AP Psychology Unit 8: Cognition

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mental set

approaching a problem in a formerly-successful way

belief perseverance

clinging to initial conception even after its basis has been discredited

grammar

system or rules that enables and guides communication

functional fixedness

thinking of things only in terms of their usual functions

babbling

0-4 months; various sounds unrelated to language

algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem

heuristic

a simple thinking strategies that allow quick judgements and efficient problem solving

insight

a sudden, novel realization of a problem

two-word stage

begins at 2 years; speaks in two-word statements

fixation

lingering pleasure-seeking energies from earlier psychosexual stage with unresolved conflicts

concept

mental grouping of similar objects

belief bias

preexisting beliefs distort logical meaning

syntax

rules for making grammatically sensible sentences

confirmation bias

searching for information that confirms one's preconceptions

language

spoken, written, and signed ways to communicate meaning

semantics

system or rules for deriving meaning from language

framing

the way an issue is posed to affect decisions and judgements

cognition

thinking, remembering, knowing, and communicating

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category

one-word stage

1-2 years; speaks in single words

linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

overconfidence

being more confident than correct

intuition

immediate understanding

Wernicke's Aphasia

impairment in language expression

aphasia

impairment of language

Broca's Aphasia

impairment of speech itself

representative heuristic

judging likelihood based on how well it matches the prototype

availability heuristic

judging likelihood based on memory and past experience

phoneme

smallest distinctive sound unit in language

morpheme

smallest unit that carries meaning in language

telegraphic speech

speaks like a telegram with mostly nouns and verbs, omitting auxiliary words


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