like foreign coins that fit into, but won't operate, a soda or candy machine
Clinical psychology
Integrate science, theory, and clinical knowledge Diagnoses and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders Traits learning disabilities, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders
Experimental psychology
Investigates basic psychological processes
community psychology
Involves the study of how individuals relate to their communities and the reciprocal effect of the community on the individual
ACh
Is one of the best understood neurotransmitters. In addition to its vital role in learning and memory, ACH is the messenger every junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle
Counseling psychology
Maintains a focus on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan Focuses on emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, and organizational concerns
Neuropsychology
Observes the brain and nervous system to see how they affect a persons cognition and behaviors Specifically, how injuries and illness affects of the cognition and behavior
the tremors of ________________ disease are due to the death of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter ___________ . People with the condition can be helped to regain control over their muscles by taking __________.
Parkinson's dopamine L-dopa
Edward Bradford Titchener
Psychologist known for creating his own version of psychology called *structuralism*, created largest doctoral program in the US, in 1904, he founded the society of experimental psychologists
Basic research
Scientific research and to improve scientific theories for improved understanding or prediction of natural or other phenomena
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Serves inhibitory functions and is sometimes implicated in eating and sleep disorders, undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia
Personality psychology
Studies personality and it's variation among individuals Investigates inner traits
Psychodynamic
Study of forces that influence human behavior, feelings, and emotions
Franz Gall
Suggested that bumps on the skull represented mental abilities, his theory, though incorrect, never the less proposed that different mental abilities were modular
Humanistic psychology
The approach which that is the whole person, and the uniqueness of the individual
Dendrite
The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
Axons
The extension of a neuron, extended and branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Margaret Floy Washburn
The first woman to receive a PhD in psychology Synthesizes research on animal behavior in "the animal mind"
Synapse
The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft
Threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Biological psychology
The link between the mind and the brain The application of the principles of biology to the study of psychological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and human and nonhuman animals
Nature vs nurture
The long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that jeans and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
Psychiatry
The medical field dedicated to the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
Resting potential
The positive outside, negative inside polarization that occurs because an unmyelinated axon's membrane is selectively permeable
Natural selection
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Reuptake
The process by which excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes
Developmental psychology
The study of how and why humans change over the course of their life
Developmental psychology
The study of how and why humans change over the course of their lives
Social psychology
The study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others How we view and affect one another
Sports psychology
The study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation of sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors
Cognitive neuroscience
The study of the neural elements of the mental processes and their behavior
Phrenology
The theory about the bumps and groves on the brain
Structuralism
The theory that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of the relationship to a larger, over arching system or structure
Behaviorism
The theory that human/animal psychology can be studied only through observing behavioral events
Industrial-organizational psychology
This study of human behavior in the workplace and applied psychological theories and principles organizations to help improve the work environment
School psychology
Uniquely chosen for their expertise and mental health learning and behavior, help support a student's ability to learn and the teachers ability to teach
Positive psychology
Uses scientific understanding and effective intervention to eight in the achievement of a satisfactory life focuses on personal growth, instead of curing illness
Sigmund Freud
Was an Austrian neurologist best known for developing the theories and techniques of *psychoanalysis*
describe how nerve cells communicate, and discuss the importance of neurotransmitters for human behavior
When action potential reaches the end of the axon, chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap between the sending and receiving neuron. This junction is called a synapse. Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron and have either an excitatory or inhibitory influence on that neurons tendency to generate its own action potential. If the receiving neuron receives more excitatory then inhibitory inputs, more neural impulses are generated. A particular neural pathway may use only one or two neurotransmitters, each of which may have a specific effect on behavior.
Acetylcholine
Works on neurons involved in muscle action, learning, and memory. The neurons that produce this vital chemical messenger deteriorate when a person has Alzheimer's disease
Action potential
a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane
glutamate
a major exhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in memory; oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures
a neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is _____________
acetylcholine (ACh)
the neural impulse, or ___________, is a brief electrical charge that travels down an ______.
action potential axon
drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called __________. Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their _______________ are called ____________.
agonists receptor sites antagonists
the extensions of a neuron that transmit information to other neurons are the _________; some of these extensions are insulated by a layer of fatty cells called the _________ which helps speed the neurons impulses
axons myelin sheath
In the most basic sense, every idea, mood, memory, and behavior than an individual has every experienced is a ________________ phenomenon
biological
explain why psychologists are concerned with human biology
biological processes underlie every aspect of our behavior and mental processes. By studying the links between biology and psychology, biological psychologists achieve greater understanding of such behaviors like sleep, hunger, sex, stress, disease, depression and other human conditions
researchers who study the kinks between biology and behavior are called ___________________________
biological psychologists
the molecular shape of some drugs prevents them from passing through the _________________ by which the brain fences out unwanted chemicals
blood-brain barrier
Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning and learning (animals)
the poison ___________ produces paralysis by blocking the activity of this neurotransmitter (ACh)
curare
the extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the ___________
dendrites
the strength of a stimulus ___________ affect the speed of a neural impulse.
does not
among the neurotransmitters that researchers have pinpointed are _____________, which influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. ___________, which affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; ____________, which helps control alertness and arousal, and ___________ which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter implicated in eating and sleep disorders.
dopamine serotonin norepinephrine gamma amino-buyric (GABA)
naturally occurring opiatelike neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called _____________. When the brain is flooded with drugs such as __________ or _______ it may stop producing these neurotransmitters.
endorphins heroin morphine
in order to trigger a neural impulse, _________ signals minus ________ signals must exceed a certain intensity called the ______________. Increasing a stimulus above this level_________ increase the neural impulses intensity. This phenomenon is called a ________ response.
excitatory inhibitory threshold will not all-or-none
Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by _______ or ___________ their readiness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron in a process called ________
exciting inhibiting reuptake
the fluid interior of a resting axon carried mostly ____________ charged ions while the fluid outside has mostly__________ charged ions. This polarization is called the _____________________ and it occurs because the cell membrane is selectively ___________
negatively positively resting potential permeable
the chemical messengers that convey information across the gaps between neurons are called ____________. These chemicals unlock tiny channels on the receptor sites allowing electrically charged _________ to enter the neuron.
neurotransmitters atoms
Jean Piaget
observed children
the theory that linked our mental abilities to the bumps on our skull was _______
phrenology
an action potential occurs when the first part of the axon opens it gates and _______________ charged ions will rush in causing that part of the neuron to become ___________.
positively depolarized
during the resting pause following an action potential, called the __________________, the neuron pumps _______________ charged ions outside the cell.
refractory period negatively
the junction between two neurons is called a __________ and the gap is called the _____________.
synapse synaptic gap/cleft
we are each a ________, composed of _________ that are parts or larger _______. Our body's neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or _________.
system subsystems systems neurons
