AP Psychology Unit 8: Cognition
mental set
approaching a problem in a formerly-successful way
belief perseverance
clinging to initial conception even after its basis has been discredited
grammar
system or rules that enables and guides communication
functional fixedness
thinking of things only in terms of their usual functions
babbling
0-4 months; various sounds unrelated to language
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem
heuristic
a simple thinking strategies that allow quick judgements and efficient problem solving
insight
a sudden, novel realization of a problem
two-word stage
begins at 2 years; speaks in two-word statements
fixation
lingering pleasure-seeking energies from earlier psychosexual stage with unresolved conflicts
concept
mental grouping of similar objects
belief bias
preexisting beliefs distort logical meaning
syntax
rules for making grammatically sensible sentences
confirmation bias
searching for information that confirms one's preconceptions
language
spoken, written, and signed ways to communicate meaning
semantics
system or rules for deriving meaning from language
framing
the way an issue is posed to affect decisions and judgements
cognition
thinking, remembering, knowing, and communicating
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
one-word stage
1-2 years; speaks in single words
linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
overconfidence
being more confident than correct
intuition
immediate understanding
Wernicke's Aphasia
impairment in language expression
aphasia
impairment of language
Broca's Aphasia
impairment of speech itself
representative heuristic
judging likelihood based on how well it matches the prototype
availability heuristic
judging likelihood based on memory and past experience
phoneme
smallest distinctive sound unit in language
morpheme
smallest unit that carries meaning in language
telegraphic speech
speaks like a telegram with mostly nouns and verbs, omitting auxiliary words
