AP US Exam Review (Period 1: 1492-1607 ONLY) in progress
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
How did the following things get viewed by the native americans vs. viewed by the Europeans? 1. Land 2. Property & Trade 3. Gender Roles 4. Religion
1. Native Americans viewed land as communal and to be used temporarily; Europeans viewed land as something that is individually owned and passed odwn through generations 2. Native AMericans viewed property and trade in a way that trade was ceremonial, and gift-giving led to high-status (therefore if your community is suffering and you have things to give you should give them OR the more you have the worse the person you are because you aren't helping others) ; Europeans viewed trade as a business transaction and believed that accumulating wealth led to high status 3. Native Americans viewed Gender roles in a way that had men responsible for hunting fishing and war, and women for farming. Native american women had greater freedom (like the ability to divorce) and many tribes were matrilineal ; Europeans strictly had men leading households, farmland, and war. European women had few rights and did household labor. 4. Native Americans viewed religion through a "Great Creator" worshipping nature spirits and god, they were non-exclusive in their worship (allowed for worship of many, not just their own : European religion (Catholicism) was very exclusive, meaning that they believed that their God was the only god.
Treaty of Tordesillas
A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Bartoleme de las Casas
A Spanish priest who criticized Spain's treatment of Native Americans in its colonies.
Primary Source
A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.
Enconmienda System
A labor system in which the Spanish crown authorized Spaniards, known as encomenderos, to enslave native people to farm and mine in the Americas.
Mestizo
A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.
Secondary Source
A secondhand account of an event or a retelling of another person's observations written by someone who did not witness or actually participate in the events. Includes sources that combine, synthesize, and or interpret information from primary sources. Examples include encyclopedias, textbooks, and reviews.
The Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Caste System of Spanish America
A social system in which class status is determined at birth. The Spanish had mixed-race children in the Americas with enslaved Africans and Native Americans. Status was determined by how "Spanish" one was, so those with little to no Spanish blood were in the lowest class.
Pueblo Revolt
A successful rebellion by Pueblo Native Americans to reclaim Pueblo religious practices, culture, and land that had been stripped away by Spanish colonizers.
The very first Americans A) were nomadic wanderers B) lived in permanent sites C) were subsistence farmers D) predated Spain's arrival in the New World by only two centuries
A. Almost all early Native American tribes were nomadic in nature
What were the causes of European Migration?
After 1492, the motivations for European migration to the Americas centered around the three G's: God, gold, and glory. Gold refers to the desire to extract natural resources like gold and sugar from the New World. European colonizers also had a desire to spread Christianity to the New World. Glory refers to the desire for European colonizers to increase their nation's status as a world power and gain military strength through colonization.
Three Sister Farming
Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
What are the three main phrases to avoid while writing historical essays?
1. "Throughout history..." 2. "It was inevitable...." 3. "And that's why [insert country] is so great today."
Moctezuma
Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.
Which of the following was NOT an initial result of interaction between Spanish Explorers and Native Americans? A) Diseases that killed many of the Native Americans B) Domestication by Native Americans of animals brought by Spanish Explorers C) Spread of Catholicism among Native Americans D) Plants from South and Central America being sent back to Europe
B. It would take a long time before these animals were used by Native Americans; Native Americans were terrified of them and the spanish explorers who rode on them
One factor NOT responsible for European expansion into the Western Hemisphere was A) desire for economic expansion B) desire to expand Christianity C) democratization of European Society D) better shipbuilding and navigation tools
C. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere was supported and financed by European monarchs; no democratization of society or government was taking place at this time
North American Native American Tribes A) displayed a uniformity of lifestyle B) modeled themselves after tribes from Central America and Mexico C) were greatly varied in lifestyle and economic systems D) formed alliances on numerous occasions to fight competing tribes
C. There was tremendous variety in the lifestyles and economic systems of Native Americans living in North America
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
Slave labor was brought to the Western Hemisphere by colonists because... A) the region was lightly populated when the Spanish arrived B) Native Americans were unfamiliar with the tools and methods nessecary to harvest sugarcane C) Aztec and Inca leaders had already begun to import slaves even before the Spanish explorers arrived D) there was a lack of manpower to do the labor-intensive work of harvesting sugarcane
D. Harvesting sugar took a massive amount of manpower. Since the Spanish had killed off a large number of native laborers and many more died from European diseases, slaves were needed
Conquistadors
Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)
What were the technological innovations that allowed colonization to be possible?
European colonization of the Americas was made substantially easier through several technological innovations like compasses, caravels, and astrolabes. It affected economic development by making it possible for large scale trade networks between the Old World and the New World to develop.
What were the goals of Spanish colonization?
God, Gold, and Glory
What were the three main motives for European exploration and colonization in the New World?
God, Gold, and Glory
How did labor systems change and develop through Spanish COlonization?
In order to extract natural resources from the Americas, European colonizers created labor systems, like the encomienda system, to exploit Native American labor. When Native Americans began to die from diseases like smallpox, the Spanish and Portuguese began capturing and sending enslaved Africans to the Americas as a labor force.
What did the initial contact between Native Americans and Europeans lead to Culturally and through trade?
Initial contact between Native Americans and European colonizers began a process of cultural and biological exchanges between the Old World and the New known as the Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange caused population growth in Europe by bringing new crops from the Americas and started Europe's economic shift towards capitalism. Colonization disrupted ecosystems, bringing in new organisms like pigs, while completely eliminating others like beavers.
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
What were Spain's motivations for colonization?
Spain's colonization goals were to extract gold and silver from the Americas, to stimulate the Spanish economy and make Spain a more powerful country. Spain also aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
What were Spanish Colonists interactions with Native Americans like?
Spanish colonizers attempted to integrate Native Americans into Spanish culture by marrying them and converting them to Catholicism. Although some Native Americans adopted aspects of Spanish culture, others decided to rebel. The Pueblo Revolt was one example of a successful Native American effort to reclaim their religious practices, culture, and land.
What are the three steps of historical document analysis?
Step One: Identify SOAP- Speaker, Occasion, Audience, Purpose Step Two: Identify Context- What other things were going on at the time of the source? What are all of the factors of the source? Step Three: Consider Specifics- What is actually being said within the source?
religious syncretism
The attempt to reconcile or blend the beliefs and practices of various religions into one.
How did technology help fuel European colonization?
With maritime technological innovations with things like the Caravel ship, Europeans were able to sail into the wind and therefore didn't have to stay near coats-- allowing them to be able to cross the atlantic ocean.
The Iroquois League
a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations) it curbed inter tribal violence.
Pueblo Revolt (Pope's Rebellion)
Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt
Did the Spanish succeed in suppressing Pueblo culture? Why or why not?
No, because
Mound Building
burial of important leaders/warriors. ceremonial. chief lived on top of highest mound. villagers closest to mound were highest ranking.
